by Will Durant
Daniel, Book of, 603, 605
Dante, see Alighieri, Dante
Danube River, 33, 36, 40, 157, 431, 543
Daphnis , 171, 610
Daphnis, architect, 618
Dardanelles , 3, 121
Dardani , 35, 36
Dardanus , 35‡
Darius I, King of Persia (558?-486? B.C.), 234, 235, 237, 238, 342, 589
Darius III, King of Persia (reigned 336–331 B.C.), 245, 541, 544, 545, 546, 547, 551, 621
Darkness (deity), 99
Darwin, Charles Robert, English naturalist (1809–1882), 147, 340, 529
Dascylium , 156
Datis , Persian satrap (5th century B.C.), 235
Daughters of Pelias, The (Euripides), 401
Dawkins, Richard MacGillivray, English archeologist, 6
Day (deity), 99
Dead Amazon, 623
Death, see Thanatos
debts, cancellation of, 113–114, 569
Deceleia , 108, 400, 447, 448
decimal system, 338
Deianeira , 254, 392
Deinarchus (dī’-năr’-kŭs), orator (361-291 B.C.), 483
Delian Confederacy, 131, 245, 251, 276
Delium , 365, 444
Delos (dē’-lŏs), 23*, 33, 105, 131, 182, 183, 200, 222, 236, 245, 251, 279, 562, 570, 574, 575, 580, 591, 617, 618, 665
Delphi (dēl’-fī), 29, 68*, 78, 104–105, 118, 124, 132, 141, 142, 179, 180, 182, 183, 188, 198, 200, 211, 216, 274, 316, 317, 321, 472, 477, 559
Delphi Museum, 221, 498
Delphic Amphictyony, 263, 477, 560
Delphic oracle, 41, 73, 75, 78, 96, 167, 182, 198, 361, 367, 376
Delphis , 567, 611
Demades , orator and demagogue (380-318 B.C.), 483
demagogy, 281, 442
Demaratus (dě’-măr-ā’-tŭs), King of Sparta (reigned 510–491 B.C.), 86
demes, 40, 124, 259
Demesne (dē-mān’) (King’s Commons), 46
Demeter (dē-mē’-tēr), 32, 50*, 68, 69, 109, 170, 175, 178, 179, 182, 188, 189, 198, 231, 232, 319, 329, 426, 471, 622
Thesmophoros, 199
Demeter, 134, 499, 622‡
Demeter, Persephone, and Artemis (Damophon), 621
Demetrius, priest (fl. 540 B.C.), 143
Demetrius I Soter, King of Syria (reigned 162–150 B.C.), 579
Demetrius II Nicator, King of Syria (reigned 146–142 and 128–125 B.C.), 584
Demetrius Phalereus , Attic orator (345?-283? B.C.), 278*, 483, 558, 561, 586, 594, 641
Demetrius I Poliorcetes , King of Macedonia (337-283 B.C.), 503, 558, 560, 567, 571, 619, 624§
demiurgoi, 110
Democedes (dě-mŏ’-sě-dēz), physician (fl. 522 B.C.), 342, 346
democracy, in Sparta, 80
in Athens, 121, 123–126, 246–248, 554
in Syracuse, 172
under Pericles, 248–267, 276–286
in philosophy of Plato, 519–520
in philosophy of Aristotle, 535
Democritus , philosopher (460?-362? B.C.), 68, 69, 136, 157, 202, 317, 337, 338, 339, 343, 352–355, 358, 361, 527, 529, 644, 646–647, 657, 669
Demodocus (dē-mŏd’-ŏ-kŭs), 52
Demosthenes (dē-mos’-thě-nēz), orator and statesman (384?-322 B.C.), 158, 272, 278, 301, 304, 468–469, 476, 478–480, 483–485, 512, 542, 543, 553, 626
De Rerum Natura (Lucretius), 441*
Descartes, René, French philosopher (1596–1650), 669
Desmoulins, Camille, French revolutionist (1760–1794), 89*
Deucalion , 39
deus ex machina , 340, 368, 379, 397, 412
Devils’ Club, 361
Diadochi (dī-ăd’-ŏ-kē), 558
