by Will Durant
93. Becker, 473.
94. Athenaeus, xiii, 16.
95. Sumner, Folkways, 362; Becker, 473.
96. Tucker, 83.
97. Carroll, 164.
98. Euripides, Medea, 233.
99. Coulanges, 63, 293; Becker, 475; Briffault, II, 336.
100. Zimmern, 334, 343.
101. Euripides, Aeolus, 22.
102. Demosthenes, Against Neaera; Smith, Wm., Dictionary, 349, s.v., Concubium.
103. Glotz, Greek City, 296; Zimmern, 340. Zeller, Ed., Socrates and the Socratic Schools, London, 1877, 62, questions the story and the law.
104. Westermarck, E., History of Human Marriage, London, 1921, III, 319; Becker, 497; Lyra Graeca, II, 135.
105. Lacroix, I, 114; Enc. Brit., X, 828; Becker, 496.
106. Tucker, 84; Westermarck, op. cit., 319; Lacroix, I, 143.
107. Westermarck, I.e.; Coulanges, 119.
108. Thuc., ii, 6.
109. Lacroix, I, 143.
110. Becker, 464; Tucker, 83-4.
111. Sumner, Folkways, 497; Briffault, I, 405.
112. Tucker, 156.
113. Aristophanes, Lysistrata, 42f.
114. In Tucker, 84.
115. Greek Anthology, vii, 340.
116. Botsford and Sihler, 51.
117. Tucker, 90-6.
118. Semple, 490-1.
119. Athenaeus, i, 10.
120. Greek Anthology, xi, 413.
121. Athenaeus, v, 2.
122. Xenophon, Banquet, ii, 8.
123. Mahaffy, Social Life, 120-1.
124. Coulanges, 422.
125. Plato, Republic, iv, 425.
126. Tucker, 270.
127. Semple, l.c.
128. Rohde, 167.
129. Harrison, Prolegomena, 600; Westermarck, E., Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, London, 1917-24, 1, 715.
CHAPTER XIV
1. Xenophon, Economicus, viii, 19f.
2. Thuc., ii, 6.40.
3. Xenophon, Banquet, iv, 11.
4. In Ridder, 48.
5. Usher, A. P., History of Mechanical Inventions, N. Y., 1929, 106-7.
6. Cf. the gems in the Fourth Room of the Classical Collection, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
7. Pfuhl, 5.
8. Ridder, 287.
9. Pliny, xxxv, 34.
10. Mahaffy, Social Life, 449-50; Ridder, 19.
11. Plutarch, “Cimon.”
12. Pausanias, x, 25.
13. Pliny, xxxv, 35; Winckelmann, II, 296.
14. Pliny, xxxv, 36.
15. Ibid.
16. Plutarch, “Pericles.”
17. Pliny, l.c.
18. Athenaeus, xii, 62.
19. Murray, A. S., 1, 13.
20. Pliny, I.e.
21. Cicero, De Invent., ii, 1, in Murray, A. S., I, 12. Pliny, I.e., places the story in Acragas.
22. National Museum, Naples; Guide to the Archeological Collections, Naples, 1935, 11.
23. National Museum, Athens.
24. Xenophon, Memorabilia, iii, 10.7.
25. Ridder, 177.
26. Gardner, Greek Sculpture, 20-1.
27. Pliny, xxxiv, 19.
28. Ibid.
29. Pijoan, I, 254.
30. Cf. Lucian, “A Portrait Study,” in Works, III, 15-16.
31. Jones, H. S., Ancient Writers on Greek Sculpture, 78.
32. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 231.
