by Will Durant
Selene (sē-lē’-nē), 177, 611
Seleucia , 557, 559, 562, 572–573, 575, 576, 577, 587
Seleucid Empire, 548, 572–578, 579, 581, 587, 664
Seleucus (sē-lū’-kūs) I Nicator, King of Syria (365-281 B.C.), 558, 559, 572–573, 576, 612
Seleucus III Soter, King of Syria (reigned 227–223 B.C.), 571
Seleucus IV Philopator, King of Syria (reigned 187–176 B.C.), 573, 665
Seleucus, astronomer (3rd century B.C), 577, 634
Selinus (sē-lī’-nŭs), 170, 171, 172, 327, 356, 438, 471
Sellasia , 570
Selymbria, 157, 343
Semele (sěm’-ě-lē), 187, 432
Semites, 15, 34, 35, 170, 205, 297
Semonides of Amorgos, poet (fl.650B.C), 131, 305
Senate (Athens), 110, 112, 115, 116, 121, 247
Senate (Rome), 613, 643, 600, 663, 664, 665, 666
Senate (Sparta), 70–80
senate of elders (Crete), 23
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, Roman philosopher and writer (4 B.C.-A.D. 65), 645, 658
separatism, 203–204.
Serapis , 566, 595, 601
Serbia, 543
serfdom, in Homeric society, 46
in Sparta, 73–74
in Athens, III
in Sybaris, 160
Seriphos (sě-rē’-fōs), 131
Seven against Thebes, 41
Seven Against Thebes (Aeschylus), 383, 384*
Seven Wise Men, 91, 118, 137, 141
Seven Wonders of the World, 143, 326, 494, 590, 621
sexagesimal system, 69, 338
Shakespeare, William, English poet and dramatist (1564–1616), 132*, 374, 390, 419, 428
Shantung, 168
shaving, 539–566
Shaw, George Bernard, Irish dramatist and critic, 323
Shechem, see Neapolis (Shechem)
shekel, 20
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, English poet (1792–1822), 245, 386, 412
shipping, in Aegean, 4
at Troy, 36
at Athens, 273, 275–276
ships and shipbuilding, in Phoenicia, 4
in Athens, 273
in Syracuse, 471, 598–599
Shore (political party), 119–120, 124
shorthand, 600
“Should Old Men Govern?” (Plutarch), 130
sibyls, 169, 197
Sicans, 170
Sicels , 170, 172
Sicily, 3, 4, 21, 22, 67, 71, 90, 92, 106, 128, 153, 161, 169–173, 197, 226, 231, 241–242, 275, 276, 342, 360, 376, 391, 419, 420, 438–439, 443, 445–446, 448, 471–475, 486, 510, 557, 566, 576, 598–599, 609, 612, 660–661
Sicinos , 131
sickness, theory of, 195–196
Sicyon , 23, 64, 79, 89, 90, 105, 160, 219, 221, 231, 322, 497, 560
Sidon (sī’-dōn), 4, 68, 544, 623
Sigeum , Cape, 544
sileni, 178, 180
Silenus (sī-lē’-nŭs), 365, 510
Silloi (Timon of Phlius), 642
Silver Race (Theogony), 102
Simaetha , 197, 567, 611
Simmias, philosopher and poet (5th-4th centuries B.C.), 400, 506
Simon Maccabeus, Jewish patriot (2nd century B.C.), 583, 584
Simon, disciple of Socrates 5th-4th centuries B.C.), 513
Simonides of Ceos, poet (ca. 556–468 B.C.), 76*, 123, 129–131, 149, 211, 216, 228, 267, 374, 375, 438, 533
Simus (sī’-mūs), Phrygian (4th century B.C.), 505
sin, idea of, 196, 390
Sinai, 544, 589
