by Alan Mikhail
396 not Jamestown, but a Spanish Catholic outpost in Florida: Michael V. Gannon, The Cross in the Sand: The Early Catholic Church in Florida, 1513–1870 (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1965).
396 Islam is projected to supplant Christianity: Pew Research Center, “The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050,” April 2, 2015, http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/ (accessed February 16, 2019).
CODA: SHADOWS OVER TURKEY
401 claim that Muslims, not Christians, discovered America: Associated Press in Istanbul, “Muslims Discovered America, says Turkish President,” Guardian, November 16, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/16/muslims-discovered-america-erdogan-christopher-columbus (accessed February 16, 2019).
402 world’s seventeenth largest: Prableen Bajpai, “The World’s Top 20 Economies,” Investopedia, January 10, 2019, https://www.investopedia.com/insights/worlds-top-economies/ (accessed February 16, 2019).
403 thieves stole a kaftan and crown: Ömer Erbil, “Kaftan 12 Yıl Sonra Yeniden Türbede,” Hürriyet, April 20, 2017, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/kaftan-12-yil-sonra-yeniden-turbede-40432514 (accessed February 24, 2019); “Ardūghān Yu‘īd “Qafṭān al-Khilāfa” ilā Makānihi al-Aṣlī ba‘da Muḥāwalat Tahrībihi min Qibali Tanẓīm Ghūlen al-Irhābī,” Daily Sabah, April 18, 2017, https://www.dailysabah.com/arabic/history/2017/04/18/rdogan-returns-the-caftan-of-succession-to-his-original-place-after-an-attempt-to-smuggle-it-by-gulen-terrorist-organization (accessed February 24, 2019).
405 “When man dies”: Quoted in Keely Lockhart, “Turkey Opens ‘World’s Widest’ Suspension Bridge Linking Asia to Europe,” Telegraph, August 27, 2016, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/08/27/turkey-opens-worlds-widest-suspension-bridge-linking-asia-to-eur/ (accessed February 16, 2019).
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
. . .
Frontispiece Hünername, Topkapi Palace Museum Library, H1523, f.217a
1 © A. Dagli Orti/De Agostini Picture Library/Bridgeman Images
6 Hünername, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1523, f. 049a
10 Hünername, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1523, f. 162b
13 Manuscript of the Zubdat al-Tarikh (Essence of History. . . . ) Turkey, first half of 17th century. . . . Manuscripts; codices; Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper 10 7/16 x 6 3/8 x 1/4 in. (26.50 x 16.20 x 0.70 cm) The Edwin Binney, 3rd, Collection of Turkish Art at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (M.85.237.38), www.lacma.org, Public Domain
15 ©Roland and Sabrina Michaud/akg-images
23 Hünername, Topkapı Palace Museum, Istanbul, Turkey/Sonia Halliday Photographs/Bridgeman Images
31 Lebrecht History/Bridgeman Images
35 Selimname, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1597-8, f. 052b
37 Hünername, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1523, f. 194b
43 Ghigo Roli/Bridgeman Images
47 De Agostini Picture Library/Bridgeman Images
56 Private Collection/Bridgeman Images
61 Selimname, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1597-8, f. 156a
63 ©De Agostini /Biblioteca Ambrosiana/akg-images
65 The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Geography - Historic Cities Research Project. Courtesy of Ozgur Tufekci.
