by Dean King
August 24-25 Detachments under Rear-Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane and General Robert Ross capture and burn Washington, D.C.
September 11 The American Lake Squadron under Captain Thomas MacDonough defeats the British Lake Squadron in Plattsburg Bay, halting the British advance in New York.
September 13-14 Rear-Admiral Cochrane in H.M.S. Surprise unsuccessfully bombards Fort McHenry at Baltimore, Maryland, leading Francis Scott Key, an American observer on the deck of H.M.S. Minden, to compose the poem “Defence of Fort M’Henry,” later set to music as the “The Star-Spangled Banner.”
November 1 Congress of Vienna opens.
December 24 Peace of Ghent signed, ending the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain, but the news does not arrive in the United States until February 11, 1815.
1815
January 8 Major-General Sir Edward Pakenham and Vice-Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane attack New Orleans.
January 15 H.M.S. Endymion, with Pamone and Tenedos, defeats U.S.S. President, 70 miles southeast by south of Montauk Point, Long Island.
February 17 Peace between United States and Britain proclaimed in United States.
March 20 Napoleon returns triumphantly to Paris.
June 18 Wellington defeats Napoleon at Waterloo.
July 15 Napoleon surrenders at Basque Roads to Captain Maitland of H.M.S. Bellerophon.
July 26 The Bellerophon arrives at Plymouth with Napoleon on board.
August 7 Napoleon sails from Plymouth in H.M.S. Northumberland to be exiled on the Island of St. Helena in the South Pacific.
October 16 Napoleon arrives at St. Helena.
1816
July 4 Commodore Sir William Bowles arrives in Rio de Janeiro as commander-in-chief, South American Squadron. He is succeeded by Commodore Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy in October 1819.
August 17 A combined Anglo-Dutch fleet under Edward Pellew, Viscount Exmouth, bombards Algiers.
1817
February 12 Forces under José de San Martin invade Chile and take Chacabuco. Two days later they enter Santiago, where Bernardo O’Higgins is named Supreme Director of Chile and leader of the revolutionary forces.
1818
February 12 Chilean Independence is declared.
November 28 Lord Cochrane arrives at Valparaiso to take command of the embryonic Chilean navy.
Selected Bibliography
In addition to the volumes of The Naval Chronicle and the novels of Patrick O’Brian, the following sources were used in writing this book:
Bagar, Robert, and Louis Biancolli. The Concert Companion: A Comprehensive Guide to Symphonic Music. New York: Whittlesey House/McGraw-Hill, 1947.
Borer, Mary Cathcart. The City of London: A History. New York: David McKay, 1977.
Boswell, James. Life of Johnson. [A New Edition Corrected by J. D. Fleeman.], edited by R. W. Chapman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970.
Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 15th ed. Revised by Adrian Room. New York: HarperCollins, 1995.
Brown, Anthony Gary. Persons, Animals, Ships and Cannon in the Aubrey-Maturin Sea Novels of Patrick O’Brian. Jefferson, NC, and London: McFarland & Co., 1999.
Chandler, David G. Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993.
Clowes, William Laird. The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Times to the Present. Vols. 4-6. London: Sampson, Low, Marston and Company, 1899-1901.
Clunn, Harold P. The Face of London. Revised by E. R. Wethersett. London: Spring Books, n.d.
Coad, Jonathan. The Royal Dockyards. Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1989.
Cochrane, Thomas. Autobiography of a Seaman. 2 vols. London: R. Bentley, 1859, 1860.
Colledge, J. J. Ships of the Royal Navy: A Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy from the Fifteenth Century to the Present. Annapolis: Naval Institute, 1987.
Connelly, Owen, ed. Dictionary of Napoleonic France, 1799-1815. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1985.
Cunningham, A. E., ed. Patrick O’Brian: Critical Essays and a Bibliography. New York: Norton, 1994.
Da Ponte, Lorenzo. Le Nozze Di Figaro: Libretto. Translated by Judyth Schaubhut Smith. New York: Metropolitan Opera Guild, 1990.
Davies, David. Fighting Ships: Ships of the Line, 1793-1815. London: Constable, 1996.
Eagle, Dorothy, and Hilary Cranell, eds. The Oxford Literary Guide to the British Isles. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977.
Encyclopaedia Britannica; Or, a Dictionary of Arts and Sciences Compiled upon a New Plan. Edinburgh: C. Macfarquhar, 1771. Three-vol. facsimile.
Estes, J. Worth. Dictionary of Protopharmacology: Therapeutic Practices, 1700-1850. Canton, Mass.: Science History Publications, 1990.