Sinbad, 59*
singing, in Crete, 14
in Homeric society, 52
in Sparta, 74–77
in social structure, 228–230
Sinope , 135, 156, 213, 507, 508, 575
Sinuhe, 59*
Siphnian Treasury, 132
Siphnos (sēf’-nōs), 105, 132–133
Sirach, Joshua ben, Jewish philosopher (2nd century B.C.), 604
Sirens, 61
Sitting Maiden, 625
Siwa (sē’-wä), 544, 549
skene, 378, 379
Skepticism, 360, 369, 565, 640–644
Skirophoria , 200
Skirophorion , 200
sky worship, 13, 38, 177
slavery, in Crete, 10, 23
in Homeric society, 46, 48
in Sparta, 73–75
in Athens, II, 254–255, 271, 278–280
in Chios, 150
in Sybaris, 160
influence of oracles upon, 198
in 4th century, 562
in Judea, 580
in Egypt, 589
slave trade, 150, 279, 562
Slavonic, 204
Sleep, see Hypnoc
Sleeping Ariadne, 625
Smyndyrides of Sybaris (5th century B.C.), 160
Smyrna, 148, 150, 208, 575, 617
Snake Goddess, 17
socialism, 285–286, 587–592, 596
Social War (357), 470, 477
Social War (220), 561
Socrates , philosopher (469-399 B.C.), 4, 49, 131, 136, 142, 152, 178, 202, 229, 251, 253, 260, 267, 271, 282, 292, 304, 314, 3l6, 319, 337. 348, 349, 359, 362, 363, 364–373, 381, 401, 417, 419, 421, 424–426, 429, 444, 450, 451, 452–456* 460, 467, 489, 490, 491, 500, 503–509, 510, 511–512, 5*3, 5*4, 520, 523, 535, 625, 626, 644, 650, 651, 671
Socratic schools, 503–509
Soferim, 580, 603
Soffdiana , 238, 546, 578
soil, fertility of, in Crete, 3
in Attica, 107, 268–269, 463
in Sicily, 170
erosion of, 268, 562
Soli (sō’-lī), 118, 652
Solon (sō’-lōn), Athenian lawgiver (640-558 B.C), 23, 34, 68, 103, no, 112–119, 120, 121, 125, 126, 141, 142, 151, 152, 170, 188, 208, 232, 249, 255, 258, 269, 273, 281, 282, 306, 317, 365, 399, 449, 487, 510, 563, 671
Somaliland, 590
Song of Songs, 603
Sophism, 295, 337, 344, 351, 358–364, 367, 368–369, 413, 430, 434, 456, 503, 515, 657
Sophist (Plato),-513*
Sophist Reasonings (Aristotle), 526*
Sophocles (sōf’-ō-klēz), dramatist. (406?-406 B.C.), 201, 300, 303, 311, 317, 383, 391–400, 401, 404, 412, 601, 622
sophrosyne, 296
Sosias , potter (6th century B.C), 220
Sostratus (sŏs’-tră-tŭs) of Cnidus, architect (4th-3rd centrry B.C), 134, 590*, 592
Sosus (sō’-sŭs) of Pergamum, painter, 620
Sotades (sō’-ta-dēz), potter (5th century B.C.), 315
soul, 137, 139, 144, 146, 165, 190, 311–312, 416–417, 516–517, 531–532, 654
South America, 24
Spain, 3, 4, 21, 33, 67, 71, 128, 169, 170, 219, 234, 562, 575, 612, 613, 614, 617, 637, 666, 667
Sparta , 23, 29, 32, 39, 56, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 67–97, 98, 109, 124, 127, 133, 138, 177, 180, 194, 195, 203, 215, 218, 229, 235, 236, 238, 239–240, 245, 246, 247, 250, 251, 266, 271, 276, 280, 283, 289, 295–296, 298, 301, 306, 349, 365, 421, 440, 441, 442–443, 446, 447, 448–452, 459–463, 469, 477, 479–480, 487, 489, 515, 523, 542, 543, 548, 560, 561, 565, 567, 568–570, 666
