by Jess Hill
15J.C. Babcock, C.E. Green, S.A. Webb & K.H. Graham, ‘A second failure to replicate the Gottman et al. (1995) typology of men who abuse intimate partners … and possible reasons why’, Journal of Family Psychology, 1995, 18(2), pp. 396–400; J.C. Meehan, A. Holtzworth-Munroe & K. Herron, ‘Maritally violent men’s heart rate reactivity to marital interactions: A failure to replicate the Gottman et al. (1995) typology’, Journal of Family Psychology, 2001, 15(3), pp. 394–408.
16A. Holtzworth-Munroe & G.L. Stuart, ‘Typologies of male batterers: Three subtypes and the differences among them’, Psychological Bulletin, 1994, 116(3), pp. 476–97.
17Data from the Gun Violence Archive cited in Sam Morris and Guardian US interactive team, ‘Mass shooting in the US’, The Guardian, 16 February 2018.
18Rebecca Traister, ‘What mass killers really have in common’, New York Magazine, 15 July 2016.
19Jane Wangmann, Different Types of Intimate Partner Violence – an exploration of the literature, Domestic Violence Clearinghouse, October 2011.
20David Gadd & Mary-Louise Corr, ‘Beyond typologies: Foregrounding meaning and motive in domestic violence perpetration’, Deviant Behavior, 2017, 387, pp. 781–91.
21Ibid.
22Quoted in Allan J. Tobin & Jennie Dusheck, Asking about Life, Cengage Learning, 2005 p. 819.
23Kirsten Tillisch et al., ‘Structure and response to emotional stimuli as related to gut microbial profiles in healthy women’, Psychosomatic Medicine, October 2017, 79(8), pp. 905–13.
24Mark Patrick Taylor et al., ‘The relationship between atmospheric lead emissions and aggressive crime: An ecological study’, Environmental Health, February 2016, 15(23).
25Corrine Barraclough, ‘Domestic violence: Where are the realists?’ The Spectator Australia, 12 April 2017.
26E.W. Gondolf, ‘Characteristics of court-mandated batterers in four cities: Diversity and dichotomies’, Violence Against Women, 1999, 5(11), pp. 1277–93.
27S.M. Stith et al., ‘The intergenerational transmission of spouse abuse: A meta-analysis’, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1999: 62(3), pp. 640–54.
28Bancroft, Why Does He Do That?.
29C.L. Yodanis, ‘Gender inequality, violence against women, and fear: A cross-national test of the feminist theory of violence against women’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2004, 19(6): pp. 655–75; L.L. Heise & A. Kotsadam, ‘Cross-national and multilevel correlates of partner violence: An analysis of data from population-based surveys’, Lancet Global Health, 2015.
30The Hon. Malcolm Turnbull MP, Prime Minister, ‘Transcript of Joint Press Conference: Women’s Safety Package to Stop the Violence’, 24 September 2015.
31Melanie F. Shepard & Ellen L. Pence, Coordinating Community Responses to Domestic Violence: Lessons from Duluth and beyond, SAGE Publications, 1999, p. 29.
32E. Pence & S. Das Dasgupta, Re-Examining ‘Battering’: Are all acts of violence against intimate partners the same? Praxis International, Inc., June 2006.
4. SHAME
1Neil Websdale, Familicidal Hearts: The emotional styles of 211 killers, Oxford University Press, February 2010.
2Bancroft, Why Does He Do That?, pp. 151–8.
3Helen Block Lewis, Shame and Guilt in Neurosis, New York: International Universities Press, 1971.
4H.B. Lewis, ‘The role of shame in symptom formation’ in M. Clynes & J. Panksepp (eds), Emotions and Psychopathology, Boston, MA: Springer, 1988.
5R.L. Dearing, & J.P. Tangney (eds), Shame in the Therapy Hour, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2011.
6Christian Keysers, ‘Inside the mind of a psychopath – Empathic, but not always’, Psychology Today, July 2013.
7Katie Heaney, ‘My life as a psychopath’, Science of Us, August 2018.
8Donald L. Nathanson, Shame and Pride: Affect, sex, and the birth of the self, New York: Norton, 1992, p. 220.
9Robert Karen, ‘Shame’, The Atlantic Monthly, February 1992, pp. 40–70.
10Peter N. Stearns, Shame: A brief history, Urbana; Chicago; Springfield: University of Illinois Press, 2017.
11The Tomkins Institute, ‘Nine affects, present at birth, combine with life experience to form emotion and personality’.
12D.L. Nathanson (ed.), The Many Faces of Shame, New York: The Guilford Press, 1987, p. 21.
