512 GI Bill of Rights: Theodore Mosch, The GI Bill (1975), p. 40.
512 “There is one great fear . . .”: MD, June 25, 1944.
513 “the best . . . the most mature . . .”: Harold G. Vatter, The U.S. Economy in World War II (1985), pp. 137-38.
513 We were men . . .”: Joseph C. Goulden, The Best Years (1976), p. 67.
513 “Almost everything important . . .”: quoted in Mark Jonathan Harris, Franklin D. Mitchell, and Steven J. Schechter, The Homefront (1984), p. 221.
513 “I doubt if . . .”: quoted in ibid., p. 221.
513 “gives emphatic notice . . .”: James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom (1970), p. 509.
513 Edward Kowalick: memo, newspaper clippings, April 1-23, 1944, Harry Alpert to Philleo Nash, PSF 4245g, FDRL.
514 “deplorable incident”: Wilbur La Roe, Jr., to ER, May 27, 1944, attached to Sec. to ER to John McCloy, June 1, 1944, box 919, ER Papers, FDRL.
514 “I’ve never had more . . .”: NYT, Feb. 2, 1943, p. 17.
514 “Christmas tree regiment”: John Armor and Peter Wright, Manzanar (1988), p. 149.
514 seven major campaigns: ibid., p. 148.
514 “the continued retention . . .”: Kai Bird, The Chairman, John McCloy (1992), p. 171.
514 “The more I think . . .”: quoted in Allan R. Bosworth, America’s Concentration Camps (1967), p. 209.
515 “to slow down . . .”: Bird, Chairman, p. 211.
515 “to develop positive . . .”: Arthur D. Morse, While Six Million Died (1983), p. 314.
515 “finally there was . . .”: interview with John Pehle.
515 “the wholesale . . .”: Morse, Six Million Died, p. 337.
516 “The War Department . . .”: ibid., p. 358.
516 “in the resultant . . .”: Bird, Chairman, p. 216.
516 “if the elaborate murder . . .”: Morse, Six Million Died, pp. 359-60.
516 “beyond the maximum range . . .”: Bird, Chairman, p. 221.
516 “It was the saddest . . .”: interview with Jan Karski.
516 “I cannot live out . . .”: Jim Bishop, FDR’s Last Year (1974), p. 8.
517 “in the small park . . .”; “I told Margaret . . .”: ibid., p. 70.
517 “it wasn’t a complaint . . .”: The Woman, May 1949, p. 10
517 “the legacy . . .”: interview with John Boettiger, Jr.
517 “What would you think . . .”: interview with James Roosevelt.
517 “It was almost . . .”: interview with Trude Lash.
517 “It was a terrible decision . . .”: AH, OH, Columbia University.
518 “light-hearted and gay . . .”: AB typescript on Lucy and FDR, box 84, Halsted Papers, FDRL; Hereafter cited as AB on Lucy.
518 “While they were my parents . . .”: AH, OH, Columbia University.
518 “Standards were different . . .”: interview with Robert Donovan.
518 Anna told . . .: AH, OH, Columbia University.
519 “He stepped . . .”: Hassett, Off the Record, p. 259.
519 “all smiles . . .”: Charles de Gaulle, The Complete War Memoirs (1964), p. 571.
519 America’s “friend”: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Public Papers and Addresses, 1944, pp. 194-96.
519 “innate dignity . . .”: AB on Lucy, box 84, Halsted Papers, FDRL.
519 “feeling happy”; “I liked her . . .”: ibid.
520 “Anna is a dear fine . . .”: Bernard Asbell, Mother and Daughter (1988), p. 188.
520 “You could sense . . .”: interview with Alonzo Fields.
520 More than 130,000 Germans: Martin Gilbert, The Second World War (1989), p. 549.
520 “all the ridiculous things . . .”: Asbell, Mother and Daughter, p. 188.
520 “The three of them . . .”: interview with John Boettiger, Jr.
521 “buses, trucks . . .”: Ulysses G. Lee, The Employment of Negro Troops (1966), p. 397.
521 separate buses: ibid., p. 322.
521 Camp Stewart: Jean Byers, “A Study of the Negro in Military Service,” War Department Study, June 1947, p. 64.
521 “The only place . . .”: ibid., p. 68.
521 Charles Rico: PC, Aug. 22, 1942, p. 1.
522 Henry Williams: Truman Gibson to Secretary of War, Nov. 17, 1942, Record Group 107, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
522 Norma Greene: ibid.
522 “[Negroes] have been . . .”: Truman Gilson to Assistant Secretary of War, May 14, 1943, Record Group 107, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
522 “Honey, I am so hurt . . .”: Morale Report of 494th Port Battalion, June 1, 1943, Record Group 107, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
522 “These colored boys . . .”: ER to John McCloy, Sept. 29, 1943, ER Microfilm Collection, FDRL.