Spartacus, Thracian revolutionary (fl. 71 B.C), 150
Spartan code, 78, 81–85, 87
Spear Bearer (Polycleitus), 323
Spencer, Herbert, English philosopher (1820–1903), 138, 145, 147, 357, 529, 657, 670
Spengler, Oswald, German philosopher, 20
Spercheus River, 106, 177
Sperthias , Spartan (5th century B.C), 238
Speusippus , philosopher (4th century B.C), 486, 601, 641
Sphacteria , 86, 442
Sphere and the Cylinder, The (Archimedes), 629, 630
Sphinx, 326, 393–394
spinning, in Crete, 6
in Homeric society, 46
in Athens, 272
see also textiles
Spinoza, Baruch, Dutch Jewish philosopher (1632–1677), 145*, 165, 5
16*
Spintharus of Corinth, architect (6th century B.C), 226
Sprades Islands, 33, 133, 156
spring festivals, 13, 187–188, 199–200
Stadium (Athens), 491
stadiums, in Crete, 12
in Epidaurus, 96
in Delphi, 105
in Smyrna, 150
in Olympia, 214
Stageirus , 158, 524, 525
Stamatakis, Greek archeologist, 27
Statesman (Plato), 513*
Statira , sister and wife of Darius III (d. 331 B.C.), 547
statuary, see sculpture
stelae, 318–319
Stensen, Nicolaus, Danish anatomist (1638–1686), 529†
Stesichorus , poet (ca. 640–555 B.C.), 55* 76*, 103*, 171, 230, 303, 404,-610
Stesilaus of Ceos (5th century B.C.), 237
Sthenelus (stěn’-ē-lŭs), 39
Stilpo , philosopher (380-300 B.C.), 467, 503–504, 509, 651
Stirner, Max, German individualist (1806–1856), 295
Stoa Poecile , 316, 651
Stobaeus, Joannes, compiler of ancient writings (A.D. 500), 152
Stoicism, 139, 147, 192, 280, 369, 416, 504, 509, 640, 644, 650–658
stonework, in Crete, 16, 18–19
in Troy, 34–35
Strabo (strā’-bō), geographer (63? B.C.-A.D. 24?), ?5, 73, 89, 91, 129, 138, 152–153, 155, 156, 159, 401, 431, 570, 592, 619
Strangford Apollo, 222
strategoi, 125, 249, 264
strategos autokrator, 264
Strato (strā’-tō) of Lampsacus; Peripatetic philosopher (fl. 288 B.C), 633
Stratonice , wife of Seleucus I (4th-3rd century B.C.), 572, 619
Stratonice (city), 576
streets, in Crete, 12
in Smyrna, 150, 617
in Alexandria, 592
Strepsiades , 424–425
strikes, 596–597
Styx , 311
Sublime Porte, 26
Suez, 576, 589
suicide, 655, 657
Suidas, lexicographer (ca. A.D. 970), 155, 278*, 343, 377, 455, 511
Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, Roman dictator (138-78 B.C.), 601
Sumeria , 203, 572
sundial, 69, 138
Sung Dynasty, 220
Sunium, 109, 129, 159, 329, 560
sun worship, 13
superstition, 13–14, 195–197, 467, 490, 566
Suppliant Women, The (Aeschylus), 384*
surgery, 346, 503
Susa , 342, 430, 545, 547
Susarion, comic poet (fl. 580 B.C), 231
swastika, 14
Swinburne, Algernon Charles, English poet (1837–1909), 105*, 154*
Sybaris , 160–161, 168, 169, 172, 203, 437.