13Jim Logan, For Shame: The Current, UCSB, February 2016.
14Brené Brown, ‘Listening to Shame’, TED Talk, March 2012.
15Donald L. Nathanson, Shame and Pride, pp. 303–78.
16Ibid., p. 359.
17Robert M. Sapolsky, Behave: The biology of humans at our best and worst, New York: Penguin, 2017.
18Ibid.
19Quoted in Jon Ronson, So You’ve Been Publicly Shamed, New York: Riverhead Books, 2015.
20Penelope Green, ‘Carefully smash the patriarchy’, The New York Times, 18 March 2019.
21James Gilligan, ‘Shame, guilt, and violence’, Social Research, 2003, 70(4), pp. 1149–80.
22Alyssa Toomey, ‘Nigella Lawson choking incident: Photographer describes scene as “so violent”’, E! News (online), 9 January 2014.
23James Gilligan, Violence: Reflections on a national epidemic, New York: Vintage Books, 1997, p. 111.
24Judith Graham, Bulletin #4422, Violence Part 2: Shame and humiliation, University of Maine, 2001.
25Germaine Greer, On Rage, Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2008
26Michelle Jones, A Fight About Nothing: Constructions of domestic violence, PhD thesis, University of Adelaide, 2004.
27D.G. Dutton & S.K. Golant, The Batterer: A psychological profile, New York: Basic Books, 1995.
28Ibid.
29Erich Fromm, The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness, Penguin, 1973, p. 323.
30N.S. Websdale, ‘Of nuclear missiles and love objects: The humiliated fury of Kevin Jones’, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 2010, 39(4), pp. 388–420.
31J. Brown, ‘Shame and domestic violence: Treatment perspectives for perpetrators from self psychology and affect theory’, Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 2004, 19(1), pp. 39–56.
32Allan G. Johnson, The Gender Knot: Unraveling our patriarchal legacy. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2005.
33Brené Brown, ‘Listening to Shame’, TED Talk, March 2012.
5. PATRIARCHY
1Kathy Caprino, ‘Renowned therapist explains the crushing effects of patriarchy on men and women today’, Forbes, 25 January 2018.
2European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Violence Against Women: An EU-wide survey, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 5 March 2014.
3Peta Cox, Violence Against Women in Australia: Additional analysis of the Australian Bureau of Statistics’ Personal Safety Survey, 2012, Sydney: ANROWS 2016.
4David Leser, ‘Women, men and the whole damn thing’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 9 February 2018.
5Michael Ian Black, ‘The boys are not alright’, The New York Times, 21 February 2018.
6Elise Scott & Elise Pianegonda, ‘Heterosexual, white men with jobs “aren’t included in anything”, Canberra Liberal MLA says’, ABC News (online), 21 September 2017.
7Johnson, The Gender Knot, pp. 5–12.
8Ibid., p. 64.
9Terrence Real, How Can I Get Through to You?: Closing the intimacy gap between men and women, Simon & Schuster, 2010.
10Tim Winton, ‘About the boys: Tim Winton on how toxic masculinity is shackling men to misogyny’, The Guardian, 9 April 2018.
11Maree Crabbe & David Corlett (dirs), Love and Sex in an Age of Pornography, documentary, 2013.
12A. Armstrong, A. Quadara, A. El-Murr & J. Latham, ‘The effects of pornography on children and young people: An evidence scan’, Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2017.
13Gail Dines, ‘Choking women is all the rage. It’s branded as fun, sexy “breath play”’, The Guardian, 14 May 2018.
14A.J. Brieges, R. Wosnitzer, E. Scharrer, C. Sun & R. Liberman ‘Aggression
and sexual behavior in best-selling pornography videos: A content analysis update’, Violence Against Women, October 2010, 16(10): 1065–85.
15Maree Crabbe, ‘Porn as sex education: A cultural influence we can no longer ignore’, The Guardian, 3 August 2016.
16Gail Dines, Pornland: How porn has hijacked our sexuality, Beacon Press, August 2010.
17Megan S.C. Lim et al., ‘Young Australians; use of pornography and associations with sexual risk behaviours’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, June 2017.
18Miranda Horvath et al., Basically … porn is everywhere: A rapid evidence assessment on the effects that access and exposure to pornography has on children and young people, Office of the Children’s Commissioner, 2013.
19P. Weston, ‘New data shows Gold Coast’s domestic violence crisis being fuelled by links to pornography’, Gold Coast Bulletin, 7 October 2016.
20bell hooks, Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate politics, Pluto Press, 2000.
21bell hooks, The Will to Change: Men, masculinity, and love, Simon & Schuster, January 2004, pp. 6–7.