522 “an important step . . .”: PC, Sept. 9, 1944, p. 1.
522 “Extra! Extra! . . .”: Lee, Employment of Negro Troops, p. 398.
522 “the essential principle . . .”: PC, Sept. 2, 1944, p. 1.
522 “to hold the south . . .”: Daniels to Hassett, Aug. 29, 1944, box 7, OF 93b, FDRL.
523 “This knowledge raised . . .”: Lee, Employment of Negro Troops, p. 400.
523 “have I seen so much . . .”: Hastie to McCloy, Sept. 5, 1944, Record Group 107, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
523 “Up to the present . . .”: Forrestal to FDR, May 20, 1944, box 84, PSF, FDRL.
523 “swapped the waiter’s apron . . .”: Common Ground, Winter 1947, p. 63.
523 “to expand the use . . .”: Forrestal to FDR, May 20, 1944, box 84, PSF, FDRL.
523 “successfully absorbed . . .”: Lee Nichols, Breakthrough on the Color Front (1954), p. 60.
523 “This single stunning . . .”: Robert L. Allen, The Port Chicago Mutiny (1989), p. 64.
524 “an outstanding . . .”: Commonweal, Sept. 21, 1945, pp. 546-48.
524 “This improvement . . .”: ibid., p. 546.
524 “as little right . . .”: U.S. News, July 21, 1944, p. 27.
524 “All that is within . . .”: ibid.
525 “The President doesn’t . . .”: NYT, July 12, 1944, p. 12.
525 “the good of the country”: Lash, World of Love, p. 129.
525 “Dewey seems . . .”: James Roosevelt and Sidney Schalett, Affectionately, F.D.R. (1959), p. 353.
525 “I am very conscious . . .”: Lash, World of Love, p. 130.
525 “it was as though . . .”: David McCullough, Truman (1992), p. 299.
525 “I am just not going . . .”: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, p. 439.
525 “He just doesn’t . . .”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 820.
525 “We ought to have . . .”: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, p. 463.
526 “The meeting obviously . . .”: ibid., p. 464.
526 “You tell the President . . .”: ibid., p. 466.
526 “just as you . . .”: ibid., p. 468.
526 “He said I was . . .”: John Morton Blum, The Price of Vision: The Diary of Henry A. Wallace, 1942-1946 (1993), p. 362.
526 “He drew me . . .”: ibid., p. 367.
526 “You are the best . . .”: quoted in McCullough, Truman, p. 303.
526 would cost the ticket: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, pp. 444-45.
527 “he had never . . .”: Edward J. Flynn, You’re the Boss (1962), p. 181.
527 “Bob, I think you . . .”: Ted Morgan, FDR: A Biography (1985), p. 728.
527 “Bob, I think Truman . . .”: McCullough, Truman, p. 301.
527 “We excused ourselves . . .”: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, p. 449.
527 “Grace, the President . . .”; “The reason for the switch . . .”: Tully, F.D.R., p. 276.
528 “The trip out . . .”: Tommy to Esther Lape, July 24, 1944, box 6, Esther Lape Papers, FDRL.
528 “The slow speed . . .”: FDR to ER, July 21, 1944, box 12, Roosevelt Family Papers Donated by the Children, FDRL.
528 “I think it would be
fun . . .”: James Roosevelt and Schalett, Affectionately, F.D.R., p. 348.
528 “Mrs. R was impatient . . .”: Tommy to Esther Lape, July 24, 1944, box 6, Esther Lape Papers, FDRL.
528 “I don’t know that . . .”: Lash, World of Love, p. 129.
529 “I don’t know why . . .”: Tommy to Esther Lape, July 24, 1944, box 6, Esther Lape Papers, FDRL.
529 “suddenly white . . .” . . .“So for perhaps . . .”: James Roosevelt and Schalett, Affectionately, F.D.R., pp. 351-52.
529 “Help me up . . .”: James Roosevelt, My Parents: A Differing View (1976), p. 279.
529 “What is the job . . .”: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Public Papers and Addresses, 1944, p. 204.
530 “There were several negatives . . .”: interview with Dick Strobel; see also Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, p. 453.
530 “Hey, you better . . .”: interview with Dick Strobel.
530 “I made the judgment . . .”: ibid.
530 “all hell broke loose . . .”: ibid.
530 “It’s not my fault . . .”: ibid.
530 “sick about the whole business . . .”: Lash, World of Love, p. 132.
530 “had hoped until the last . . .”: ER to Esther Lape, July 29, 1944, box 5, Esther Lape Papers, FDRL.