Sybarites , 86, 159–161
Sycamina , 580
sycophancy, 260, 262
Syene (sī-ē’-nē), 636
Syennesis of Cyprus, physician (5th century B.C.), 345
Sylla, see Sulla, Lucius Cornelius
syllogism, 527, 642
symbolism, in religion, 13–14, 195, 199–200
symmories, 466
Symonds, John Addington, English man of letters (1840–1893), 154
symposion, 310
Symposium (Plato), 302, 356*, 513*, 514
Symposium (Xenophon), 310, 311
synoikismoSy 40
Syracuse, 122, 125*, 169, 170, 172–173, 184, 203, 272, 314, 327, 357, 378, 383, 406, 419, 420, 433, 438–439, 446–448, 470–475, 483, 491, 500, 507, 510, 562, 571, 575, 598–599, 600, 609, 616, 618, 627, 628, 629, 632, 639, 661
Syria, 33, 34, 68, 70, 161, 178, 234, 238, 275, 276, 557, 572, 573, 578, 579, 585. 593, 603, 667
Syrian Wars, 576
Syros (sī’-rŏs), 131
T
table manners, 309–310
taboos, 196
Tacitus, Publius Cornelius, Roman historian (A.D. 55–120), 377, 433
talent (weight), 47
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, Prince de Bénévent, French statesman (1754–1838), 541
Talmud, 604
Talthybius , 406–409
Tammuz , 13, 69, 178
Tanagra , 107, 250, 492, 506
Tang (täng) Dynasty, 220
Tantalus , 39
Tao (dou), 258
Taormina , 378, 612, see also Tauromenium
Taranto (tä’-rän-tō), 160, see also Taras
Taranto, Gulf of, 160
Taras, 160, 161, 230, 500, 510, 575, 639, 660, 661, 663
Tarentum, 160, 272, 663, see also Taras
Targum (tär’-gŭm), 604
Tarsus (tär’-sŭs), 541, 575
Tartarus , 99, 385
Tartessus , 169
Tauri (tô’-rī), 410
Tauriscus of Rhodes, sculptor (2nd century B.C.), 623
Tauromenium , 378, 612
taxation, in Crete, 11; in Corinth, 90; in Athens, 115, 121, 265, 439, 466; in Rhodes, 571; in Egypt, 591
tax farming, 265, 591–592
Taygetus Mts., 72, 81
Taylor, Jeremy, English bishop and author (1613–1667), 488*
Techne Logon (Corax), 430
Tegea , 88, 195, 492, 497, 499, 574
Teiresias , 398
Telamon , 28
Telemachus , 46, 47, 48, 51, 59–60, 61, 210
Temenus (těm’-ě-nŭs), 72
Tempe (těm’-pē), Vale of, 106
temperature, along Mediterranean coasts, 3; of Attica, 107
Temple, 77, 574, 582, 584, 605, 606
temples, of Aphrodite, 90–91
of Apollo, 92, 104–105, 118, 328, 618
of Artemis, 142, 143, 226, 322, 492, 618
of Athena, 122, 327, 492; in Athens, 121
as banks, 274
of Branchidae, 222, 226
of Ceres, 168
of Concord, 172
in Crete, 14
Doric, origin of, 64
in Hellenistic age, 617–618
of Hera, 72, 88, 142, 172, 226, 322, 327
of Isis, 618
in Periclean age, 327–328
of Poseidon, 109, 168–169
in Selinus, 171
in 7th and 6th centuries, 224–226
of Theseus, 40
worship, 192–195
of Zeus, 88, 122, 172, 226, 325, 328, 617, 618
Tenedos , 156, 193, 218, 374
Tennyson, Alfred, Baron, English poet (1809–1892), 35, 611
Tenos (tē’-nōs), 96, 131
Ten Thousand, 91, 156, 193, 212, 460–461, 489
Teos , 142, 148–149, 150, 327, 567
Terence (Publius Terentius Afer), Roman comic dramatist (190–159 B.C.), 606, 607, 668
Terpander , musician and poet (fl. 7th century B.C.), 16, 74–75, 223, 230
Terpsichore , 186
terra cottas, 220, 492, 626
Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus), Latin Father of the Church (160–230), 455*
Teucrians , 35