33. Cf. Jones, op. cit., 76; Gardner, Greek Sculpture, 284; Frazer, Studies in Greek Scenery, 411; CAH, V, 479.
34. Pijoan, I, 269.
35. Pausanias, v, 11; Strabo, viii, 3.30.
36. Iliad, i, 528.
37. Pausanias, v, 11.
38. Polybius, xxx, 10.
39. Frazer, op. cit., 293.
40. Quintilian, Institutes, Loeb Library, xii, 10.7.
41. Plutarch, “Pericles.”
42. Scholiast on Aristophanes, Peace, 605, in Jones, op. cit., 76.
43. Lucian, l.c.
44. Vitruvius, iv, 1.8.
45. Cotterill, I, 75.
46. Pausanias, v, 10.
47. Zimmern, 411. Grote (VI, 70) makes a smaller estimate ($18,000,000) for the architectural works in Athens proper.
48. Warren, 156.
49. Ibid., 331.
50. Vitruvius, iii, 5.
51. Ruskin, Aratra Pentelici, 174; in Gardner, Ancient Athens, 338; Gardner, Greek Sculpture, 324.
52. Warren, 327, 339-41; Mahaffy, What Have the Greeks?, 130.
53. Ludwig, 139f.
54. Warren, 310-11; Gardner, Ancient Athens, 258.
CHAPTER XV
1. Heath, Greek Mathematics, I, 46; Whibley, 228-9.
2. Heath, 1, 150.
3. Sarton, 92.
4. Sedgwick and Tyler, 33.
5. Heath, I, 176, 178.
6. CAH, V, 383.
7. Heath, I, 93.
8. Diog. L., 384, “Parmenides,” ii; Sarton, 85.
9. Aristotle, De Coelo, ii, 13; Heath, Sir Thos., Aristarchus of Samos, Oxford, 1913, 94.
10. Diog. L., 389, “Leucippus,” iii.
11. Ibid., 390; Heath, Aristarchus, 125.
11a. Sarton, 92.
12. Heath, 78.
13. Anaxagoras, frags. 12 and 16, in Bake well, 51; Ueberweg, I, 63-5; CAH, IV, 570.
14. Heath, 81.
15. Ibid., 82.
16. Ueberweg, 1, 66.
17. Diog. L., 59-60, “Anaxagoras,” iv.
18. Heath, 128.
19. Ibid., 70.
20. Anaxagoras, frag. 4, in Bakewell, 49.
21. Diog. L., l.c.
22. Frags. 5 and 17, in Bakewell, 50; Diog. L., l.c.
23. Frag. 9, in Bakewell, 51; Aristotle, Metaphysics, i, 3, De Coelo, iii, 3, De Generatione et Corruptione, i, 1; Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, Loeb Library, i, 830f.
24. Diog. L., l.c.
25. Aristotle, De Partibus Animalium, i, 10, iv, 10.
26. Aristotle, Metaphysics, i, 4.
27. Nilsson, 274.
28. Diog. L., 61, “Anaxagoras,” viii; Robertson, J. M., I, 153.
29. Plutarch, “Pericles.”
30. Murray, Greek Literature, 159.
31. CAH, IV, 569-70.
32. Heath, Greek Math., I, 172.
33. Diog. L., 61, “Anaxagoras,” ix.
34. Geminus in Heath, Aristarchus, 275.
35. Herod., ii, 4, and Rawlinson’s note; Whibley, 71.
36. Grote, II, 29-30.
37. Herod., ii, 4.
38. Sarton, 83.
39. Semple, 35-7.
40. Ibid.
41. Cf. Sect. III of Chap. XVI, below; and cf. Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound, 442-506.
42. Gardner, New Chapters, 269.
43. Sarton, 83.
44. Herod., iii, 125-38.
45. Sarton, 77.
46. Ibid.; Livingstone, Legacy, 209.
47. Sarton, 102.
48. Garrison, F. H., History of Medicine, Phila., 1929, 95.
49. Hippocrates, Works, I, Introd., by W. H. S. Jones.
50. Ibid., IV, “Aphorisms,” i.
51. “The Sacred Disease”; “Airs, Waters, Places,” xxii.
52. Hippocrates, Works, II, Introd., viii; I, Introd., xxiv; Garrison, 94.
53. Ibid., IV, “The Nature of Man,” iv, 10.
54. Ibid., “Regimen III,” lxviii.
55. Livingstone, 234.
56. Garrison, 94; Hippocrates I, Introd., lvi.
57. IV, Introd., viii.
58. Harding, T. S., in Medical Journal and Record, Aug., 1, 1928.
59. Hippocrates, IV, Introd., vii. Hippocrates settles a very ancient problem when he writes: “It is best for flatulence to pass without noise and breaking, though it is better for it to pass even with noise than to be intercepted and accumulated internally.”—Works, IV, “Prognostic,” 11.