73 Rolf Richardson/Alamy Stock Photo
77 ©Pictures From History/akg-images
87 ©WHA/World History Archive/akg-images
89 ©Roland and Sabrina Michaud/akg-images
91 ©UIG/Universal History Archive/akg-images
98 Werner Forman Archive/Bridgeman Images
103 ©Pictures From History/akg-images
110 Private Collection/Bridgeman Images
112 Photo ©CCI/Bridgeman Images
121 ©Gilles Mermet/akg-images
123 G. Dagli Orti/De Agostini Picture Library/Bridgeman Images
135 Classic Image/Alamy Stock Photo
136 Private Collection/Archives Charmet/Bridgeman Images
148 G. Dagli Orti/De Agostini Picture Library/Bridgeman Images
155 Chronicle/Alamy Stock Photo
156 Private Collection/The Stapleton Collection/Bridgeman Images
159 Hackenberg-Photo-Cologne/Alamy Stock Photo
165 ©Fototeca Gilardi/akg-images
178 Alan King engraving/Alamy Stock Photo
183 ©Roland and Sabrina Michaud/akg-images
185 ©Roland and Sabrina Michaud/akg-images
191 ©British Library Board. All Rights Reserved/Bridgeman Images
197 Selimname, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1597-8, f. 023b
210 Selimname, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1597-8, f. 032a
214 De Agostini Picture Library/M. Seemuller/Bridgeman Images
216 Chris Hellier/Alamy Stock Photo
224 Selimname, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1597-8, f. 044a
235 Hünername, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1523, f. 201a
241 Selimname, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1597-8, f. 062a
243 Selimname, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1597-8, f. 083b
247 Selimname, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1597-8, f. 176b
249 Selimname, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1597-8, f. 113a
265 ©Pictures From History/akg-images
270 ©akg-images
280 Selimname, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1597-8, f. 164b
283 Selimname, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1597-8, f. 216b
291 Dmitriy Moroz/Alamy Stock Photo
297 ©Roland and Sabrina Michaud/akg-images
303 Selimname, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1597-8, f. 235a
306 Selimname, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1597-8, f. 231b
316 World History Archive/Alamy Stock Photo
319 Gameover/Alamy Stock Photo
321 Leemage/Getty Images
323 Leemage/Getty Images
335 ©akg-images
339 Private Collection/Bridgeman Images
346 Science History Images/Alamy Stock Photo
354 Selimname, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1597-8, f. 267a
355 Age fotostock/Alamy Stock Photo
360 Hünername, Topkapi Palace Museum Library, H. 1524, H. 1524, f. 026a and 025b
362 By Alan Mikhail
364 The Picture Art Collection/Alamy Stock Photo
367 By Alan Mikhail
369 ©Roland and Sabrina Michaud/akg-images
376 Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, CT, USA/Bridgeman Images
385 Virginia Museum of History & Culture/Alamy Stock Photo
393 Everett Collection, Inc./Alamy Stock Photo
399 Isik fidanci/Alamy Stock Photo
404 Anadolu Agency/Contributor/Getty Images
COLOR INSERT
. . .
1a–b
Hünername, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1523, f. 018b and 019a
1 bottom
Photo ©Luisa Ricciarini/Bridgeman Images
2
Hünername, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1523, f. 170b
3
Hünername, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1523, f. 182b
4
Private Collection/Bridgeman Images
5
Hünername, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1523, f. 186b
6
Hünername, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1523, f. 207b
7
Selimname, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1597-8, f. 131b
8 top
imageBROKER/Alamy Stock Photo
8 bottom
Images & Stories/Alamy Stock Photo
9
©Roland and Sabrina Michaud/akg-images
10
Hünername, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1523, f. 211a
11
Hünername, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H. 1523, f. 214b
12
Selimname, Topka
pı Palace Museum Library, H. 1597-8, f. 254a
13 top
Historic Images/Alamy Stock Photo
13 bottom
Heritage Images/Index/akg-images
14 top
G. Dagli Orti/De Agostini Picture Library/Bridgeman Images
14 bottom
Private Collection/Tarker/Bridgeman Images
15
Pictures from History/Bridgeman Images
16
INTERFOTO/Alamy Stock Photo
INDEX
. . .
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Page numbers in italic refer to illustrations and maps.
