Innovative State

by Aneesh Chopra

  14.“Public Trust in Government: 1958–2013,” Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, October 18, 2013, people-press.org/2013/10/18/trust-in-government-interactive/. And William A. Galston and Elaine C. Kamarck, “Change You Can Believe in Starts with a Government You Can Trust,” Third Way, thirdway.org/publications/133.

  15.See Kenneth S. Baer, “The Spirit of ’78, Stayin’ Alive,” Washington Post, July 13, 2008, articles.washingtonpost.com/2008-07-13/opinions/36901048_1_tax-rates-tax-increases-property-taxes. On the larger, worldwide movement toward markets, see: Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy (New York: Touchstone, 1998).

  16.Ronald Reagan, Inaugural Address, January 20, 1981, reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1981/12081a.htm.

  17.For a summary of the Grace Commisison, see Milton Friedman, “Why Government Is the Problem,” Wriston Lecture, Manhattan Institute, 1991, manhattan-institute.org/html/wl1991.htm.

  18.On Pinkerton and the New Paradigm, see Mickey Kaus, “Paradigm’s Loss,” The New Republic 27 (July 1992): 16–22.

  19.Richard Darman quotes per nytimes.com/1990/11/17/us/darman-says-bush-is-exploring-shift-in-benefits.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm and nytimes.com/1993/02/28/magazine/how-jack-kemp-lost-the-war-on-poverty.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm.

  20.Jim Pinkerton, What Comes Next: The End of Big ­Government—and the New Paradigm Ahead (New York: Hyperion, 1995), ­amazon.com/What-Comes-Next-Government-Paradigm/dp/0786861053.

  21.John Tamny, “What Parkinson’s Law Says About Federal Spending,” RealClearMarkets.com, last modified March 29, 2013, ­realclearmarkets.com/articles/2011/03/29/what_parkinsons_law_says_about_federal_spending_98934.html.

  22.Elaine C. Kamarck, The End of Government As We Know It: Making Public Policy Work (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2007).

  23.Mickey Kaus, End of Equality (New York: Basic Books, 1993)

  24.Peter F. Drucker, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (New York: Harper 1985).

  25.David Osborne and Ted Gaebler, Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit Is Transforming the Private Sector (New York: Plume, 1993), 17.

  26.On the impetus for reform and the REGO movement, see Elaine C. Kamarck, The End of Government As We Know It: Making Public Policy Work (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2007); David Osborne and Ted Gaebler, Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit Is Transforming the Public Sector (New York: Penguin, 1992); Morley Winograd and Dudley Buffa, Taking Control: Politics in the Information Age (New York: Henry Holt 1996).

  27.On the rise of the New Democrats, see Kenneth S. Baer, Reinventing Democrats: The Politics of Liberalism from Reagan to Clinton (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2000).

  28.Bill Clinton and Al Gore, Putting People First: How We Can All Change America (New York: Times Books, 1992).

  29.Quoted in James Pinkerton, What Comes Next: The End of Big Government—and the New Paradigm Ahead (New York: Hyperion, 1995), 82.

  30.For an early assessment of REGO, see Donald F. Kettl, Reinventing Government: A Fifth-Year Report Card. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, September 1998.

  31.James Fairhall, “The Case for the $435 Hammer,” The Free Library, January, 1, 1987, thefreelibrary.com/The case for the $435 hammer.-a04619906.

  32.Paul Light, “Fact Sheet on the New True Size of Government,” the Brookings Institution, September 5, 2003, brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2003/9/05politics%20light/light20030905.pdf.

  33.For details on REGO’s accomplishments, see Al Gore, The Best Kept Secrets in Government: How the Clinton Administration is Reinventing How Washington Works. (New York: Random House, 1996).

  34.See President George W. Bush’s budget, “A Blueprint for New Beginnings,” (FY 2002): 179, gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BUDGET-2002-BLUEPRINT/pdf/BUDGET-2002-BLUEPRINT.pdf.

  35.Christie Dickson, “Christie Dickson’s SAVE Award Story,” WhiteHouse.gov, last modified December 17, 2009, whitehouse.gov/blog/2009/12/17/christie-dicksons-save-award-story.

  36.George Washington, “Circular to the States, 8 June 1783,” Writings 26: 484–89.

  Chapter 2

  1.Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, a.k.a. the Hart-­Cellar Act, H.R. 2580; Pub. L. No. 89–236, 79 Stat. 911 (1965), library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/1965_immigration_and_nationality_act .html.