Diadumenos (Polycleitus), 322, 498
Diagoros (dī-ăg’-ō-răs) of Melos, poet and philosopher (5th century B.C.), 337
dialectics, 351, 367–368, 503
dialects, 15, 204
Dialogues (Plato), 364, 513–515, 517
Dialogues of the Dead (Lucian), 549*
Diana, 183, see Artemis
Diasia , 179, 199
Dibre Soferim , 580
Dicaearchus (dī’-sē-ärk’-ŭs), Peripatetic philosopher (fl. 320 B.C.), 108, 488, 502
Dicaeopolis , 108
Dickens, Charles, English novelist (1812–1870), 428
dictatorship, in Argos, 72
in Sicyon, 89
in Corinth, 90
of Peisistratus, 119–123
in Miletus, 134
in Samos, 142
in Lesbos, 151
in Sicily, 172–173
in philosophy of Plato, 520
in philosophy of Aristotle, 535
Dido (dī’-dō), 67
Didyma , 549, 618
diet, of Athenians, 270
Dike (dī’-kē), 186, 201
Dinocrates , architect (4th century B.C.), 492, 545, 592
Dinostratus , mathematician (4th century B.C.), 501
Dio Chrysostom, Sophist and rhetorician (40–115), 326
Diocles (dī’-ō-klēz) of Carystus, physician (fl. 4th century B.C.), 502–503
Diocletian (Caius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus), Roman emperor (245–313), 576
Diodorus Siculus (dī’-ō-dō’-rŭs sīk’-ŭ-lŭs), historian (fl. 1st century B.C.), 41*, 42*, 160, 187*, 189, 241, 242*, 455
Diogenes (dī’-ŏj’-ē-nēz), Cynic philosopher (412?-323 B.C.), 156, 201, 295, 301, 506–509, 526, 644
Diogenes Apolloniates, natural philosopher (fl. 460 B.C.), 345
Diogenes Laertius, writer (2nd century A.D.), 118*, 138, 148, 163, 164, 168, 261, 353, 354, 356, 357, 359, 364, 455, 472, 489, 524, 526, 640, 641, 645, 650, 652
Diogenes of Seleucia (the Babylonian), Stoic philosopher (2nd century B.C.), 652
Diolcos, 89
Diomedes (dī’-ō-mē’-dēz), 41†, 49, 57, 58
Dion (dī’-ōn), tyrant of Syracuse (408-353 B.C.), 473–474, 510
Dione (dī-ō’-nē), 181
Dionysia , 178, 188, 200, 229, 232, 233, 379*, 381, 392, 418, 420, 435, 525
Dionyskn Artists, 380
Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse (430?-367 B.C.), 160, 426, 439, 465, 470–473, 505, 510, 535, 659
Dionysius II, tyrant of Syracuse (fl. 367 B.C.), 473–475, 511, 522
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, historian (54?-7? B.C.), 652
Dionysus (dī’-ō-nī’-sŭs), 69, 178, 179, 180, 181, 185, 186–188, 189, 190, 193, 194, 195, 196, 199–200, 227, 228, 230, 232, 233, 273, 321, 330, 375, 378, 379, 400, 413, 418–419, 427, 432, 467, 496, 566*, 583, 587
Dionysus, 321
Dionysus (Scopas), 497
Dionysus, Theater of, 15, 232, 251, 255, 377–383, 391, 401, 491
Dioscuri , 316, see also Castor and Pollux
Dioscurias , 135, 157
Diotima , courtesan, 300
Dipoenus , Cretan sculptor (fl. 580 B.C.), 23, 221, 322
Dipolia , 200
Dipylon , 219, 269
Dirce (dûr’-sē), 623
Discobolos see Discus Thrower
Discus Thrower (Myron), 143, 323
discus throwing, 48, 214
Dium (dē’-ŭm), 580
divination, 175, 197, 198
Divine Fire, 144–147, 651
divine rule, 11, 577, 595
Divine Word, 147
division of labor, 275