22Ibid., p. 7.
23Andy Hinds, ‘Messages of shame are organized around gender’, The Atlantic, 26 April 2013.
24L. Penny, 2018, at https://twitter.com/PennyRed/status/992396816879628289 and https://twitter.com/PennyRed/status/989070547769323520
25Steph Harmon, ‘#MeToo revelations and loud, angry men: The feminism flashpoint of Sydney Writers’ Festival’, The Guardian, 5 May 2018.
26Ann Watson Moore, ‘Domestic violence offender: How I decided to kill my wife’, Gold Coast Bulletin, 8 November 2018.
27Michael Salter, ‘Real men do hit women’, Meanjin, Autumn 2016.
28Australian Bureau of Statistics, Causes of Death, Australia, 2017, Canberra: ABS, 2018.
6. CHILDREN
1David Indermaur & Australian Institute of Criminology, Young Australians and Domestic Violence, Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2001.
2Australian Bureau of Statistics, Personal Safety Survey, Australia, Canberra: ABS, 2016.
3Government of South Australia’s response to the Child Protection Systems Royal Commission report, The Life They Deserve: Margaret Nyland, Child Protection Systems Royal Commission Report, Vol. 1 Summary and Report, August 2016.
4R. Pilkington et al. Child Protection in South Australia, BetterStart Child Health and Development Research Group, School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, 2017.
5Rebecca Puddy, ‘Australia facing an “epidemic of child abuse and neglect”, according to experts’, ABC News (online), 16 September 2018.
6Herman, Trauma and Recovery, p. 96.
7Australian Institute of Family Studies, ‘What is child abuse and neglect?’ CFCA Resource sheet, AIFS, September 2018.
8Megan Mitchell, ‘A life free from violence and fear: a child’s right’, speech given at 2016 International Congress on Child Abuse and Neglect, 29 August 2016.
9Ruth Clare, ‘Seen But Not Heard’, Meanjin, Summer 2017.
10Rose Cairns et al., ‘Trends in self-poisoning and psychotropic drug use in people aged 5–19 years: A population-based retrospective cohort study in Australia’, BMJ Open, 2019, 9(2).
11Mazoe Ford, ‘Australian suicide deaths rising among women and teenage girls, ABS figures show’, ABC News (online), 29 September 2016.
12Paige Taylor, ‘Wyatt confronted with stark reminder of youth suicide scourge’, The Australian, 22 March 2019.
13Shalailah Medhora, ‘“It rips your heart out”: Five Aboriginal girls under 15 died by suicide within days’, Hack, ABC Triple J, 18 January 2019.
14Speech by Megan Mitchell, Australian Children’s Commissioner, at the 13th Australasian Injury Prevention Network Conference, 13 November 2017.
15Australian Human Rights Commission, Children’s Rights Report, Sydney: AHRC, 2015, p. 99.
16Alison Gopnik, The Philosophical Baby: What children’s minds tell us about truth, love, and the meaning of life, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009.
17Ibid., p. 9.
18Wendy Bunston & Robyn Sketchley, ‘Refuge for babies in crisis: How crisis accommodation services can assist infants and their mothers affected by family violence’, Domestic Violence Resource Centre, The Royal Children’s Hospital, January 2012.
19AHRC, Children’s Rights Report, p. 155.
20Herman, Trauma and Recovery, p. 99.
21Eamon J. McCrory, et al., ‘Heightened neural reactivity to threat in child victims of family violence’, Current Biology, 2011, 21(23), pp. R947–R948.
22B.D. Perry, ‘The neurodevelopmental impact of violence in childhood’ in D. Schetky and E.P. Benedek (eds), Textbook of Child and Adolescent Forensic Psychiatry, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 2001, pp. 221–38.
23Olga Trujillo, The Sum of My Parts: A survivor’s story of dissociative identity disorder, New Harbinger, 2011, p. 18.
24Ruth Dee, Fractured: Living nine lives to escape my own abuse, Hachette, UK, 2010.
25Herman, Trauma and Recovery, p. 101.
26Heather McNeill, ‘Perth teen who stabbed step-father to death should not go to prison, court told’, WAtoday, 15 February 2018.
27Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Family, Domestic and Sexual Violence in Australia 2018, cat. no. FDV 2. Canberra: AIHW, 2018 p. xiii.
28Yfoundations, Slamming the Door: Policy and service gaps for young people experiencing domestic and family violence, April 2016.
29K.M. Kitzmann, N.K. Gaylord, A.R. Holt & E.D. Kenny, ‘Child witnesses to domestic violence: A meta-analytic review’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2003, 71(2), pp. 339–52.
