atomic bomb and, 590
coal miners’ strike and, 442
conscription lottery and, 186
convoy issue and, 233
on Darlan deal, 390
desegregation in Navy opposed by, 169–70, 172
Doolittle raid and, 341, 342
on FDR-Churchill relationship, 345
at FDR-King summit, 143, 145–46
on FDR’s death, 604
FDR’s leadership questioned by, 234
FDR’s national emergency speech and, 238, 240
on FDR’s return from Teheran, 479
on FDR’s “shoot on sight” address, 278
on Hopkins as lend-lease administrator, 214–15
internment of Japanese-Americans and, 322, 430
on liberation of Paris, 541–42
at March on Washington meeting, 251–52
Montgomery-Ward strike and, 498
on Negroes as combat troops, 566–567
North Africa landings and, 348
race riots and, 446
segregation in military and, 382–83, 422, 423, 566–67
on Smith-Connally Act override, 443
SSS merger opposed by, 395
Treasury Plan opposed by, 544
WPB crisis and, 410–11
Stone, I. F., 54, 57, 156, 197, 227, 232, 259, 395, 398, 412, 510, 605–6
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 282
strikes, 225–31, 628
Addsco (1943), 444, 539
conscription and, 230
defense mobilization and, 224–31
Ford (1941), 226–30
Hudson Naval Ordnance (1942), 370
legislation against, 230
“Little Steel” formula and, 440, 443
Montgomery-Ward (1944), 498
North American (1941), 230–31
Philadelphia Transit (1944), 537–39
“portal to portal” pay and, 443–44
public anger at, 440–41
Smith-Connally Act and, 441–43
UMW (1941), 285–86
UMW (1943), 440–43
wildcat, 441
see also defense mobilization; labor; war production, war industry
Suckley, Margaret “Daisy,” 36, 108, 119, 200, 361–62, 368, 378, 418–419, 424–25, 453, 466, 480–81, 487, 502, 552, 554, 560, 574, 598–602, 613, 620
sugar, sugar rationing, 316, 356
Sullivan, Mark, 25, 26, 139
Supreme Court, U.S., 227, 309, 359, 393, 586
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), 507
Survey, 325
Suspect, The, 592
Swan Island Center, 417–18
Sweden, 23, 149
Switzerland, 23
synthetic rubber, 450
system books, 356
Taft, Robert, 210, 606
Taft, William Howard, 71
Tax Court, U.S., 339
taxes, 339, 351, 485–88, 608
congressional legislation on, 137, 156–60, 359, 486–87
Taylor, Camilla, 556
Teal, 367–68
Teheran Conference (1943), 471–478
Terkel, Studs, 606
Thailand, 286, 316
They Were Expendable (White), 359
This Is My Story (Eleanor Roosevelt), 209
Thompson, C. R. (Tommy), 301, 309
Thompson, Dorothy, 196, 209
Thompson, Malvina “Tommy,” 27, 36, 127, 282, 312, 380, 392, 420, 424, 462, 467, 512, 527, 599
Anna Roosevelt’s correspondence with, 84–85, 89, 101, 191, 279, 280, 457, 461
ER-FDR relationship as viewed by, 528–29
Hickok’s correspondence with, 134, 594
Lape’s correspondence with, 299, 338, 350, 354, 458, 541
Time, 25, 47, 52, 53, 55, 69, 231, 235, 314, 349, 351, 491, 548, 549, 614
Times-Picayune, 49
Tinian, 531
Tin Pan Alley, 192
tire rationing, 356–59, 450
Tito, Marshal (Josip Broz), 563
Tobruk, British surrender of, 347–48, 389
Tojo, Hideki, 283, 284, 287
Topaz internment camp, 428, 514
Top Cottage, 107–8, 115, 346, 470
Transport Workers of New York, 256
Treasury Department, U.S., 487
Treblinka concentration camp, 396, 515
Trident Conference (1943), 437
Tristan and Isolde, 198
Trohan, Walter, 153–54
Truman, Bess, 614, 616, 617