Falconer, W. A. A New Universal Dictionary of the Marine (also known as Falconer’s Marine Dictionary). Modernized and enlarged by William Burney. 1815. Reprint. London: Macdonald and Jane’s, 1974.
Harland, John. Seamanship in the Age of Sail: An Account of the Shiphandling of the Sailing Man-Of-War, 1600-1860, Based on Contemporary Sources. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1984.
Harvey, A. D. English Literature and the Great War with France: An Anthology and Commentary (London: Nold Jonson Books, 1981).
Hattendorf, John B., et al. British Naval Documents, 1204-1960. Publications of the Navy Records Society. Vol. 131. Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1993.
Haythornthwaite, Philip J. The Napoleonic Source Book. New York: Facts On File, 1990.
Heinl, Robert Debs, Jr. Dictionary of Military and Naval Quotations. Annapolis, Md.: United States Naval Institute, 1966.
Henderson, James. The Frigates: An Account of the Lesser Warships of the Wars from 1793 to 1815. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1970. Hill, J. R. ed. The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Jarrett, Dudley. British Naval Dress. London: J. M. Dent, 1960.
Joy, Norman H. How to Know British Birds. London: H. F. and G. Witherby, 1936.
Kemp, Peter, ed. The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Kennedy, Michael, ed. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Kerchove, Rene de. International Maritime Dictionary. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1961.
King, Dean, with John B. Hattendorf. Harbors and High Seas: An Atlas and Geographical Guide to the Aubrey-Maturin Novels of Patrick O’Brian. New York: Henry Holt, 1996.
Lavery, Brian. The Ship of the Line. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1983.
—Nelson’s Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization, 1793-1815. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1989.
Little, George. Life on the Ocean; Or, Twenty Years at Sea: Being the Personal Adventures of the Author. Boston: Waite, Peirce, and Company, 1845.
Lloyd, Christopher. Captain Marryat and the Old Navy. London: Longmans, Green, 1939.
—Lord Cochrane: Seaman—Radical—Liberator: A Life of Thomas, Lord Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald. London: Longmans, Green, 1947.
—The British Seaman. London: Longmans, Green, 1968.
Lyon, David. The Sailing Ship List. London: Conway Maritime Press, 1994.
Maclay, Edgar Stanton. A History of American Privateers. 1899. Reprint. New York: Burt Franklin, 1968.
Manning, Captain T. D., and Commander C. F. Walker. British Warship Names. London: Putnam, 1959.
Morriss, Roger. The Royal Dockyards During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1983.
Parkinson, C. Northcote. Portsmouth Point: The Navy in Fiction, 1793-1815. London: Hodder & Stoughton and The University Press of Liverpool,1948.
Pivka, Otto von. Navies of the Napoleonic Era. Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1980. Price, Anthony. The Eyes of the Fleet: A Popular History of Frigates and Frigate Captains, 1793-1815. London: Hutchinson, 1990.
Rees, Abraham. Rees’s Naval Architecture (1819-1820). Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1970.
Rodger, N.A.M. The A
dmiralty. Lavenham: Terrence Dalton, 1979.
—Articles of War: The Statutes which Governed Our Fighting Navies, 1661, 1749 and 1886. Havant: Kenneth Mason, 1982.
—Naval Records for Genealogists. London: Public Record Office, 1984.
—The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy. New York: Norton, 1986.
Rogers, John G. Origins of Sea Terms. Mystic, Conn.: Mystic Seaport Museum, 1984.
Rose, J. Holland. William Pitt and The Great War. 1911. Reprint. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1971.
Sainsbury, A. B. The Royal Navy Day by Day. New Ed., revised and expanded. London: Ian Allen, n.d.
Sainty, J. C. Admiralty Officials, 1609-1815. London: Athlone Press, 1975.
Scott, Samuel R., and Barry Rothaus. Historical Dictionary ofthe French Revolution. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1985.
Serres, Dominick and John Thomas. Liber Nauticus: and Instructor in the Art of Marine Drawing. London: Scolar Press, 1979.
Smyth, William Henry. The Sailor’s Word Book: An Alphabetical Digest of Nautical Terms. London: Blackie and Son, 1867.
Steel, David. Steel’s Naval Chronologist of the War. Printed for David Steel at the Navigation Warehouse, 1803. Reprint. London: Cornmarket Press, 1969.
Symonds, Sir William. Naval Costumes. Privately printed, 1840.