  2.Martin Tolchin, “Retreat in Congress; The Catastrophic-Care ­Debacle—A special report.; How the New Medicare Law Fell on Hard Times in a Hurry,” New York Times, last modified October 10, 1989, ­nytimes.com/1989/10/09/us/retreat-congress-catastrophic-care-debacle-­special-report-new-medicare-law-fell.html.

  3.K. Desmond, J. Gabel, and T. Rice, “The Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act: A Post-Mortem,” Health Affairs 9, no. 3 (1990): 75–87, content.healthaffairs.org/content/9/3/75.full.pdf.

  4.“1993: The Graphical WWW is Born with the Release of NCSA Mosaic,” CED in the History of Media, cedmagic.com/­history/mosaic-1993.html.

  5.“A Technical History of the ARPANET,” Think: Technical Histories of Network Protocols, last modified January 29, 2010, cs.utexas.edu/users/chris/think/ARPANET.

  6.“With Tears in His Eyes, He Recalls Nehru’s ‘Tryst with Destiny’ Speech,” Hindustan Times, last modified August 15, 2010, ­hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/With-tears-in-eyes-he-­recalls-Nehru-s-tryst-with-destiny-speech/Article1-587065.aspx.

  Chapter 3

  1.“Governor Kaine Announces Partnership with Google to Improve Citizen Access to Digital Government,” Library of Virginia, Governor Timothy Kaine Administration Collection, last modified June 23, 2009, wayback.archive-it.org/263/20091025151045/https://governor.virginia.gov/MediaRelations/NewsReleases/viewRelease.cfm?id=400&printpage=Yes.

  2.“2007 Session of the General Assembly: Science and Technology Legislative Update,” the Virginia Joint Commission on Technology and Science, dls.virginia.gov/commission/Materials/Tech%20Legislation%20Update%202007.pdf.

  3.“Cloud,” Cio.gov, last modified 2013, cio.gov/building-a-21st-century-government/cloud.

  4.Matthew S. Olson, Stall Points: Most Companies Stop ­Growing —Yours Doesn’t Have To (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009), amazon.com/Stall-Points-Companies-Growing-Yours-Doesnt/dp/0300158513.

  5.“The Last Kodak Moment?,” The Economist, January 14, 2012, economist.com/node/21542796.

  6.“Addressing the Education, Skill, and Workforce Needs of Adults without a High School Diploma or Equivalent: Report of the Virginia Adult Learning Panel, Report to the Governor, September 2008, leg2.state.va.us/dls/h&sdocs.nsf/By+Year/RD4162008/$file/RD416.pdf.

  7.PluggedIn VA, last modified October 31, 2013, pluggedinva.com.

  8.“Virginia STAR—Index,” Virginia Star, 2013, vastar.­schoolfusion.us.

  9.“Government Funding and Service Relationships,” Council on Virginia’s Future, no 7 (August 2011), future.virginia.gov/docs/­IssueInsights/Insight%207-GovtFundingandServiceRelationships-Web.pdf.

  10.“Reproductive Health: Preterm Birth,” Centers for Disease ­Control and Prevention, last modified October 30, 2013, cdc.gov/ ­reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pretermbirth.htm.

  11.Productivity Investment Fund, last modified 2011, pif.virginia.gov/programs.shtml.

  Chapter 4

  1.David Leonhardt, “Obamanomics,” New York Times Magazine, August 20, 2008, nytimes.com/2008/08/24/magazine/24Obamanomics-t.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

  2.“Obama’s Speech on the Economy,” New York Times, last modified January 8, 2009, nytimes.com/2009/01/08/us/politics/08text-obama.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

  3.“Track the Money: Recipient Projects,” Recovery.gov, last modified October 30, 2013, recovery.gov/Transparency/­RecipientReportedData/Pages/R
ecipientReportedDataMap.aspx.

  4.Mary Le Carnevale, “White House Launches ­Recovery.gov to Track Stimulus Spending,” Wall Street Journal, February 17, 2009, blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2009/02/17/white-house-launches-recoverygov-to-track-stimulus-spending.

  5.“President Obama Discusses Efforts to Reform Spending, Government Waste; Names Chief Performance Officer and Chief Technology Officer,” WhiteHouse.gov, transcript of the President’s weekly address, April 18, 2009, last modified April 18, 2009, whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Weekly-Address-President-Obama-­Discusses-Efforts-to-Reform-Spending.

  6.Tim O’Reilly, “Why Aneesh Chopra Is a Great Choice for Federal CTO,” O’Reilly Radar, April 18, 2009, radar.oreilly.com/2009/04/aneesh-chopra-great-federal-cto.html.

  7.Nominations to the Department of Transportation, the Executive Office of the President, and the Department of Commerce Hearing, Before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, 111th Cong. (May 19, 2009), gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111shrg54288/html/CHRG-111shrg54288.htm.