Abarbanel, Isaac, 170
Abdullah, half-brother of Selim, 27, 42
Abkhazia, 278
Abraham, prophet, 179
Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad XII. See Boabdil
Abyssinian church, 296
Adana, 275
Aden, 314, 315, 316
adobe, 132
Aegean islands, 98–99
Aegean Sea, 329–30, 350
Afghanistan, 396
Africa, 17, 104–6, 108–9, 250, 314, 328. See also West Africa; specific nations and regions
Muslims in, 150–52
Ahmed, 27, 79, 81–82, 196, 200, 203, 206–8, 210–11, 275
attack on Korkud, 232
capture of, 244
captures Konya, 231–32
confronted by Selim, 244–45
death of, 245, 256
loses Bayezit’s support for the throne, 225
military philosophy of, 251
moves toward Istanbul, 229
prepares march on Istanbul, 212–13
retreats to Anatolia, 231–33, 237, 242–43
Safavid Empire and, 244, 251
sends letter to Mengli, 217–20, 221
succession and, 216–18, 225–29, 231, 240–45
supporters of, 229, 231, 242–43, 245
Ahyolu (Pomorie), 227
Aintab, 275, 288, 291, 294, 296
Akkerman, 220, 221, 224
Ak Koyunlu Confederacy, 84–86, 186, 188, 190–91, 193, 224, 256, 371
‘Ala’ al-Dawla, 280, 281, 302
Alaeddin, son of Ahmed, 243–44
Alanya, 242
alarabs, 132
Albania, 16, 17, 25, 32, 38, 121
Albuquerque, Afonso de, 315–16
Aleppo, 276–79, 281, 285–86, 288, 290–93, 297, 308, 325, 331, 333, 340, 381
citadel of, 291
Alevis, 402
Alexander, VI, Pope, 55, 57
Alexander the Great, 42, 372
Alexandria, 328
Alfonso VI, 143–44
Algarve, 105
Algeria, 308, 334, 338, 344, 346, 347, 348, 355–56
Algiers, 344–45, 352, 389
Alhambra, 119–20, 124, 167, 338, 345
Ali, Ayaan Hirsi, 383
Ali Bey, dragoman, 352
Alméida, slave, 48
Almeida, Francisco de, 316
Almería, 112, 113
Almohads, 347
Almoravids, 347
Alpujarra, 337, 339
Altaic language group, 5
Amasya, 15–16, 15, 22–24, 27, 31–32, 68, 79, 175, 196, 212, 243–44, 258, 279, 333
Amasya Sufi, 15–16
Americas, 12, 17, 96, 124, 249–50, 313, 318–20, 349, 353, 385–96, 385 See also specific nations and regions
Britain and, 387–90
Catholicism in, 152
Christianity in, 136–47, 152
Crusades in, 386
Europe and, 386–96
Islam and, 123–35, 148–64, 386–96
Islamic-Christian relations in, 148–64
in light of rise of Ottoman Empire, 385–96
mapping of, 311–12
Muslims in, 429–30n
as New Jerusalem, 390–91
Ottoman Empire and, 385–96
Protestants in, 388
slavery in, 197
Spanish Empire and, 385–87, 388
as tabula rasa, 152
trade and, 340
Amsterdam, 167, 320
Anahuac, 5
Anatolia (Asia Minor), 5–7, 9, 119, 137, 229, 242–43, 245, 251, 292, 294, 296, 329–30, 344–45
Ahmed’s retreat to, 231–33, 237
Chaldiran Campaign in, 256, 258–60, 262, 274–76, 281–82
under Selim’s governorship, 63, 68, 79–80, 84
Selim’s youth in, 22–24, 36, 41, 44–45, 47
Shiite Muslims in, 185–86, 192, 206, 330–33
Şahkulu and, 203–5, 207
Ancona, 43
Andean Indians, 134–35
Ankara, 42, 68, 258
Antakya, 254
Antalya, 203, 205
anti-Jewish violence, 167, 181–82. See also anti-Semitism
anti-Muslim violence, 167
anti-Semitism, 170, 171, 181–82
Apulia, 172
Arabs, 400
Arab Spring, 403
Aragon, 114, 134, 345
Aragon, Crown of, 172, 338
al-A‘raj, Ahmad, 348
Ardabil, 188, 190
Armageddon, 53
Armenian church, 296
Armenians, 24, 379, 400, 431n
Asia, 101–2
astronomers, 261–62
Atatürk International Airport, 403
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 400–401, 402
Atlantic Ocean, 109–10, 117