Truman, Harry S., 217, 613–17, 620, 633
becomes president, 604
Executive Order 9981 issued by, 627
at FDR’s funeral, 613–15
as proposed running mate, 527, 530
Truman, Margaret, 614, 616, 617
Truman Committee, 217, 260
Truman Committee on National Defense, 558
Tulagi, 468
Tully, Grace, 58, 117, 183, 199, 242, 244, 274, 286, 287, 290, 386, 388, 424, 505, 537, 572, 598, 601, 603, 611
“day of infamy” speech and, 291
FDR’s last wishes and, 612–13
FDR’s physical decline observed by, 491–92, 493, 517
as FDR’s secretary, 335
FPA speech and, 550, 551
LeHand and, 294, 335–36, 490
1944 vice-presidential nomination and, 527–28
Tunis, Alex, 184
Tunisia, 391, 403, 436, 437, 448
Turkey, 475
Turner, Farrant, 514
Tuscaloosa, 191, 192, 609
Twin Cities cartridge plant, 366
Twining, Nathan, 465
Tydings, Millard, 128
Tyner, Evelyn, 603
Ukraine, 580, 599
unconditional surrender policy, 407–408
unions, see labor unions
United Auto Workers (UAW), 226, 230, 327, 557
United Mine Workers (UMW), 285–86, 440–43
United Nations, 312, 457, 470, 587, 597
Dumbarton Oaks Conference and, 580
in FDR’s FPA speech, 550–51
first General Assembly meeting of, 633
organization of, 580
San Francisco Conference on, 595–596, 619
Yalta discussions of, 577–79
United Press (UP), 25, 515, 605
United States:
anti-alien hysteria in, 296
black exodus and, 333, 624
Canada summit and, 142–43, 145–146
divorce rate in, 623
economic depression in, 42–43
Germany declares war on, 297–98
military unpreparedness of, 22–23, 32, 41–42, 48–52
“mixed” economy of, 625–26
national identity of, 624
population migration in, 332–33, 624
social revolution in, 624–25
stratified society of, 43
war debt of, 487
wartime production of, 449–50, 557–59, 608
World War II casualties of, 621
universal suffrage, 392
unlimited national emergency speech, 237–40, 609
Urban League, 168, 246–47
U.S. News, 205, 225, 313, 385, 482
Val-Kill, 122, 209, 451, 470, 542, 586, 620
Vandenberg, Arthur, 295
Vanderbilt, Harold, 50
Van Waggoner, Murray, 363
Vatter, Harold, 333
V-E Day, 620–21
Vichy France, 101, 386, 389, 390
Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy, 449
Victory Gardens, 356
“Victory” suit, 355
Vietnam War, 278
Vinson-Trammel Act (1934), 156
Voyage of the Damned, 102
wage controls, 339, 384
Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act) (1935), 227, 482
Wainwright, Jonathan, 303, 316–17, 342
Wake Island, 295, 303
Walker, Frank, 114, 132–33, 526
Wallace, Henry, 128–29, 131, 133, 140, 487, 525, 526, 527, 530, 575
Wallace, Mrs. Henry, 130, 136
Walsh, David I., 65–66, 139
War Cabinet, British, 343
Ward, Geoffrey, 76, 79, 274
War Department, U.S., 23, 59, 71, 157, 168, 170, 171, 176, 231–32, 261, 311, 388, 413, 562, 628
civil vs. war production conflict and, 558–59
Ford strike and, 227
internment of Japanese-Americans and, 322, 430
Jews and, 515–16
labor relations and, 225, 227
Negroes as combat troops and, 566
OPA’s manpower conflict with, 395
proposed bombing of concentration camps and, 515–16
segregation in military and, 423
Smith-Connally Act and, 442
women as war workers and, 555–56
War Labor Board, 295, 369, 440, 443
War Manpower Commission, 364, 395, 414
Warm Springs, Ga., 116–17, 284–87, 294, 560–64, 598–603