  8.“Stumble Safely,” Apps for Democracy: Community Edition, last modified November, 12, 2008, appsfordemocracy.org/stumble-safely.

  9.“Crowdsourcing,” m-w.com, merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crowdsourcing.

  10.Beth Noveck, “Open Government Directive, Phase III: Drafting,” WhiteHouse.gov, June 22, 2009, whitehouse.gov/blog/Open-Government-Directive-Phase-III-Drafting.

  11.See whitehouse.gov/innovation.

  12.“Remarks by the President on Innovation and Sustainable Growth,” WhiteHouse.gov, September 21, 2009, whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-by-the-President-on-Innovation-and-­Sustainable-Growth-at-Hudson-Valley-Community-College.

  13.“Remarks by the President at the Opening Session of the Forum on Modernizing Government,” WhiteHouse.gov, January 14, 2010, whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-opening-session-­forum-modernizing-government.

  14.Kate Andersen Brower and Julianna Goldman, “Obama Says ‘Progress’ Made in CEO Meeting on Fueling Economy,” Bloomberg.com, December 16, 2010, bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-15/obama-says-progress-was-made-in-meeting-on-economy-with-chief-­executives.html.

  15.“Remarks by the President at the Signing of the America Invents Act,” WhiteHouse.gov, September 16, 2011, whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/09/16/remarks-president-signing-america-invents-act.

  16.“Remarks by the President at JOBS Act Bill Signing,” WhiteHouse.gov, April 5, 2012, whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/04/05/remarks-president-jobs-act-bill-signing.

  17.Jesse Lee, “The President on the National Wireless Initiative: ‘We’re Going to Have to Up Our Game, Marquette,’” WhiteHouse.gov, February 10, 2011, whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/02/10/president-national-wireless-initiative-we-re-going-have-our-game-marquette.

  18.“Designing a Digital Future: Federally Funded Research and Development in Networking and Information Technology,” President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, December 2010, whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-nitrd-report-2010.pdf.

  19.“Obama Administration Unveils ‘Big Data’ Initiative: Announces $200 Million in New R&D Investments,” Office of Science and Technology Policy, March 29, 2012, whitehouse.gov/sites/­default/files/microsites/ostp/big_data_press_release_final_2.pdf.

  20.“Fact Sheet: Big Data Across the Federal Government,” Office of Science and Technology Policy, March 29, 2012, whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/big_data_fact_sheet_final.pdf.

  21.Aneesh Chopra, “Memorandum for the Science and Technology Council Committee on Technology: Open Innovator’s Toolkit,” ­WhiteHouse.gov, February 8, 2012, whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/openinnovatortoolkit_nstcmemo.pdf.

  22.Larry Huston and Nabil Sakkab, “P&G’s New Innovation Model,” Harvard Business School, last modified March 30, 2006, hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/5258.html.

  23.Beth Stackpole, “P&G Offers Free Simulation Software to SMB Manufacturers,” Design News, last modified July 6, 2011, designnews.com/document.asp?doc_id=230931.

  24.“Partnering with the World to Create Greater Value,” P&G.com, pg.com/en_US/downloads/innovation/C_D_factsheet.pdf.

  25.Carl Marinucci, “Tech Leaders Upbeat about Jobs as Debt Drama Ends,” SFGate, August 2, 2011, sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Tech-leaders-upbeat-about-jobs-as-debt-drama-ends-2336748.php.

  26.“New TechNet Sponsored Study: Nearly 500,000 ‘App Economy’ Jobs in the United States,” TechNet.org, February 7, 2012, technet.org/new-technet-sponsored-study-nearly-500000-app-economy-jobs-in-united-states-february-7-2012.

  27.Friedrich A. Hayek, “The Use of Knowledge in Society,” Library of Economics and Liberty, 1945: econlib.org/library/Essays/hykKnw1.html.

  28.“The Meeting at Harvard on a Health Information Technology Platform: Executive Summaries,” September 29, 2009, smartplatforms.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/HMS-HIT-­Platform-final-v110909-1.pdf.

  29.“Open Data: Unlocking Innovation & Performance with Liquid Information,” McKinsey Global Institute October 2013.

  30.Aneesh Chopra, “Memorandum for the Science and Technology Council Committee on Technology: Open Innovator’s Toolkit,” WhiteHouse.gov, February 8, 2012, whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/openinnovatortoolkit_nstcmemo.pdf.

  31.Thomas Jefferson, “First Inaugural Address,” Bartleby.com, bartleby.com/124/pres16.html.

