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The Life of Greece

Page 99

by Will Durant


  arete, 298, 372

  Arginusae , 311, 450, 455

  Argo (är’-gō), 43

  Argolic Gulf, 31, 96

  Argolis ), 72, 542

  Argonautica (Apollonius of Rhodes), 609

  Argonauts (är’-gō-nŏts), 42–43, 44, 189, 403

  Argos (är’-gŏs), 23, 27, 39, 41, 50*, 55, 56, 61, 62, 64, 70–72, 79, 86, 89, 90, 125*, 165, 178, 200, 221, 231, 239, 246, 322, 378, 441, 466, 497, 569, 570, 661, 665

  Argus (är’-gŭs), 28, 72

  Ariadne , 6, 15, 23, 229

  Ariana, 546

  Arion , poet of Lesbos (7th century B.C.), 91, 230, 232

  Aristaeus , mathematician (4th century B.C.), 628

  Aristagoras , Regent of Miletus (d. 497 B.C.), 234–235

  Aristander , soothsayer (4th century B.C.), 540

  Aristarchus of Samos, astronomer (fl. 280–264 B.C.), 502, 634, 635, 636, 658, 669

  Aristarchus of Samothrace, grammarian and critic (220-143 B.C.), 209, 601, 602

  Aristeas, 595*

  Aristides , statesman and general (?-468? B.C.), 236–237, 245, 246, 294

  Aristides of Thebes, painter (4th century B.C.), 492

  Aristion, stela of, 69, 223

  Aristippus of Cyrene, philosopher (435?-356? B.C.), 173, 290, 301, 302, 369, 467, 504–505, 506, 510, 644

  Aristo of Chios, Stoic philosopher (fl. 250 B.C.), 652*

  Aristocles , see Plato

  Aristocles, sculptor (6th century B.C.), 223

  Aristocles, sculptor (5th century B.C.), 322

  aristocracy, in Sparta, 79–80

  in Corinth, 91; in Attica, 108

  in Miletus, 134; in Athens, 281–282

  Aristodama of Smyrna, poetess (4th century B.C.), 567

  Aristodemus , King of Messenia (8th century B.C.), 73

  Aristogeiton , tyrannicide 6th century B.C.), 123–124, 221, 298, 301

  Aristomenes , 73

  Aristophanes , comic dramatist (448?-380? B.C.), 108, 130, 178, 199, 231, 252–253, 266, 273, 283, 293, 307, 337, 363, 364, 370, 373, 390, 401, 415, 417, 420–429, 439, 453, 467, 469, 482, 489, 514, 606

  Aristophanes of Byzantium, grammarian and critic (257-180? B.C.), 132, 205*, 601, 602, 607

  Aristotle , philosopher (384-322 B.C.), 5, 56, 95, in, 113, 114, 116, 118, 120, 136, 137, 158, 160, 166, 167, 172, 174, 196, 204, 207, 228*, 229, 230, 231, 245, 247, 249, 278*, 280, 287, 289, 293, 302, 303, 310, 321, 340, 353, 356, 363, 364, 368, 373, 381, 398, 411, 431, 442, 449, 459, 463, 465, 467, 468, 469, 486, 488, 501, 512, 513, 515, 524–537, 538, 539, 547, 550, 553, 586, 601, 607, 617, 638, 640, 641, 642, 644, 656, 657, 669

  Aristotle (Grote), 532 *

  Aristoxenus of Tarentum, philosopher and writer on music (fl. 4th century B.C.), 364, 617, 669

  arithmetic, 163–164, 337–338, 500, 627, 630

  Arkalochori (ăr’-kō-lō-kôr’-ē), 6

  Ark of the Covenant, 583

  Arles, 169

  Armenia, 238, 460, 578

  army, in Crete, 23

  in Homeric society, 54–55

  in Sparta, 77, 80, 81, in Athens, 264–265

  in Macedonia, 476–477

  army equipment, 264–265, 471, 476–477

  tactics, in Sparta, 81

  in Athens, 265

  in Thebes, 462

  in Macedonia, 476–477

  Arnold, Matthew, English critic (1822–1888), 579

  Arretophoria , 200

  Arrian, Flavius, historian (100?-170?), 502, 548, 549, 550*

  Arsaces , founder of kingdom of Parthia (248? B.C.), 578

  Arsinoë , Queen of Egypt (285 B.C.), 586, 593

  Arsinoë (city), 576

  Artaxerxes (är’-tăk-sûrk’-sēz) I, King of Persia (d. 425 B.C.), 234, 246, 343

  Artaxerxes II, King of Persia (d. 361 B.C.), 460, 461

  Artaxerxes III, King of Persia (reigned 359–338 B.C.), 542, 547

  Artemis , 58, 108, 142, 143, 175, 178, 181, 182, 183, 185, 200, 226, 322, 326, 402, 410, 411, 577