Atlas Mountains, 348
Ayşe, consort of Selim, 75
al-Azhar, 381
Azores, 96, 105, 154
Aztecs, 17, 66, 68, 78, 123, 131–33, 146, 295, 356, 358
Azurara, Gomez Eanes de, 105
Babur, 250, 255–56
Baghdad, 331–33
Bahamas, 126–27
Bahoruco Mountains, 157, 159–60, 159
Baku, 352
Balearic Islands, 112
the Balkans, 7, 20, 86, 121, 198, 203, 225, 274, 288, 350, 360
Christians in, 17, 25, 50, 55, 379
governorship of, 211–12, 217
insecurity of, 57
need for concentrated force in, 220–21
Barbarossa, Hayreddin, 341–47, 346, 348
Barbarossa, Oruç, 341–47
Barbary Coast, 335, 341
Barbary pirates, 389
Barsbay, 274
Bavaria, 373
Bayburt, 267
Bayezit I, 418n
Bayezit II, 11, 16–17, 20–21, 23, 27–28, 31, 33, 111, 113–14, 123, 172–73, 174–75
Ahmed and, 212–13, 232
appoints Korkud governor of Teke, 204
approves Suleyman’s governorship of Kefe, 212, 215, 217
armed forces of, 83
capitulation of, 231
Cem and, 31–59
challenge from Selim, 59
conversing with advisers, 35
defended against assassination attempt, 37
dies en route to Dimetoka, 240
Europe and, 58
funeral of, 241
imprisonment of, 239
Janissaries and, 34–36, 229
Khayr Bey and, 278–79
Knights Hospitaller of St. John and, 48–49
Machiavelli’s assessment of, 246
Mamluk Empire and, 275
military philosophy of, 194–96, 200–203, 206–9, 251
moves to Istanbul, 22, 31–32, 35–36
proclaimed sultan, 35–36, 38
retirement to Dimetoka, 239
Selim and, 210–12, 224–28, 224, 233–34, 236–37
Shiite Muslims and, 182
succession from, 63–64, 79, 195–96, 200–203, 206, 208–13, 217–20, 222–23, 224–34, 251, 274–75
summons family from Amasya, 37
surrender of, 237
Şahkulu
Rebellion and, 204–7, 331
welcomes Jews to his empire, 172–79
Baza, 118
Beijing, 93
Belgrade, 364, 365
Berbeci Muslims, 162
Berbers, 154
Bernáldez, Andrés, 170
Bethlehem, 392
Bin Laden, Osama, 396
Black Death, 170, 324
Black Sea, 210, 212, 212, 213, 220, 221, 224, 227, 278, 280, 352
Boabdil, 119–20, 121
Bolivia, 340
Bolu, 211, 258
Borgia clan, 56
Bosnia, 25, 121, 225
Bosphorus Bridge, 400
Bosphorus Strait, 36, 37, 230, 234, 400
Bosso, Matteo, 52
Bougie (Béjaïa), 114, 338, 342, 344, 350
Bowles, Jane, 393
Bowles, Paul, 393
Brazil, 132, 268
Bridge of Sighs, 120
Britain, 17, 29, 100–101, 222, 373
Americas and, 387–90
banishment of Jews from, 170
colonialism and, 387–90
Muslims and, 387–89
North Africa and, 389–90
British, Native Americans and, 387–90
Bulgaria, 174, 204, 217
Burma, 83
Burroughs, William, 393
Bursa, 6, 7, 21, 36, 68, 205, 243–44, 254, 331
Byzantine Empire, 6, 17, 29, 57, 64, 77, 84, 273
Ottoman capture of, 7, 180, 333
Plague of Justinian and, 324
Cairo, 7, 86, 130–31, 255, 276, 278, 284, 307, 317, 334, 372, 381
Cem in, 38–41, 50–51, 53
Citadel of, 307, 309
Jews in, 179
Selim’s journey to, 281–82, 292, 296, 298–302, 303–20, 306
Calabria, 172
Calicut (Kozhikode), 314, 328
California, 391
caliphate, 271, 309–10, 324, 442–43n
Canada, 101, 268
Canary Islands, 96, 105, 125, 154
Caoursin, Guillaume, 48
Cape Ann, 387
Cape Bojadar, 106
Cape Catoche, 130–31
Cape Cod, 387
Cape of Good Hope, 349
Cape of Three Forks, 336
Cape Verde Islands, 96, 105, 150
Capsali, Moses, 174
the Caribbean, 126, 128–29, 137, 139, 153, 154, 312, 340, 358, 396. See also specific islands and nations
colonial estates in, 156
Muslims in, 429–30n