Warm Springs Foundation, 307
War Plans Division, 342
war production, war industry:
anti-trust suits and, 398
brass shortage and, 372
child-care crisis and, 416–17
civil production vs., 558–60
Controlled Materials Plan and, 395
fireside chats on, 57–59, 297
industry transformed by, 362–63, 365
layoffs and, 557–58
manpower shortage and, 395
militant-civilian priorities crisis and, 410–12
national rate of, 449–50, 557–59, 608
Negroes and, 330–31, 365–66, 370, 540
OPM and, 231, 232, 260
Peace Production Board idea and, 451, 466, 469
peak of, 557–58
population migration and, 332–33
postwar boom and, 625–26
reconversion battle and, 558–60
ship production and, 449
small businesses and, 398–99, 559
social revolution and, 624–25
special interests and, 485
tank production and, 363
unemployment and, 399
women war workers and, 364–65, 368–70, 373, 392, 393, 413–14, 557, 622–24
see also consumer goods; defense mobilization; economy, U.S.; labor; prices, price controls; rationing; War Department, U.S.
War Production Board, 315, 355, 356, 398, 410–12, 451, 466, 558
War Refugee Board, 515, 610
War Relocation Authority, 428, 429, 514
Warren, Earl, 322
Washington, D.C., 432, 540
Washington, George, 106, 113, 189, 311, 319
Washington Conference (1941), see Arcadia Conference
Washington Herald, 17
Washington Post, 17, 72, 128, 141, 149, 204, 273, 309, 310, 498
Washington Star, 29, 265
Watson, Edwin M. “Pa,” 14, 17, 34, 131–32, 167–68, 191, 216, 242, 248, 251, 262, 412, 473, 474, 497, 500, 506, 524, 527, 570, 571, 573–574, 577, 584
Weaver, Robert, 540
Webster, Milton, 247–48
Weiss, Nancy, 163
Weixel, Lola, 555
Welles, Mrs. Sumner, 301
Welles, Sumner, 22, 67, 104, 142, 173, 238, 265, 289, 301
Wertheimer, Maurice, 396
West, J. B., 613, 617
West Virginia, 288
Wheeler, Senator, 235
Wheless, Hewitt, 340
White, Walter, 18, 162, 163–64, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 229, 247, 248, 250–51, 352, 447
White, William, 359
White House:
air conditioning in, 138
Churchill’s visit and, 300–302
cuisine of, 198–200
disrepair of, 617
ER’s departure from, 618–19
FDR’s fourth inaugural at, 571–72
FDR’s shelter in, 298–99
FDR’s study in, 33–34
holidays at, 197–200, 305, 306, 399–402
living arrangements in, 9–10, 12
map room in, 310–11, 463
in “My Day,” 616–17
presidential bedroom in, 15
White Russia, 580, 599
Whitney, Betsey, 154
Whittier, John Greenleaf, 438
Wickendon, Elizabeth, 87
Wiesel, Elie, 516
wildcat strikes, 441
Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands, 26, 445, 596
Wilkins, Roy, 251, 567
Willett, Mary, 417–18, 622
Williams, Aubrey, 250, 251, 492
Williams, Henry, 522
Williams, Yancey, 423
Willkie, Wendell, 125, 141–48, 157, 212, 353, 470
acceptance speech of, 143, 144–46
congressional testimony of, 213–214
conscription endorsed by, 145–46
death of, 526
destroyers-for-bases deal criticized by, 147–48
emergence of, 141–42
FDR’s new liberal party idea and, 525–26
on Lewis, 184
London mission of, 213–14
1940 campaign and, 176, 182, 183, 188, 189
polls on, 182
selective service endorsed by, 145–146
Willoughby, Winston, 166
Wilson, Frank, 273
Wilson, Mrs. Woodrow, 573, 603
Wilson, Woodrow, 23, 24–25, 41, 44, 112, 130, 141, 215, 235, 236, 588, 607