  Orthia , 82, 194

  Artemisia , consort of Mausolus, Prince of Caria (fl. 350 B.C.), 134, 494

  Artemisium , 239–240, 245, 383

  arts, in Crete, 8–10, 16–20

  in Tiryns and Mycenae, 30–33

  in Homeric society, 52–53

  after Dorian invasion, 63

  in Sparta, 74–77, 87

  in Corinth, 91–92

  in Athens, 122

  in 7th and 6th centuries, 217–233

  in Periclean age, 313–336

  in Syracuse, 438

  in 4th century, 491–499

  in Judea, 580

  in Hellenistic age, 616–626

  arts, patronage of, 10, 251–252, 472

  Aryans, 35

  Ascalaphus , 41†

  Ascalon , 580

  asceticism, 85, 191, 192, 509

  Asclepiads , 96, 342

  Asclepiodorus , painter (4th century B.C.), 492

  Asclepius , 96, 179, 180, 182, 327, 342, 346

  Ascra , 98, 100

  Asculum, 660

  Ashdod, 580, see Azotus

  Asia, 4, 20, 34, 35, 55, 59, 62, 63, 127, 140, 165, 174, 437, 461, 467, 477, 480, 486, 525, 543, 544, 545, 547, 551, 557, 558, 562, 565, 571, 572, 575–577, 578, 579, 617, 625, 637, 644, 645, 664

  Asia Minor, 3, 20, 25, 42, 55, 68, 70, 98, 128, 151, 158, 170, 234, 499, 551, 557, 558, 559, 572, 573, 578, 601, 613, 667

  Aspasia of Miletus, consort of Pericles (470?-410 B.C.), 251, 252–253, 254, 289, 300, 337, 348, 439, 442, 450

  Assembly (Athens), 115–116, 119–120, 121, 125, 126, 237, 240, 247, 250, 251, 254, 255–256, 257, 263, 264, 266, 298, 358, 360, 442, 443, 445, 446, 447, 449, 450, 466, 469, 479, 483, 554, 645, 651

  Assembly (Sparta), 79, 80, 447, 452

  Assembly (Syracuse), 474

  Assus, 327, 524, 525, 652

  Assumption, feast of the, 183

  Assyria, 30, 68, 69, 224, 238, 572, 603

  Astacus , 156

  Astarte (ăs-tär’-tē), 178

  astrology, 137, 566, 653

  astronomy, 15, 69, 135, 137, 163–164, 339, 501–502, 566, 631, 634–637

  Astyanax , 57, 316, 406–409

  asylum, right of, 192–193, 262

  Atalanta , 43, 105, 497

  Atalanta in Calydon (Swinburne), 105*

  ataraxia, 644

  Atarissyas , King of the Ahhijavas, 39

  Atarneus , 524, 578

  Athamus , 42

  atheism, 644–645

  Athena , 26, 40, 49, 50*, 58, 59, 61, 87*, 101, 120, 122, 167, 175, 179, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 199, 227, 273, 323, 327, 331, 332, 333, 334, 389, 431, 492, 622, 650

  Athena (Scopas), 497

  Athena and Marsyas (Myron), 323

  Athenaeus (ăth’-ē-nē’-ŭs), grammarian (fl. 2nd century), 91, 149, 160†, 218, 278*, 301, 349, 370*, 390, 435, 561, 593, 617, 640