divorce, in Sparta, 84
in Sicily, 170
in Athens, 305
Dnieper River, 157
Dniester River, 157
Dodecapolis (Ionian), 128, 134–151
Dodona , 67, 180, 198, 660
Dörpfeld, Wilhelm, German archeologist, 26, 27, 34, 35*, 159
dokimasia, 263
Dolon (dō’-lōn), 49
Dorian invasion, 5, 14, 29–30, 47, 62–64, 90, 106, 127, 133–134, 218, 223
Dorians, 23, 35‡, 42, 44, 62–64, 70, 71, 73, 77, 88, 89, 95, 108, 109, 127, 128, 133–134, 173, 180, 203, 305, 311, 523, 6
60
dialect, 204
Doric mode (music), 74, 228*, 518
Doric order (architecture), 68, 88, 92, 105, 122, 168, 171, 223, 224–225, 226, 327, 328, 329, 331, 333, 491–492, 617
Doricha , courtesan, 153
Doris , 198, 477, 580
Dorus (dō’-rŭs), 35‡, 207
Doryphoros , see Spear Bearer
Dostoevski, Feodor Mikhailovich, Russian novelist (1821–1881), 524
double ax, 8, 11, 14, 19, 20, 32
drachma, 114, 273–274
Draco (drā’-kō), Athenian lawgiver (7th century B.C.), 77, in, 114, 117, 258, 304
drainage system, in Crete, 7, 19
in Athens. 269
in Near East, 576
in Egypt, 588
drama, in Argos, 72
in Athens, 122
in religion, 178, 189, 193, 200
origins of, 230–233
in Golden Age, 379–429
in 4th century, 482–483
in Hellenistic age, 606–608
Draped Venus, 326*
Dream, see Oneiros
Drimachus , revolutionary (6th century B.C.), 150
drinking, by Achaeans, 45
in Sparta, 82
in Athens, 270, 310
drought, 3
drunkenness, in Sparta, 82
in Athens, 270 Drunken Silenus, 625
Dryden, John, English poet and dramatist (1631–1700), 377*
Dumas, Alexandre, fils, French dramatist and novelist (1824–1895), 607
Durazzo, 67, 575, 662, see also Epidamnus
Dying Gaul, The, 623
Dyme (dī’-mē), 560
Dyrrachium , 67, see also Epimamnus
E
Earth (deity) 99, see also Gaea
earthquakes, 3, 17, 21, 35*, 104, 571
earth worship, in Crete, 13, 15
of Achaeans, 38
in common religion, 177–178
Ecbatana , 546, 551
Ecclesiastes, 401, 603, 604
Ecclesiasticus, 604–605
Ecclesiazusae , The (Aristophanes), 283, 380–381, 427
Eckermann, Johann Peter, German author (1792–1854), 364, 419
Ecphantus of Syracuse, geographer (fl. 390 B.C.), 502
Eden, 43–44
Edessa , 70
Edfu , 618
education, in Homeric society, 51
in Sparta, 82–83
in Athens, 288–290, 306
in 3rd century, 567
Egypt, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 15, 18, 20, 21, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 47, 54, 55, 68, 69, 70, 72, 118, 133, 134, 135, 136, 140, 161, 165, 173–174, 178, 189, 192, 219, 221, 222, 234, 238, 272, 275, 276, 294, 319, 348, 430, 437, 440, 467, 501, 509, 510, 544–545, 548, 554, 557, 558, 560, 562, 565, 566, 570, 571, 572, 574, 575, 579, 582, 585–598, 599, 600, 606, 607, 618, 620, 634, 663, 667, 668, 669
Eileithyia , 182, 186
ekklesia , 115, 255, 257, 264, 266, 469
ekkyklema, 378–379
Elam (ē’-lăm), 545, 572
Elaphebolion , 200
Elasa , 584
Elatea , 106, 492
Elea , 160, 167–168, 339, 349, 350
Eleatic School, 138, 167–168, 349–350
Eleazar Maccabeus. Jewish patriot (2nd century B.C.), 583