Winant, John, 290, 391, 562
Windsor, Edward VIII, Duke of, 192, 546
Wise, Stephen S., 396, 454
Wolfe, Daniel, 436
Wolfe, Marie Stifle, 436
women, 503, 628
in army service, 415–16
Catholic opposition and, 413
child-care crisis and, 416–17, 622
conscription of, 380–81
demobilization and, 555–57, 622–624
divorce rate and, 623
FDR on, 373
first national conference of, 557
as government girls, 432
layoff rate of, 557, 622
in media, 218–19, 617–18
polls on, 556, 623
in postwar workforce, 622–24
War Department and, 555–56
in war industries, 364–65, 368–70, 373, 392, 393, 413–14, 557, 622–624
Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES), 415, 427
Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAC), 415, 426
Women’s Home Companion, 556
Women’s National Press Club, 218–19
Women’s Press Corps, 617–18
Woodring, Henry, 23, 24, 44, 66, 71
Woodrow Wilson, 545
Woodrum, Clifton, 443
“work or fight” bill, 589
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 31, 38, 56, 87, 162–63, 325, 482
World War I, 41, 44, 165, 186, 190, 194, 460, 478
World War II:
casualties in, 468, 621
German invasion of Western Europe in, 14–15, 17
Germany-first strategy and, 303–4
“island hopping” strategy in, 465
Japanese code broken in, 341
“leapfrogging” strategy in, 465
Pacific strategy conference and, 527–28, 531–32
“phony war” of, 9, 14, 44, 480
postwar concerns and, 468–69
Soviet invasion in, 253–55
submarine threat in, 233, 282–83, 449
technical and scientific advances and, 347
U.S. social revolution and, 624–25
Wotkyns, Eleanor, 36, 39, 277, 361, 611
Wyman, David, 102, 176, 454–55, 610
Yale Daily News, 155
Yalta Conference (1945), 573–85
criticism
of, 585
Eastern Front at, 578
FDR-Anna Roosevelt relationship and, 588
FDR’s entourage at, 573–74
France’s postwar role at, 580, 583
German reparations and, 580, 583
Malta prelude to, 575–76
Polish question and, 580–82, 483, 585, 597
Soviet-Japanese warfare and, 582
U.S. discussed at, 577–81, 583, 587
Yamamoto, George, 513–14
Yamamoto, Isoroku, 341
Yearling, The (Rawlings), 218
Yool, W. M., 267
Yugoslavia, 233, 455, 561, 563, 578
Zita, Empress of Austria-Hungary, 152, 466
SIMON & SCHUSTER PAPERBACKS
Rockefeller Center
1230 Avenue of the Americas
New York, NY 10020
www.SimonandSchuster.com
Copyright © 1994 by Doris Kearns Goodwin
All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form.
SIMON & SCHUSTER PAPERBACKS and colophon are registered trademarks of Simon & Schuster, Inc.
Designed by Levavi & Levavi
The Library of Congress has cataloged the hardcover edition as follows: Goodwin, Doris Kearns.
No ordinary time : Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt : the home front in World War II / Doris Kearns Goodwin.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945. 2. Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1884-1962. 3. World War, 1939-1945—United States. 4. United States—History—1933-1945. 5. Presidents—United States—Biography. 6. Presidents’ spouses—United States—Biography. I. Title.
E807.G66 1994
94-28565
973.917′092′2 B—dc20
ISBN-13: 978-0-671-64240-2
ISBN-10: 0-671-64240-5
ISBN-13: 978-0-684-80448-4 (Pbk)
ISBN-10: 0-684-80448-4 (Pbk)
ISBN-13: 978-1-4391-2619-6 (eBook)
No Ordinary Time Page 122