  Chapter 5

  1.“Weather Observations,” Monticello, monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/weather-observations.

  2.The passages on the history of weather derive from several sources, including: “Evolution of the National Weather Service,” ­NOAA’s National Weather Service, last modified April 19, 2013, nws.noaa.gov/pa/history/timeline.php; “History of the National Weather Service,” NOAA’s National Weather Service, last modified January 25, 2012, nws.noaa.gov/pa/history/index.php; “A History of Observing the Weather,” NOAA.gov, last modified May 31, 2007, celebrating200years.noaa.gov/foundations/weather_obs/#earlyyear.

  3.Frank Millikan, “Joseph Henry’s Grand Meteorological Crusade,” Weatherwise 50 (October–November 1997): 14–18, siarchives.si.edu/history/jhp/joseph03.htm.

  4.Lisa Rein, “Civil War Gave Birth to Much of ­Modern Federal Government,” Washington Post, October 7, 2011, articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-10-07/lifestyle/35279330_1_­federal-government-civil-war-federal-employees.

  5.“About DOJ,” The United States Department of Justice, last modified March 2012, justice.gov/about/about.html.

  6.“Benjamin Harrison: First Annual Message, December 3, 1889,” Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, eds., the American Presidency Project Online, presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29530.

  7.“Fair Weather: Effective Partnerships in Weather and Climate Services,” Committee on Partnerships in Weather and Climate Services and Committee on Geophysical and Environmental Data, National Research Council, 2003, nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10610&page=57.

  8.Holly Doremus, “Time to Make NOAA Official,” LegalPlanet, January 29, 2010, legalplanet.wordpress.com/2010/01/29/time-to-make-noaa-official.

  9.Frank Konkel, “NOAA’s Budget Boost Could Help Weather Satellite Program,” FCW.com, April 11, 2013, fcw.com/articles/2013/04/11/noaa-budget.aspx.

  10.“About Us,” CompuWeather.com, 2013, compuweather.com/about-us.

  11.The passage relating to NOAA’s private sector policies derive from the following: National Weather Service, Policy on Industrial Meteorology, National Weather Service Operations Manual (78–24, Part A, Chapter 55, 1978) 1–3; “Policy on Partnerships in the Provision of Environmental Information,” NOAA.gov, noaa.gov/­partnershippolicy/; Bill Kearny, “Fair Weather: Public vs. Private Forecasting,” The National Academies In Focus 3, no. 1 (Winter–Spring 2003), infocusmagaz
ine.org/3.1/env_weather.html; Committee on Partnerships in Weather and Climate Services et al., Fair Weather: Effective Partnership in Weather and Climate Services, Appendix B (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2003), nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10610&page=121.

  12.“National Digital Forecast Database (NDFD) Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) Web Service,” graphical.weather.gov, last modified October 4, 2011, graphical.weather.gov/xml.

  Jeremy Zawodny, “XML Weather Data Available,” Jeremy Zawodny’s Blog, December 6, 2004, jeremy.zawodny.com/blog/­archives/003201.html.

  David Bollier, “Open Source Weather,” On the Commons, December 9, 2004, onthecommons.org/open-source-weather.

  13.Richard Mandel and Erik Noyes, “Beyond the NWS: Inside the Thriving Private Weather Forecasting Industry,” Weatherwise.org, 2010, weatherwise.org/Archives/Back%20Issues/2013/January-­February%202013/beyond-nws-full.html.

  14.“The Weather Channel Apps Rank in Top 10 for iPad, iPhone,” Weather.com, May 3, 2013, weather.com/news/twc-apps-ipad-iphone-20130503.

  15.Sam Roberts, “New Figure for 2010 Census: $1.6 Billion Under Budget,” New York Times, August 10, 2010, nytimes.com/2010/08/11/us/politics/11census.html.

  16.Michael Lind, Land of Promise: An Economic History of the United States (New York: Harper, 2013).

  17.Michael R. Lemov, People’s Warrior: John Moss and the Fight for Freedom of Information and Consumer Rights (Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2011), amazon.com/Peoples-Warrior-Freedom-Information-Consumer/dp/161147471X.

  18.“History of FOIA,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, eff.org/issues/transparency/history-of-foia.

  19.“Open Government Directive: Evaluating HHS Progress,” United States Department of Health and Human Services, hhs.gov/open/plan/actions.html.

  20.Aneesh Chopra, “The Race to the Top for Openness and Innovation: Announcing Agency Open Government Plan Leading Practices,” WhiteHouse.gov, August 12, 2010, whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/08/12/race-top-openness-and-innovation-announcing-agency-open-government-plan-leading-prac.