  Athene Parthenos (Pheidias), 179, 221, 253, 266, 324, 325, 329

  Athene Polias, 330, 331

  Athene Promachos (prō’-mă-kŏs) (Pheidias), 325

  Athenian Confederacy, 439–440, 442, 469, 470, 487

  Athenis , sculptor (6th century B.C.), 144, 150

  Athenodorus , sculptor (2nd? century B.C.), 622

  Athens (ăth’-ěnz), 5, 23*, 40, 42, 50*, 69, 71, 72, 77, 79, 81, 82, 86, 87, 90, 98–126, 127, 131, 135, 149, 151, 157, 172, 173, 174, *75, 177, 178, 179, 182, 184, 185, 188, 191, 194, 195, 197, 199, 200, 203, 204, 207, 208, 215, 219, 221, 223, 226, 227, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236–237, 238, 239–241, 242, Chapters XI, XII, XIII, and XIV passim, 337, 339, 341, 342, 349, 351, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 363, 368–369, 372, 375, 381, 430, 433, 436, 437, 439–456, 459, 461, 463–470, 477, 478–480, 481, 485–488, 489, 491, 497, 503, 507, 509, 510, 514, 519, 523, 524, 525, 542, 543, 552–554, 558, 560, 561–562, 563, 565, 566, 570, 573, 574, 586, 591, 600, 601, 606–607, 608, 612, 616, 617, 623, 625, 638, 640, 641, 643, 644, 645, 650, 651, 652, 662, 666

  Athens M
useum, 212, 222, 223, 321, 322, 331, 499.

  athletics, in Homeric society, 48

  in Sparta, 82–83; in social structure, 211–217

  Athos (ăth’-ŏs), Mt., 239, 545*

  Atlantic Ocean, 3, 637

  Atlantis, 118

  Atlas (ăt’-lăs), 41†, 328–329

  Atman (ät’-màn), 654

  atomic theory, 342, 352, 353–354, 646–647

  Atossa , daughter of Cyrus the Great, and wife of Cambyses, Smerdis, and Darius Hystaspis (6th century B.C.), 342

  Atreus , 26, 27, 29, 39, 42, 386

  Attalus I, King of Pergamum (reigned 241–197 B.C.), 578, 623, 627

  Attalus II Philadelphus, King of Pergamum (reigned 159–138 B.C.), 481, 549

  Attalus, Macedonian general (4th century B.C.), 481, 549

  Atthis , 154

  Attica , 17, 27, 30, 40, 62, 74, 75, 77, 103, 106, 107–126, 128, 129, 134, 178, 188, 189, 200, 212, 220, 226, 231, 250, Chapter XII passim, 320, 322, 323, 324, 329–335, 440, 441, 447, 470, 562, 568; dialect, 204

  Attic pottery, 219–220

  Attis , 13, 178, 467

  Atys , see Attis

  Augeas (ô -jē’-ăs), 41†

  Augustine, Saint (354–430), 455*, 523

  Augustus (Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus), Roman emperor (63 B.C–A.D. 14), 89†, 121, 149, 499, 552, 598

  auletrides, 299–300

  Aulis , 56, 107, 386, 410

  Aurelius, Marcus, see Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius

  Austria, 62*, 602

  Azotus (à-zō’-tŭs), 580

  B

  Babylon , 294, 431, 507, 545, 549, 551, 575, 577, 587, 605, 612, 627, 634

  Babylonia , 68–69, 72, 135, 178, 203, 238, 460, 557, 558, 566, 572, 578, 635

  Babylonians, The (Aristophanes), 421

  Bacchae (băk’-ē), The (Euripides), 401, 411, 418

  Bacchanalia , 583, 587

  Bacchante (Scopas), 498

  Bacchantes (bă-kăn’-tēz), 418

  Bacchiadae , 90, 92

  Bacchoi (bă’-koi), 187

  Bacchus (băk’-ŭs), 625, see also Dionysus

  Bacchylides , poet (ca. 505–450 B.C.), 76*, 131, 375, 438

  Bach, Johann Sebastian, German composer (1685–1750), 375, 400

  back-to-nature movement, 372, 509

  Bacon, Francis, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans, English philosopher (1561–1626), 353, 644