60. In Livingstone, 235.
61. Hippocrates, IV, “Regimen III,” lxviii.
62. Sarton, 96.
63. Livingstone, 208.
64. Hippocrates, II, “The Sacred Disease,” xvii.
65. Xenophon, “Constitution of the Lacedaemonians,” xiii, 6; Mahaffy, Social Life, 293; Becker, 380; Garrison, 91; Hippocrates, Works, I, 299.
66. Garrison, 97; Livingstone, 225.
67. Ibid., 240.
68. I am indebted, for an explanation of the material at Epidaurus, to Dr. A. A. Smith, of Hastings, Neb.
69. Livingstone, 225.
70. Plato, Laws, iv, 720.
71. Carroll, 324-5; Mahaffy, Social Life, 297.
72. Xenophon, Memorabilia, iv, 2; Garrison, 91; Becker, 376.
73. Ibid., 291; Garrison, 90; Plato, Statesman, 259.
74. Hippocrates, II, “Law,” i, and Introd. to Essay VI.
75. I, 291-5.
76. Ibid., 299.
77. Becker, 379.
78. Hippocrates, II, “Decorum,” vii; “Precepts,” vi.
79. “Decorum,” v.
CHAPTER XVI
1. Athenaeus, xiii, 92.
2. Plato, Protagoras, 334, 339.
3. Symonds, 116; Owen, John, Evenings with the Sceptics, London, 1881, 1, 177.
4. Bakewell, 11.
5. Ibid., 22; the conclusion is rephrased.
6. Plato, Parmenides, 127.
7. Russell, B., Principles of Mathematics, London, 1903, I, 347.
8. Plutarch, “Pericles.”
9. Plato, l.c.
10. Diog. L. “Zeno,” iv.
11. Ibid.
12. Tredennick, H., introd. to Aristotle, Metaphysics, Loeb Library, xvii; CAH, IV, 575-6.
13. Heath, Aristarchus, 105.
14. Tredennick, l.c.
15. Leucippus, frag. 2 in Bakewell, 7.
16. Diog. L., “Leucippus,” i-iii.
17. Lange, F. E., History of Materialism, N. Y., 1925, 15.
18. Diog. L., “Democritus,” ii—iii.
19. Ibid.
20. Lange, 17.
21. Ueberweg, 1, 71.
22. Enc. Brit., XVII, 39.
23. Grote, G., Plato and the Other Companions of Socrates, London, 1875, 1, 68; Bakewell, 62.
24. Robertson, J. M., I, 158; Lange, 17.
25. Diog. L., “Democritus,” xiii.
26. Heath, Greek Math., I, 176.
27. Cicero, De Oratore, i, 11; Ueberweg, I, 68; Grote, Plato, 1, 68, 96.
28. Bacon, F., Philosophical Works, ed. Robertson, London, 1905, 96, 471-2, 650.
29. Democritus, frag. O (Diels) in Bake-well, 60.
30. Frags. 117 and 9 in Bakewell, 59, slightly rephrased.
31. Ueberweg, I, 70.
32. Lange, 27.
33. Ueberweg, I, 69-70; Grote, Plato, I, 77.
34. Ibid., 76.
35. Diog. L., “Democritus,” xii.
36. Heath, Aristarchus, 26, 127.
37. Ueberweg, l.c.
38. Grote, Plato, I, 78.
39. Lucretius, iii, 370.
42. In Plutarch, Moralia, 81.
43. Owen, I, 149.
44. Lange, 31; Diog. L., “Democritus,” xii; Ueberweg, l.c.
45. Frag. 154a in Bakewell, 62.
46. Frag. 57.
47. In Owen, I, 149.
48. Ueberweg, I, 68.
49. Athenaeus, ii, 26.
50. Ibid.; Lucretius, iii, 1039.
51. Diog. L., “Democritus,” xi.
52. Athenaeus, l.c.
53. Diog. L., “Democritus,” viii.
54. Id., “Empedocles,” ii.
55. In Symonds, 127.
56. Murray, Greek Literature, 76.
57. Symonds, 127.
58. Diog. L., “Empedocles,” iii.
59. Ibid., “Empedocles,” xi.
60. Ibid.; Symonds, 131.
61. Diog. L., “Empedocles,” ix.
63. CAH, IV, 563.
64. Aristotle, De Anima, ii, 6; De Sensu, vi.
65. Symonds, 143.
68. Empedocles, frag. 82 in Bakewell, 45.
69. In Aristotle, De Coelo, iii, 2.
70. Ueberweg, I, 62.
71. Symonds, 143.
72. Frags. 17 and 35 in Bakewell, 44-5.
73. Cf. Frazer, Spirits of the Corn, II, 303.
74. Frags. 133-4 in Bake well, 46.
75. Symonds, 137.
76. Livingstone, 46.
77. Symonds, 135.
78. Diog. L., “Empedocles,” x.
79. Ibid., “Empedocles,” xi.
80. Ibid.; Symonds, 131.
81. Plato, Protagoras, 316.
82. Grote, History, VI, 46.
83. CAH, V, 24, 377-8.
84. Plato, Protagoras, 309-10.
85. Ueberweg, I, 74.
86. Plato, Protag., 311.
87. Ibid., 328.
88. Diog. L., “Protagoras,” iv.
89. Plato, Phaedrus, 267.
90. Ueberweg, I, 75; Sarton, 88.
91. Euripides, frag. 189, quoted by Rohde, 438.
92. Plato, Theaetetus, 160; Bakewell, 67; Lange, 42.
93. Diog. L., I.e.; Bakewell, 67.
94. Diog. L., I.e.; Ueberweg, 1, 74.
95. Bakewell, 67.
96. Isocrates, Antidosis, 155.
97. Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, Loeb Library, §494.