elections, in Sparta, 79–80
in Athens, 115–116, 125, 257, 263
Electra , 51, 61, 386, 389, 409, 411, 412
Electra (Euripides), 401 *, 409–410
Electra (Sophocles), 392–393
electrum, 273
Elements (Euclid), 628
Elephantine (ěl’-ē-făn-tī’-nē), 430
Eleusinian mysteries, 68, 188–189, 199, 201, 300, 381, 427, 447, 508, 617, 662, 668
Eleusis , 29, 50*, 68, 109, 175, 178, 188, 189, 199, 201, 231, 272, 329, 617
Eleutherae (ě-lū’-thē-rē), 200, 323
Elgin, Thomas Bruce, seventh Earl of, British diplomat (1766–1841), 331*, 335*
Elis , 39, 41†, 62, 88, 89, 200, 213, 314, 326, 328, 361, 497, 542, 560, 561, 570, 642, 643
Elizabethan drama, 382, 420, 668
Elpinice , sister of Cimon (5th century B.C.), 247, 316*
Elymi , 170
Elysian Fields, 14, 312
Embarkation for Cythera (Watteau), 159
embryology, 503, 529–530
Emmaus (ě-mā’-ŭs), 584
Empedocles (ěm-pěd’-ō-klēz), philosopher (500-430? B.C.), 42*, 99, 139, 172, 339, 342, 345, 355–358, 438, 529, 530, 669
Emporium , 67, 169, 575
Encyclopedists, 363, 413, 657
Endymion , 88
engineering, 142, 500, 588–589
England, 21, 26, 29, 46, 75, 275, 298, 440, 449
engraving, in Crete, 16
in Mycenae, 30
in Homeric society, 52
in Periclean age, 314
in Hellenistic age, 616
Enkomi (ěn-kō’-mē), 34
Enoch, Book of, 604*, 605
Enoch Arden, 59*
entelechy, 530, 532
Epaminondas , Theban statesman and general (ca. 420–362 B.C.), 81, 88, 98, 103, 201, 265, 462–463, 475, 489
epheboi, 289–290
Ephebos, 321
Ephesus (ěf’-ē-sŭs), 122, 142, 143–148, 151, 169, 175, 178, 183, 226, 327, 491, 492, 497, 575, 577–578, 602, 618, 639
Ephialtes (ef’-ē-ăl’-tēz), Athenian statesman (d. 461 B.C.), 246–248, 249, 259, 283, 390
ephorate, 23, 80, 569
Ephorus (ěf’-ō-rŭs) of Cyme, historian (ca. 400–330 B.C.), 486, 488
Ephraim (place), 583
Epicharmus , comic poet (ca. 540–450 B.C.), 420, 438
epics, 44, 207–211, 609
Epictetus , Roman Stoic philosopher (60–120), 656
Epicureanism, 369, 640, 644–649
Epicurus , philosopher (342?-270 B.C.), 136, 156, 300, 369, 565, 567, 607, 640, 644–649, 650, 657, 671
Epidamnus , 67, 575, 662
Epidaurus , 72, 95–97, 327, 346, 378, 497, 569
Epigoni , 41
Epimetheus , 101
Epirus (ē-pī’-rŭs), 37, 67, 70, 103, 106, 181, 246, 557, 660, 661, 665
Equals, see homoioi
equinoxes, precession of, 636
Erasistratus , physician and anatomist (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 131, 638–639, 670
Erato , 186
Eratosthenes , geometer and astronomer (276?-195? B.C.), 55, 598, 601, 629, 636–637, 669
Erebus , 99
Erechtheum (ěr’-ěk-thē’-ŭm), 325, 327, 331–332
Erechtheus , 40, 331
Eregli , 157, see also Perinthus
Eresus , 153
Eretria , 107, 157, 169, 378, 568
ergasteria, 272
Ergotimus , potter (fl. 560 B.C.), 219
Erichthonius , 45
Erinnyes , 186, 389, see also Furies
Eros (ēr’-ōs), 99, 178, 186, 303, 416, 495
Eros (Praxiteles), 495, 496
Erythrae , 150, 197, 219
Eryximachus , 370
Esdras (ěz’-drăs), 604
esoterici, 163