30Bessel A. van der Kolk, Developmental Trauma Disorder: Towards a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma histories, Trauma Center at Justice Research Institute.
31The Center for Treatment of Anxiety and Mood Disorders, ‘Complex trauma disorder’, online at https://centerforanxietydisorders.com/complex-trauma-disorder, 15 September 2017.
32Bessel van der Kolk, The Body Keeps the Score: Mind, brain and body in the transformation of trauma, Penguin, 2014.
7. WOMEN WHO USE VIOLENCE
1Our Journal: A Collection of Personal Thoughts about Domestic Violence, from the ‘Not Now, Not Ever’ report by the Queensland Taskforce into Domestic Violence, 2015
2Data supplied by the Queensland Department of Justice, February 2017.
3T.A. Migliaccio, ‘Abused husbands: A narrative analysis’, Journal of Family Issues, 2002, 23(1), p. 26.
4Ibid., p. 34.
5J. Allen-Collinson, ’A marked man: A case of female-perpetrated intimate partner abuse’, International Journal of Men’s Health, 2009, 8(1), pp. 22–40.
6Australians’ attitudes to violence against women and gender equality. Findings from the 2017 National Community Attitudes Survey towards Violence against Women Survey by Webster, K., Diemer, K., Honey, N., Mannix, S., Mickle, J., Morgan, J., Parkes, A., Politoff, V., Powell, A., Stubbs, J. & Ward, A.
7Both women and men are more likely to experience violence at the hands of men, with around 95 per cent of all victims of violence in Australia reporting a male perpetrator, from K. Diemer, ABS Personal Safety Survey: Additional analysis on relationship and sex of perpetrator. Documents and working papers. Research on violence against women and children, 2015, University of Melbourne.
8M.A. Straus & R.J. Gelles, Physical Violence in American Families: Risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8,145 families, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1990.
9R.J. Gelles, The Violent Home: A study of physical aggression between husbands and wives, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1974.
10S.K. Steinmetz, ‘The battered husband syndrome’, Victimology, 2(3–4), 1977–78, pp. 499–509.
11Richard Gelles, ‘The missing persons of domestic violence: Battered men’, The Women’s Quarterly, 1999.
12Straus Murray, Sherry Hamby, Sue Boney-McCoy & David Sugarman, ‘The Revised Conflict Tact
ics Scales (CTS2): Development and preliminary psychometric data’, Journal of Family Issues, 1996, 17, p. 283.
13G. Margolin, ‘The multiple forms of aggression between marital partners: How can we identify them?’ Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 1987, 13, pp. 77–84.
14R.P. Dobash & R.E. Dobash, ‘Women’s violence in intimate relationships: Working on a puzzle’, British Journal of Criminology, 2004, 44, pp. 324–49.
15Michael Kimmel, Misframing Men: The politics of contemporary masculinities, Rutgers University Press, 20 May 2010.
16A. Tomison, Exploring Family Violence: Links between child maltreatment and domestic violence, NCPC Issues No. 13, Australian Institute of Family Studies, June 2000.
17M. Kimmel, The Gender of Desire: Essays on male sexuality, SUNY Press, 1 February 2012, p. 204.
18Michael P. Johnson, A Typology of Domestic Violence: Intimate terrorism, violent resistance, and situational couple violence, Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2008.
19Theodora Ooms, A Sociologist’s Perspective on Domestic Violence: A Conversation with Michael Johnson, Ph.D., from the May 2006 conference sponsored by CLASP and NCSL: Building Bridges: Marriage, Fatherhood, and Domestic Violence.
20J.E. Stets & M.A. Strauss, ‘Gender differences in reporting marital violence and its medical and psychological consequences’ in Strauss & Gelles (eds), Physical Violence in American Families.
21Ooms, A Sociologist’s Perspective.
22Michael P. Johnson, Types of Domestic Violence: Research Evidence, video edited by Michael P. Johnson, published on YouTube, 13 November 2013.
23Ooms, A Sociologist’s Perspective.
24N. Frude, ‘Marital violence: An interactional perspective’ in J. Archer (ed.), Male Violence, London: Routledge Press, 1994.
25DVConnect, 2017–18 Annual Report, available online at www.dvconnect.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/DVConnect_AnnualReport_December2018_Digital.pdf.
26Julia Mansour, Women Defendants to AVOs: What is their experience of the justice system? Women’s Legal Services NSW, 18 March 2014.
27Jane Wangmann, Different Types of Intimate Partner Violence – An exploration of the literature, Australian Domestic & Family Violence Clearinghouse, October 2011, p. 5.