98. Grote, VIII, 343.
99. Ueberweg, 1, 77.
100. Philostratus, 483.
101. Plato, Republic, i, 336f; Oxyrhynchus Papyri xi, 1364, in Vinogradoff, II, 29; Murray, Greek Literature, 161.
102. Plato, Sophist, 265.
103. Murray, Aristophanes, 142.
104. Ibid.
105. Murray, Greek Literature, 160.
106. Zeller, 36.
107. Plato, Gorgias, 502.
108. Plato, Cratylus, 584.
109. Xenophon, Memorabilia, i, 6.13.
110. Plutarch, Dec. Orat., iv, in Becker, 235.
111. Aristotle, Soph. Elenchis, i, 1.165.
112. Grote, VIII, 326.
113. Diog. L., “Plato,” xxv.
114. Aristotle, Ethics, 1109, 1116, 1144, 1164.
115. Livingstone, 79.
116. CAH, VI, 303.
117. Plutarch, De Malig. Herod., ix, 856, in Dupréel, E., La Légende Socratique, Bruxelles, 1922, 415.
118. Mahaffy, Social Life, 205-6.
119. Pausanias, i, 22.
120. Diog. L., “Socrates,” iv.
121. CAH, V, 386.
122. Plato, Apology, 23; Republic, 337; Xenophon, Memor., i, 2.1.
124. Plato, Symposium, 220-1.
125. Republic, 549.
128. Aristotle in Diog. L., “Socrates,” x.
129. Cf. McClure, M., in Dewey, J., and Others: Studies in the History of Ideas, Columbia U. P., 1935, II, 31.
130. Plato, Symposium, 214.
131. Xenophon, Banquet, ii, 19.
132. Plato, Phaedrus, 229.
133. Diog. L., “Socrates,” ix.
134. Xenophon, Banquet, ii, 24.
135. Diog. L., l.c.
136. Plato, Charmides, 154-5.
137. Id., Protagoras, 309.
138. Id., Lysis, 206; Xenophon, Memor., iii, 11.
139. Ibid.
140. Ibid., iv, 8.
141. Plato, Phaedo, end.
142. CAH, V, 387-8.
143. Diog. L., “Socrates,” iii; Robertson, J. M., I, 160.
144. Plato, Apology, 41.
145. Xenophon, Banquet, i, 5.
146. Diog. L., “Socrates,” xviii.
147. Xenophon, Memor., i, 2.16.
148. In Pater, 179.
149. Plato, Protag., 338, 361.
150. Xenophon, iv, 4.9.
151. Plato, Theaetetus, 150.
152. Grote, VII, 92; Mahaffy, Greek Education, 84.
153. Cf., e.g., Charmides, 159, 161; Protag., 331, 350; Lysis, passim.
154. Diog. L., “Crito,” i.
155. Xenophon, ii, 6.28.
156. Ibid., i, 6.
157. Ibid.<
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158. Diog. L., “Socrates,” xiv.
159. Xenophon, iv, 1.1.
160. Diog. L., “Crito,” i.
161. Plato, Symposium, 215, 218.