Tunstall, Brian, edited by Nicholas Tracy. Naval Warfare in the Age of Sail: The Evolution of Fighting Tactics, 1650-1815. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990.
Uden, Grant, and Richard Cooper. A Dictionary of British Ships and Seamen. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1980.
Weinreb, Ben, and Christopher Hibbert. The London Encyclopaedia. Rev. ed. London: Macmillan, 1993.
Werstein, Irving. The Cruise of the Essex: An Incident from the War of 1812. Philadelphia: Macrae Smith, 1969.
Wilson, P. W. William Pitt, the Younger. New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1933.
The Oxford English Dictionary magnetic tape, 2d ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Academic American encyclopedia computer file. New York: Grolier Electronic Publishing, 1994.
Acknowledgments
THE AUTHORS WOULD PARTICULARLY like to thank Greg Easley for his many hours of research and Jessica King for her careful editing. Also, Elizabeth Aquino, Raney Aronson, Whittney Bradshaw, David Miller, Jayne Riew, Nancy Steed, Durk Steed, Paula Skreslet and Andy Trees, for their input.
Thanks also to the institutions that made this book possible, including the New York Yacht Club, the University of Virginia, the Mariners’ Museum, and the Boston Medical Library; and especially to David Seaman at the University of Virginia Electronic Text Center; to Joe Jackson, the Librarian of the New York Yacht Club; and to Tom Crew and the staff of the Mariners’ Museum.
Special thanks to David Sobel, Jonathan Swain Landreth, and Jody Rein.
For the second edition, a very warm thanks to all of the readers who so graciously wrote in with suggestions for additions and revisions. We appreciate your high standards and hope we were able to live up to them.
A special thanks to Jessica King for editing all of the language entries and for her French, Spanish, and Italian translations, and to Worth Estes for his Latin translations.
Our highest regards to John Harland, author of Seamanship in the Age of Sail, whom we consulted concerning the technical details of ship maneuvering and who kindly contributed his time in fine-tuning a number of those entries. We heartily recommend his book to any readers who wish to delve deeper into the technical details surrounding the wooden ships of this era. My gratitude also to Logan Ward for his many editorial contributions.
Finally, in compiling the first edition of A Sea of Words, it did not occur to me to do the obvious—that is, to offer my deepest thanks and heartiest congratulations to Patrick O’Brian and his publishers, HarperCollins, U.K., and W. W. Norton for their splendid work. Their long-sustained dedication and high standards of achievement serve as a beacon in the dark to all of Mr. O’Brian’s readers. Without the Aubrey-Maturin books, of course, this book would not exist.
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this ebook onscreen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of the publisher.
copyright © 1995, 1997, 2000 by Dean King
cover design by Mumtaz Mustafa
978-1-4532-3830-1
This edition published in 2011 by Open Road Integrated Media
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
A Note on the Third Edition
Contents
List of Illustrations
Preface to the Second Edition by Dean King
Foreword by Dean King
The Royal Navy During the War of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic War by John B. Hattendorf
King, Cabinet, and Parliament
The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty
The Admiralty Office
The Navy Board
The Ordnance Board
The Size of the Navy
Ships and Tactics
The Royal Dockyards and Ropeyards
Sea Officers: Commissioned and Warrant
Daily Life on a Warship
An Overview of the War of the French Revolution
The War of the First Coalition, 1793-1798
The War of the Second Coalition, 1799-1801
The Peace of Amiens, 1802-1803
An Overview of the Napoleonic War
The War of the Third Coalition, 1805
The Fourth Coalition, 1806-1807, and the Naval War After Trafalgar
The Fifth Coalition, 1809
The Peninsular War, 1807-1814
The War of 1812, 1812-1815
The War of the Sixth Coalition, 1812-1814
The War of the Seventh Coalition, 1815
Stephen Maturin and Naval Medicine in the Age of Sail by J. Worth Estes
Doctors and the Royal Navy
Serving at Sea
Serving on Board Hospital Ships or at Hospitals
The Disease Burden of the Royal Navy
The Medicine Chest
Trauma and Surgery
What Good Could Dr. Maturin's Medicine Do?
Maps, Types of Sailing Ships, Ship Diagrams, and a Warship's Boats
The Alphabetical Lexicon to the Aubrey-Maturin Novels, with Biographies of Historical Figures, Battle Accounts, and Foreign Words and Phrases
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Appendix: A Time Line of the Napoleonic Wars, the War of 1812, and the Fight for Independence in Chile
Selected Bibliography
Acknowledgments
Copyright