Teuta , Queen of Illyria (fl. 230 B.C.), 661
textiles, in Crete, 12
in Megara, 92
in Miletus, 134
in Athens, 272
Thais , courtesan (4th century B.C.), 300, 585
Thales (thā’-lēz) of Miletus, philosopher and scientist (640–546 B.C.), 13, 68, 69, 71, 136–138, 141, 145, 151, 164, 657, 670
Thaletas , musician and poet (7th century? B.C.), 23, 75
Thalia , 186
Thamyris , 69
Thanatos , 186, 416
Thargelia (festival), 194, 200
Thargelia, courtesan, 300
Thargelion , 200
Thasos (thä’-sôs), 132, 157, 239, 275
Theaetetus (Plato), 513*
Theagenes , tyrant of Megara (fl. 630 B.C.), 92
Theagenes, athlete (6th century B.C.), 216
Theano , wife of Pythagoras (6th century B.C.), 163, 303
theaters, in Crete, 7,
15
in Argos, 72
in Corinth, 90
in Epidaurus, 96–97
in Delphi, 105
in Smyrna, 150
origins of, 232
of Dionysus, 377–379
in Syracuse, 438
Thebes (thēbz), 30, 31, 40–41, 94, 98, 102, 103, 105, 203, 207, 215, 280, 300, 301, 339, 352, 374, 461–463, 480, 497, 542, 543, 552, 620, 666
Themis , 182
themis, 257–268
Themistocles , general and statesman (527?-46o? B.C.), 109, 173, 193–194, 237, 240, 241, 242, 245–246, 247, 249, 274, 330, 430, 437, 560
Themistonoe , courtesan, 300
Theocritus , poet (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 134, 171, 197, 567, 598, 603, 609–612, 619
Theodoras of Cyrene, philosopher (4th-3rd century B.C.), 644–645
Theodoras of Samos, architect (6th century B.C.), 68, 87*, 142–143, 221
Theodoras of Taras (4th century B.C.), 540
Theodosia, 157
Theodota, courtesan, 366
Theognis of Megara, poet (fl. 6th century B.C.), 92–95
Theogony (Hesiod), 98–103
Theophrastus , philosopher (372–287 B.C.), 196–197, 218, 228*, 291, 500, 553, 601, 607, 633, 637–638, 640–641, 669
Theopompus of Chios, historian (b. 380 B.C.), 150, 467–468, 486, 488
theoric fund, 199, 249, 266, 469, 479*
Theoris , courtesan, 300, 400
Thera (thē’-rä), 62, 133, 173
Theramenes , statesman (d 403 B.C.), 449, 451
Thermopylae , 106, 198, 216, 239, 240, 559, 573
Thermus, 560
Theron , tyrant of Acragas (5th century B.C.), 130, 172, 375, 438
Thersites (thēr-sī’-tēz), 47
Theseum (thê-sē’-ŭm), 217, 327, 330
Theseus (thē’-sūs), 6, 23, 38†, 40, 41†, 43, 50*, 105*, 109, 195, 333, 395, 402–403
thesmoi, 258
Thesmophoria , 199
Thesmophoriazusae (Aristophanes), 417, 426–427
Thespiae , 41, 98, 239, 495, 543
Thespis , poet, originator of tragedy (fl. 535 B.C.), 122, 232, 233, 379, 383
Thespius , 41
Thessalonica , 575
Thessaly , 21, 27, 30, 33, 37, 38, 42, 43, 62, 96, 106, 128, 189, 198, 238, 360, 477
thetes, 110, 115, 125, 250
Thetis , 58
thiasoi, 195, 282, 511
Thoricus , 108
Thothmes III, King of Egypt (reigned 1515–1461 B.C.), 587
Thrace (thrās), 30, 36, 69, 106, 128, 129, 157, 158, 186, 189, 228, 234, 238, 239, 245, 275, 432, 437, 470, 477, 524, 542, 558, 559, 562
Thracian Sea, 106
Thrasybulus , patriot and military leader (fl. 411–391 B.C.), 451–452
Thrasybulus, tyrant of Miletus (6th century B.C.), 90, 134, 136
Thrasyllus , military leader (5th century B.C.), 353
Thrasymachus , Sophist and rhetorician (fl. 5th century B.C.), 50, 295, 361, 367, 434