530 “From all I hear . . .”: ibid.
530 “Off in a few minutes”: FDR to ER, July 21, 1944, box 12, Roosevelt Family Papers Donated by the Children, FDRL.
531 “Yesterday a.m . . . .”: ibid.
531 noticeably absent: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, p. 456.
531 leather flying: William Manchester, American Caesar (1978), p. 365.
531 “The B-29 was a great . . .”: interview with William Emerson.
532 “I dare to say . . .”: Manchester, American Caesar, p. 369.
532 “In such a situation . . .”: Burns, Soldier of Freedom, pp. 488-89.
532 “As soon as I . . .”: D. Clayton James, The Years of MacArthur, vol. II (1975), p. 535.
532 “At one of the hospitals . . .”: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, p. 458.
532 “With a cheering smile . . .”: ibid.
532 one other occasion: interview with Anna Faith Jones.
533 “he was close to them”: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, p. 459.
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE: “The Old Master Still Had It”
534 MLH at movies: Yankee Magazine, June 1977, p. 174.
534 “Missy was shocked . . .”: Bernard Asbell, The FDR Memoirs (1973), p. 404.
534 collection of photos: interview with Jane Scarborough.
535 telegram to Missy’s sister: ER to Ann Rochon, July 31, 1944, PPF 3737, FDRL.
535 “I am sure that for her . . .”: MD, July 31, 1944.
535 “Regret to inform . . .”: memo from Hassett and Early to FDR, July 31, 1944, PPF 3737, FDRL.
535 “I’m glad F . . .”: Joseph P. Lash, A World of Love: Eleanor Roosevelt and Her Friends, 1943-1962 (1984), p. 133.
535 “Memories of more than a score . . .”: NYT, Aug. 1, 1944, p. 15.
535 “Missy’s death . . .”: ibid., p. 14.
535 “constituted the greatest . . .”: T. H. Watkins, Righteous Pilgrim (1990), p. 807.
535 “What the devil . . .”: Ralph Cropley to FDR, Aug. 1, 1944, PPF 3737, FDRL.
536 “I know how profoundly . . .”: Herbert Swope to FDR, Aug. 1, 1944, PPF 3737, FDRL.
536 funeral mass at St. John’s: BEA, Aug. 2, 1944, p. 4.
536 “She was a real . . .”: interview with Jane Scarborough.
536 “There was an air . . .”: interview with Barbara Dudley.
536 In her will: copy in PPF 3737, FDRL.
536 “It was in my brother’s . . .”: interview with Jane Scarborough.
537 “You and I lost . . .”: Asbell, FDR Memoirs, p. 404.
537 speech in Bremerton: Samuel I. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt (1952), pp. 461-62.
537 FDR collapsed in a chair: Bruenn, “Clinical Notes,” p. 586; Elliott Roosevelt and James Brough, A Rendezvous with Destiny: The Roosevelts of the White House (1975), p. 378.
537 “only when black workers . . .”: John Morton Blum, V Was for Victory (1976), p. 196.
537 Philadelphia transit strike: Louis Ruchames, Race, Jobs and Politics: The FEPC (1953), p. 105.
538 “customs bearing . . .”: ibid.
538 “The exam was . . .”; I felt like a pioneer . . .”: interview with William Barber.
538 “We don’t want Negroes . . .”: AP dispatch, Aug. 2, 1944, 3:24 p.m., box 8, OF 4245G, FDRL.
538 “Your buddies are in . . .”: Ruchames, Race, Jobs and Politics, p. 109.
539 “You kiss the Negroes . . .”: ibid., p. 117.
539 “There was one motorman . . .”: PM, Aug. 2, 1944, p. 10.
539 nearly forty-five thousand: BEA, Aug. 1, 1944, p. 3.
539 “to take possession . . .”: executive order, Aug. 3, 1944, quoted in NYT, Aug. 4, 1944, pp. 1, 8.
539 “on the basis of conditions . . .”: NYT, Aug. 4, 1944, pp. 1, 18.
539 “In whatever degree . . .”: Philadelphia Inquirer, Aug. 1, 1944, p. 12.
539 “The war cannot wait . . .”: NYT, Aug. 6, 1944, p. 1.
540 protest in the South: News Items, Aug. 19, 1944, box 8, OF 4245G, FDRL.
540 “The first runs . . .”: interview with William Barber.
540 “The impossible has . . .”: PC, Aug. 19, 1942, p. 1.
540 By the end of the war: Harold G. Vatter, The U.S. Economy in World War II (1985), p. 127; Richard Polenberg, ed., America at War (1972), p. 107.
540 “These changes . . .”: Vatter, U.S. Economy, p. 134.