essays, 486–488
Essenes (ě-sēnz’), 509
Esther, 603
esthetics, of Plato, 518–519; of Aristotle, 532–533
Eteocles (ē-tē’-ō-klēz), 41, 394, 396
Ether (deity), 99
ethics, in philosophy of Heracleitus, 147
of Pythagoras, 165–166
of medical profession, 346–348
of Democritus, 354
of Socrates, 372
of Cynics, 508
of Plato, 517
of Aristotle, 533–534
of Epicurus, 646–648
of Stoics, 654–656
Ethiopia, 167, 238, 276, 341, 431
ethnology, 107–108
Etna, Mt., 172, 357, 510
Eton, 511
Etruria , 169, 219, 276, 472,
667
Etruscans, 169, see also Etruria
Euboea , 27, 94, 106, 128, 158, 198. 235, 239, 439, 448, 573, 666
Eucleides (ū-klī’-dēz), archon (fl. 403 B.C.), 468
Eucleides of Megara, philosopher (ca. 450–374 B.C.), 207, 369, 503, 510, 642
Euclid , geometrician (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 137, 501, 627–628, 633
Eucrates , demagogue (fl. 5th century B.C.), 255, 442
Eudemian Ethics (Aristotle), 526*
Eudemus (ŭ-dē’-mŭs) of Rhodes, philosopher (fl. 4th century B.C.), 500
Eudoxus (ŭ-dŏk’-sŭs), astronomer (409?-353? B.C.), 134, 500, 501–502, 506, 512, 628*
Eugaeon (ū-jē’-ōn), writer, 140
eugenics, 81–82, 521
Euhemerus (û-hěm’-ēr-ŭs) of Messana, my-thologist (fl. 300 B.C.), 565
Eumaeus (ū-mě’-ŭs), 61
Eumelus (ū’-měl-ŭs), Corinthian poet (8th century B.C.), 91
Eumenes (ū’-mē-nēz) I, King of Pergamum (fl. 263 B.C.), 578
Eumenes II, King of Pergamum (reigned 197–159 B.C.), 578, 600, 602, 618, 664, 665
Eumenides , 186, 201, 389, 395
Eumenides (Aeschylus), 389
Eupatrids , 110, 111, 112
Euphorbus (ū-fôr’-bŭs), 165
Euphrates (ū-frā’-tēz) River, 3, 460, 502, 557, 564, 572, 575
Euphronius , potter (6th-5th century B.C.), 220
Eupolis , comic dramatist (ca. 446–411 B.C.), 364–365, 420–421
Eupolis, boxer, 213
Eupompus, painter (4th century B.C.), 498
Euripides , tragic dramatist (480-406 B.C.), 36, 43, 55, 97, 109, 197, 202, 207, 231, 232, 251, 253, 267, 280, 297, 303, 304, 306, 316, 337, 340, 360, 368, 373, 379, 380, 382, 385, 392, 398, 399, 400–419, 421, 426–427, 429, 433, 436, 437, 467, 482, 510, 576, 601, 612, 625, 671
Euripus (ū-rī’-pŭs), 107
Europa , 55
Europe, 4, 6, 8*, 26, 50, 129, 140, 157, 170, 174, 274, 349, 456, 497, 513, 544, 547, 551, 552, 558, 566, 571, 576, 577, 629, 637, 667, 669, 670
Eurotas (ū-rō’-tăs) River, 72, 82, 88, 447
Eurus (ū’-rŭs), 177
Eurydice , 190, 303, 319
Eurymanthus (ū’-ră-măn’-thŭs), Mt., 41†
Eurymedon River, 234, 245, 247, 279
Eurynome , 182
Euryphron , physician (5th century B.C.), 342
Eurystheus , 39, 41, 42
Euterpe (ū-tûr’-pě), 186
Euthias , 300
Euthydemus I, King of Bactria (fl. 230 B.C.), 626
Euthydemus, 71
Euthydemus (Plato), 513*
Euthymides , potter (6th century B.C.), 220
Euthyphro , soothsayer (5th century B.C.), 361–362
Euthyphro (Plato), 372, 513*
Eutychides of Sicyon, sculptor (4th century B.C.), 621
Euxine Sea, see Black Sea
Evagoras (ē-väg’-ō-răs), King of Salamis (reigned 410–374 B.C.), 488