162. Sextus Empiricus, Opera, Leipzig, 1840, Adversus Mathematicos, ix, 54; Botsford and Sihler, 369; Nilsson, 269; Symonds, 390.
163. Zeller, 205, 208.
164. Athenaeus, xii, 534.
165. Plato, Meno, 94.
166. Xenophon, Memor., i, 1.2; i, 3.4; ii, 6.8; iv, 7.10; Plato, Symposium, 220; Phaedo, 118; Apology, 21.
167. Zeller, 82.
168. Plato, Apology, 29.
169. Id., Cratylus, 425.
170. Xenophon, Memor., i, 1.11f.
171. Ibid., iv, 3.16.
173. iv, 7.
174. i, 1.16.
175. iv, 2.24.
176. iii, 8.3; iv, 5.9.
178. iii, 9.5.
179. i, 2.9.
180. iii, 5.15-17.
181. iv, 6.12.
182. CAH, VI, 309.
183. Xenophon, Apology, end.
CHAPTER XVII
1. Pausanias, ix, 22.
2. Lyra Graeca, III, 9; II, 264.
3. Pausanias, ix, 23.
4. Pindar, Olympic Ode xiv, 5.
5. Olympic Odes i-ii.
6. Frag. 76 in Pindar, Odes, p. 557.
7. CAH, IV, 511.
8. Symonds, 214.
9. Lyra Graeca, III, 7.
10. Pausanias, ix, 23.
11. Olympic i, 64.
12. Frag. 131.
13. Olympic ii, 56f, tr. C. J. Billson, in Oxford Book of Greek Verse in Translation, 294.
14. Pindar, Pythian Ode i, 81.
15. Pythian iv, 272
16. Pythian viii, 92, tr. G. Murray.
17. Paean iv, 32.
18. Symonds, 216.
19. S.v. Pratinas, Lyra Graeca, III, 49.
20. Aristophanes, II, 82, editor’s note.
21. Haigh, 37.
22. Ibid., 64.
23. Mahaffy, Social Life, 469; Symonds, 380.
24. Haigh, 266.
25. Lyra Graeca, III, 283.
26. Aristotle, Rhetoric, Loeb Library, iii, 1.
27. Ward, II, 311.
28. Lucian, “Of Pantomime,” 27.
29. Haigh, 325-7.
30. Ibid., 327, 335.
31. Flickinger, R. C., Greek Theater and Its Drama, University of Chicago Press, 1918, 132.
32. Haigh, 343.
33. Ibid., 345; Norwood, Greek Drama, 83.
34. Haigh, 344.
35. Ibid., 12, 24.
36. Ferguson, 50.
37. Haigh, 34.
38. Plato, Laws, 659, 700.
39. Herod., vi, 21.
40. CAH, IV, 172.
41. Haigh, 15.
42. Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound, 18f, tr. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, in Greek Dramas, N. Y., 1912, pp. 5-6.
43. Ibid., II. 459f.
44. Tr. in Murray, Greek Literature, 219.
45. Schlegel, A. W., Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature, London, 1846, 93. On the “paradox of Prometheus Bound,”—an antitheistic play by the most pious of Greek dramatists, cf. Journal of Hellenic Studies, LIII, 4of, and LIV, 14f.