63 Porter, p. 2.
64 K. Booth, Strategy and Ethnocentrism (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1979), p. 33 listing the British underestimation of the Russians in the Crimea, or of the Boers in South Africa. On the American side in Vietnam.
65 Porter, p. 2.
66 Porter, p. 27.
67 See for example, Herodotus 1.1, 3.38, 7.83, 7.223; Porter, 3, 27.
68 Porter, p. 5. See Whatley’s observation that Marathon ‘certainly was not one of the decisive battles of the world’: Whatley, p. 313.
69 Porter, p. 2.
70 V. D. Hanson, Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power (New York: Doubleday, 2001).
71 See V. D. Hanson, Fields Without Dreams: Defending the Agrarian Idea (New York: Free Press, 1996); Hanson, The Other Greeks; V. D. Hanson, The Soul of Battle: From Ancient Times to the Present Day. How Three Great Liberators Vanquished Tyranny (New York: Anchor Books, 2001). Du Bois, 34–8 provides a critique of Hanson’s views. See also Arthur J. Pomeroy, ‘The vision of a Fascist Rome in Gladiator’, in M. Winkler, Gladiator: Film and History (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), pp. 121–2.
72 As Porter, p. 57 points out: ‘You don’t need to be Edward Said to see the problem here’.
73 Hanson, The Western Way of War, esp. 9–19, 227–228. See the comments of Porter, 5–6; and J. A. Lynn, Battle: A History of Combat and Culture from Ancient Greece to Modern America (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2003), p. 13 on John Keegan and Geoffrey Parker as adherents to Hanson’s claims.
74 Basil Liddell Hart, The British Way of Warfare (London: Faber and Faber, 1932); R. Weigley, The American Way of War (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1973); Porter, p. 10.
75 G. Parker (ed.), The Cambridge History of Warfare (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), esp. 1–15; Porter, p. 11.
76 Lynn, 12–15.
77 Porter, p. 72 who points out D-Day was a massive deception operation and uses the Duke of Wellington and the Spanish irregulars of the Peninsular war as an example of strategies of diversion and concealment, and effective light infantry.
78 Morillo, Black and Lococo, vol. 1, p. 43.
79 Herodotus 9.90.3. Amit, p. 134.
80 Herodotus 8.94. Amit, p. 134 depicts the story as an Athenian slander against the Corinthians.
81 For other examples where there are no wars and no enemies, see Amit, p. 134.
82 See especially Porter’s chapter on the Japanese, 85–110.
83 Porter, p. 75. Cf. John Keegan, ‘In this war of civilizations, the West will prevail’, Daily Telegraph (8 October 2001). Lynn, p. 20.
84 Porter, p. 76. Quote is from Philip Sabin, Lost Battles: Reconstructing the Great Clashes of the Ancient World (London: Hambledon Continuum, 2007), pp. xi and 29.
85 N. Dixon, On the Psychology of Military Incompetence (New York: Basic Books, 1976), p. 266.
86 Yalichev, p. 136.
87 Porter, p. 15
88 Porter, p. 15.
89 Hanson, ‘Hoplite battle as ancient Greek warfare’, p. 201.
90 See similar comments in a modern context in Col. Thomas X. Hammes, The Sling and the Stone (St Paul, MN: Zenith Press, 2004), p. 3.
91 Porter, p. 18.
92 Niccolo Machiavelli, ‘Discourses on the first ten books of Titus Livius’, in Niccolò Machiavelli, The Historical, Political and Diplomatic Writings, trans. by Christian Detmold (Boston: Osgood, 1882), 3.40.
93 Porter, p. 73.
94 See E. Kam, Surprise Attack (Cambridge: MA; Harvard University Press, 2004); R. K. Betts, Surprise Attack. Lessons for Defense Planning (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1982).
95 Porter, p. 74.
96 Booth, p. 99. Porter, p. 75.
97 Porter, p. 81. Cf. Colin Gray, ‘Out of the wilderness: Prime time for strategic culture’, Comparative Strategy 26, 1 (January 2007), p. ii.
98 Porter, p. 81.
99 Booth, p. 15.
100 Ardant du Picq, p. 46.
101 Ardant du Picq, p. 43.
102 Ardant du Picq, p. 46.
103 For the relevant passages and discussion see R. Sorabji and D. Roden, The Ethics of War (Aldershot, Hants: Ashgate, 2006), 13–15.
104 See the comments of Whatley, p. 321.
105 J. E. Lendon, Soldiers and Ghosts, p. 159.
106 Nasty tricks like lying: Frontinus 1.11.6; fabricating religious manifestations: Frontinus 1.11.16 and 1.12.5–7; disguising their troops as women: Frontinus 3.2.7; making covert retreats: Frontinus 3.11.5, or surrender tricks: Polyaenus 4.3.20.
107 C. Morgan, ‘Symbolic and pragmatic aspects of warfare in the Greek world of the 8th to 6th centuries BC’, p. 20.
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