540 Negroes in government: Robert H. Ziegler, American Workers, American Unions, 1920-1985 (1986), p. 82.
540 “With more and better . . .”: Jacqueline Jones, Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow (1985), p. 254.
541 “brought hope and confidence . . .”: Ruchames, Race, Jobs and Politics, p. 159.
541 “a decided nip . . .”: William D. Hassett, Off the Record with F.D.R. (1958), p. 266.
541 “I am afraid before long . . .”: MD, Aug. 24, 1944.
541 “Too many . . .”: Hassett, Off the Record, p. 267.
541 “Mrs. Roosevelt never noticed . . .”: Tommy to Esther Lape, July 24, 1944, box 6, Esther Lape Papers, FDRL.
541 never had a headache: Rex Tugwell, OH, FDRL.
541 “She feels . . .”: Tommy to Esther Lape, box 6, Esther Lape Papers, FDRL.
541 “Pa complains . . .”: ER to AB, Aug. 24, 1944, box 57, Halsted Papers, FDRL.
541 “whatever he had . . .”: Lash, World of Love, p. 135.
541 “This is a great day . . .”: Stimson Diary, Aug. 23, 1944, Yale University.
542 managed to see Lucy again: Jonathan Daniels, Washington Quadrille (1968), p. 289.
542 “ . . . to wake in Highland”: Hassett pages from original diary for Sept. 1, 1944, Hassett Papers, FDRL.
542 “You’d think the president . . .”: interview with Grace Stang.
542 “I hope you will pardon . . .”: Churchill & Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence, (1984), vol. III, p. 305.
542 “Perfectly delighted . . .”: ibid.
542 “he didn’t believe . . .”: Hassett, Off the Record, p. 269.
543 “I’m glad to see you . . .”: NYT, Sept. 12, 1944, p. 56.
543 “was more like the reunion . . .”: Hastings Ismay, The Memoirs of General Lord Ismay (1960), p. 372.
543 “There is something . . .”: MD, Sept. 11, 1944.
543 “I assured him . . .”: ibid.
543 “He talks picturesquely . . .”: Lash, World of Love, p. 140.
543 “I think he likes me . . .”: ER to Esther Lape, Sept. 22, 1944, box 5, Esther Lape Papers, FDRL.
543 “The ladies’ duties . . .”: Lash, World of Love, p. 137.
543 “except for the meals . . .”: ibid.
543 “Optimism was . . .”: Robert Coakley and Richard Leighton, Globa
l Logistics and Strategy, 1943-1945 (1968), p. 534.
544 “utterly opposed . . .”: Stimson Diary, Sept. 6, 1944, Yale University.
544 “I had barely got . . .”: John Morton Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries (1967), vol. III, p. 369.
544 “I’m all for disarming . . .”: Lord Moran, Churchill—The Struggle for Survival, 1940-1965 (1960), p. 190.
544 “After all, the future . . .”: Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries, vol. III, p. 371.
544 “converting Germany into . . .”: ibid., p. 372.
544 “We haven’t had a talk . . .”: ibid.
544 “the high spot . . .”: ibid., p. 373.
544 “I never heard . . .”: TIR, p. 334.
545 “whenever and wherever possible”: James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom (1970), p. 519.
545 WC restless during film: Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. VII, Road to Victory, 1941-1945 (1986), p. 964.
545 “With all my heart . . .”: Jim Bishop, FDR’s Last Year (1974), p. 143.
545 FDR seemed depressed: ibid., p. 139.
545 “He seems to have . . .”: Gilbert, Churchill, vol. VII, p. 969.
545 “did not even greet him”: Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. VI, Triumph and Tragedy (1953), p. 142.
545 “You must know . . .”: ibid.
545 “ . . . no open breach . . .”: Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins (1948), p. 814.
546 “She is a wonderful combination . . .”: Churchill & Roosevelt Correspondence, vol. III, p. 332.
546 “My time slips away . . .”: Lash, World of Love, p. 139.
546 bomb ready by August 1945: Gilbert, Churchill, vol. VII, p. 969.
546 “might perhaps . . .”: ibid., p. 970.
546 “the utmost secrecy”: ibid.
546 “The President under . . .”: Hassett, Off the Record, p. 272.
547 “with his braces . . .”: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, p. 474.
547 In the banquet hall: Time, Oct. 2, 1944, p. 21.
547 “Do you think Pa . . .”: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, p. 478.
547 “Well, here we are . . .”: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1944 (1950), p. 284.
548 “The whole purpose . . .”; “Now, imitation may be . . .”: ibid., p. 285.
548 One teamster was so excited: A. Merriman Smith, Thank you, Mr. President (1946), p. 155.
548 “The Old Master . . .”: Time, Oct. 2, 1944, p. 21.
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