  Bactria , 238, 552, 557, 573, 575, 576, 578, 616, 617

  Bactriana, 546

  Baer, Karl Ernst von, Estonian naturalist and embryologist (1792–1876), 529

  Baghdad , 572

  Balaustion’s Adventure (Browning), 402*

  Balkans, 35, 127, 157, 486, 559

  ball games, 212

  Baluchistan , 547, see also Gedrosia

  banking, 274, 464, 562–563, 575, 590

  Banquet (Xenophon), 364

  barbarian (in Greek sense), defined, 70

  Barberini Faun, 625

  barbers, 291

  barter, 47, 575

  Basilica , 168

  bas-relief, in Crete, 16–17, 19–20

  in 7th and 6th century, 222–223

  in Periclean age, 319

  in 4th century, 494

  Bassae, 327–328

  Baths of Caracalla, 623*

  Baths of Titus, 622

  Bathycles of Magnesia, sculptor (fl. 550 B.C.), 87*

  Batis , general of Gaza (4th century B.C.), 541

  Battle of Issus, 620–621

  Battle of Marathon (Panaenus), 317

  Bayle, Pierre, French philosopher and critic (1647–1706), 432

  beauty contests, 218

  Beethoven, Ludwig van, German composer (1770–1827), 326, 401

  Beirut , 575, see also Berytus

  Bellerophon (bě-lŏr’-ō-fŏn), 25

  Bendis , 467, 566

  Beneventum, 661

  Beni-Hasan , 68, 224

  Bentinck, William Henry Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Portland (1738–1809), 616*

  Bentley, Richard, English critic and classical scholar (1662–1742), 210

  Berenice (běr’-ě-nī’-sē), Queen of Egypt (28?-70), 587

  Bergson, Henri, French philosopher, 147, 657

  Berkeley, George, Irish metaphysician (1685–1753), 531†

  Berlin Museum, 26, 315, 618

  Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo, Italian painter, sculptor, and architect (1598–1680), 622†

  Berosus (bě-rō’-sŭs), Chaldean priest and chronicler (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 612

  Berytus , 575

  Bessus, satrap of Bactria under Darius III (fl. 331 B.C.), 546

  Bias (bī’-ăs) of Priene, one of the Seven Sages (fl. ca. 570 B.C.), 141, 261

  Bible, 36, 135, 206, 210, 211, 594–595, 603, 628

  biblos, 206

  biology, 139, 502, 528–531

  Bios Hellados (Dicaear-chus), 488

  Birds, The (Aristophanes), 338, 378, 428

  birth control, 287, 468, 567–568

  Birth of Aphrodite, The, 319

  Bisanthe , 157

  Bithynia , 450, 557, 578

  black-figure ware, 219–220

  Black Sea, 3, 4, 36, 43, 44, 55, 70, 128, 129, 135, 156, 157, 158, 219, 234, 245, 275, 276, 430, 437, 440, 441, 460, 559, 575, 578, 667

  Blegen, Carl W., American archeologist, 35*

  Blepyrus , 283

  Boar Hunt, 31

  Boedromion , 199

  Boeon (bē’-ŏn), Mt., 103

  boeotarch, 462

  Boeotia , 27, 33, 40–42, 61*, 98–103, 106, 107, 108, 128, 198, 227, 238, 437, 440, 441, 462, 463, 477, 495, 569, 666

  Boeotian Confederacy, 103, 437, 462

  Boethus, (bō-ē’-thŭs) of Sidon, philosopher (1st century B.C.), 652

  Boethus, sculptor (2nd century B.C.), 625

  Boghaz Keui (bō-gäz’ kû-ē), 37

  Bokhara , 546

  Book of the Law, 581, 582, 583, 594

  Book of the Dead, 190

  books, 206–207, 600–606

  Boreas (bō’-rē-ăs), 177

  Borghese Gallery (Rome), 625

  Bosanquet, Robert Carr, English archeologist, 6

  Bosporus (bŏs’-pô r-ŭs), 4*, 92, 156, 157, 234, 242, 449

  Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne, French bishop of Meaux, and pulpit orator (1627–1704), 432

  Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 17, 499

  botany, 637–638

  boule , 54, 110, 115, 256–257, 263

  bouleuterion, 257

  Bouphonia , 200

  Bourbons, 451

  Boxers’ Vase, 17

  boxing, 12, 214–215

  Bozzaris, Marco, Greek patriot (1788–1823), 105

  Brahman (brä-măn), 654

  Brahmans, 612, see also India

  Branchidae (brăn-kī’-dē), 222, 226, 546

  Brasidas , Spartan general (?-422 B.C.), 443

  Brauron, 108, 411

  Brauronia , 108, 200

  Brazen Race (Theogony), 102

  Brennus, Gaulish leader, invader of Italy (fl. 390 B.c.), 472

  Brennus, Gaulish leader (fl. 279), 559

  Brentesium , 159

  bridges, 238–239, 272–273

  Brindisi, 159, see also Brentesium

  Briseis , 56, 58, 208, 302, 620

  British Isles, 590

  British Museum, 29, 68*, 134, 222, 322*, 492, 494*, 499, 616*, 622‡

  British School of Athens, 33

  Bronze Age, in Crete, 7

  in Mycenae, 28

  in Cyprus, 33

  in Achaean society, 64

  in Melos, 133

  bronzework, in Crete, 16

  in Homeric society, 46

  in Sparta, 77

  in Samos, 143

  in 7th and 6th centuries, 221

  in Periclean age, 314–315

  Browning, Robert, English poet (1812–1889), 402*

  Brucheum , 592, 593

  Bruttium , 614

  Brut
us, Marcus Junius, Roman politician (85-42 B.C.), 124*, 541

  Bryaxis , sculptor (fl. 350 B.C.), 494

  Brygus (brī’-gŭs), potter, (fl. 5th century B.C.), 315

  Bucephalus , 493, 538, 621

  Bucharest, 542

  Buddha, 357

  Bug River, 157

  building trade, 18–19, 122, 272

  Bularchus, painter (8th century B.C.), 316

  Bulis, Spartan envoy (5th century B.C.), 238

  bullfights, 12–13, 32

  Buonarotti, Michelangelo, Italian artist (1475–1564), 400, 497, 622, 623*, 669

  Bupalus (bŭ’-pă-iŭs), sculptor (6th century B.C.), 144, 150

  Burgas, 157, see also Apollonia

  burial, in Crete, 14

  in Mycenae, 32

  in Homeric society, 48

  in Athens, 311–312

  Burke, Edmund, English statesman and orator (1729–1797), 488*

  Burnouf, Eugene, French Orientalist (1801–1852), 26

  burnt offerings, 194–195

  Butades of Sicyon, first Greek modeler in clay (7th century B.C.), 222

  Buthrotum (bŭ-thrō’-tŭm), 660*

  Butrinto, see Buthrotum

  Byron, George Gordon, Baron, English poet (1788–1824), 105, 156, 386, 412, 497

  Byzantine Empire, 231, 667

  Byzantium , 92, 157, 275, 449, 470, 489, 498, 557, 559, 562, 566, 575, 576

  Byzas (bī’-zăs), supposed founder of Byzantium (fl. 657 B.C.), 157*

  C

  Cadmeia , 40, 462, 543, 553

  Cadmus (kăd’-mŭs), 40, 68, 418, 462

  Cadmus of Miletus, logographer (fl. 550 B.C.), 140

  Caesar, Caius Julius, Roman general, statesman, and historian (100-44 B.C.), 67, 70, 106, 169, 493, 540, 552, 574, 580, 598, 602, 612

  Calamis, Athenian sculptor (5th century B.C.), 324

  Calauria , 199, 553

  Calaurian Amphictyony, 199

  Caledonia, 376

  calendar, Minoan, 15

  Athenian, 199–200, 341

  Callias , statesman and profligate (fl. 371 B.C.), 281*, 517

  Callicles , Sophist (5th century B.C.), 295

  Callicrates , architect (fl. 5th century B.C.), 331, 332

  Callimachus , Athenian sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 327, 332

  Callimachus of Cyrene, poet and grammarian (320?-240? B.C.), 598, 602, 608–609, 636

  Callinus (kă-lī’-nŭs) of Ephesus, elegiac poet (fl. 700 B.C.), 143

  Calliope (kă-lī’-ō-pē), 186

  Callipolis , 157

  Callisthenes , philosopher and historian (ca. 360–327 B.C.), 550

  Callon, sculptor (5th century B.C.), 322

  Calvinism, 656

  Calydon , 105

  Calypso , 59, 60, 61

  Camarina , 438

  Cambridge Ancient History; The, 532*

 

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