Ponsardin, Thérèse, 38, 59, 105–6, 136, 147
Poupart de Neuflize, 150
Protest, Monsieur, 52
Prussia, 60, 73, 79, 95, 102–3, 183
racking, 29, 54, 55, 76
railroads, 158, 171, 177, 179
Redding, Cyrus, 149
Reims, 6, 61, 99, 172
cathedral of, xv, 6, 9, 63
champagne bottling decree and, 32, 34
festival of St. Vincent in, 50
French Revolution and, 1, 2–5, 8, 9–10
interconnected cellars in, 14–15
Napoleonic Wars and, 101–7, 108
Nicolas Ponsardin as mayor of, 85, 99, 104–5, 138
railroad and, 158, 171
Werlé as mayor of, 172–73, 183
remuage sur pupitre, xix, 124, 126–29, 143, 149
Renée de Lorraine, 1
revolution of 1848, 169
Rheinwald, Miss (Bohne’s fiancée), 87
Robert, Widow, 42, 43, 68, 120
Roederer, Louis, 120, 176
Romans, 14–15, 27–28
Rouillon, Madame de, 134
Royal Society of London, 33
Ruinart, Dom Thierry, 16
Ruinart, Nicolas, 16
Ruinart family, 34, 120
Russia
as champagne market, 25, 60–62, 67, 77–79, 81–82, 94, 108–16, 118, 124, 127, 148, 173
French wine import ban by, 97–98, 115–16
wars with France, 40, 61, 62, 94, 96, 98–104, 107, 108
sabrage, art of, 104
Sachs, Monsieur de, 160
Saint-Évremond, Charles de, 32–33
Saint-Pierre-les-Dames (convent), 1–2, 7, 101
Sandwich, Lord, 137
Simon, Florent, 130
Smith, Bonnie G., 39
sparkling wine, 25, 28, 30–35, 44–45, 51, 64, 80–81, 123. See also champagne
sulfur, 54, 58, 59, 76
supertasters, 58
Tallien, Madame, 14
TCA (chemical), 75
terroir, 20–21, 56
textile industry, 12, 22–23, 68, 73
Nicolas Ponsardin and, 6, 16, 71, 119
Widow Clicquot and, 142, 145, 146, 150, 156
This, Hervé, 58–59
Tolstoy, Count, 110
Tomes, Robert, 125, 128, 129, 141, 160
Tovey, Charles, 64, 191
trademarks, 88–89, 95, 106, 148, 149, 171, 177
trade restrictions, 79, 82, 83, 93–94, 97
Continental System and, 73–74, 84
contraband shipments and, 80, 108–12, 118
Russian market and, 94, 97–98, 115–16
transvasage, 55, 125, 127
Trois Glorieuses, Les, 152–53
Tronsson-Jacquesson, 94
typhoid, 63–66
United States, 1, 10, 140–41, 190
Vasnier, Henri, 174 vendange, 52, 67
Verzenay, 28, 53
Veuve Clicquot: La grande dame de la Champagne (book), 188
Veuve Clicquot Fourneaux and Company, 73–84, 87, 90, 91, 93
Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin and Company, 134–35, 139–41, 143, 170, 185
archives of, xv, 119, 180–81, 185
British market and, 173, 177
brut champagne and, 177
current head of, xvi, 121
early years of, 87–120
financial problems of, 150–51
headquarters of, 144
impostor champagnes and, 148
marketing and, 171
Napoleonic Wars and, 101–9
production concerns of, 124–28
rebuilding of, 157–58, 159
Russian market and, 81–82, 94, 108–16, 118, 124, 127, 148, 173
sales decline in 1830s of, 151–52
sales increase in 1840s of, 158, 160, 161
trademarks of, 88–89, 95, 106, 148, 149, 171, 177
Werlé as partner in, 155–60, 164, 171–72, 177, 179, 182, 185
Widow Clicquot’s retirement and, 159–60
Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin and Company Bank, 142, 144–48, 150–51, 152, 156
Veuve Laurent-Perrier and Company, 177
Veuve Pommery and Company, 174–76
Victoria, queen of Great Britain, xx, 176, 190
vignerons, 5, 22, 42, 52, 125, 153
Villiers-en-Prayères, 139, 144, 156, 167
Vincent, Saint, 50
vin de casse, 57
vin de goût, 53
Vin de la Comète trademark, 95, 106, 149
vineyard ranking system, 20–21
vin gris, 52
vin mousseux, 25, 50, 123
Violetta (dessert wine), 26
Vizetelly, Henry, 127, 168
Werlé, Alfred, 185
Werlé, Édouard, 141–43, 147, 148, 150–51, 188
Louis de Chevigné and, 164
as Reims mayor, 172–73, 183
as Widow Clicquot’s partner, 155–60, 171–72, 177, 179, 182, 185
When Champagne Became French (Guy), 31
Widows, 43, 72, 86, 172
Widow Clicquot. See Clicquot, Barbe-Nicole Ponsardin (Widow Clicquot)
winemaking
blending and, 56, 58, 59
bottling and, 24, 48–50, 57, 96, 149
Chaptal treatise on, 49, 50–51
labeling and, 40, 45, 148–49
laws governing, 45
managerial revolution and, 143, 157
patron saint of, 50
process used in, 29, 53, 54–56
spoilage and storage concerns in, 47–48, 75–76, 125–27
vintage years and, 57, 170–71
vinyard ranking system and, 20–21
women and, xvi, 41–43, 68, 121–24, 176, 185
See also champagne; champagne industry winepresses, 149, 170
wine tasting, 40–41
wine tourism, 40, 175
Wolkonsky, Serge Alexandrovich, 103
women
bourgeois family businesswoman model and, 120, 143, 157
champagne/wine industry and, xvi, xix, xx–xxi, 21, 41–43, 68, 121–24, 173–77, 176, 185, 190
fashion and, 12, 13, 14
limitations on, xix, 38, 39, 72
Napoleonic Code and, 72
revolution of 1848 and, 169
rise of modern businesswoman and, 189–90
as supertasters, 58
as widow entrepreneurs, xix, 43, 72, 86, 187
Woolf, Virginia, 38
Wordsworth, Dorothy, 47
Wordsworth, William, 47
World Exhibition (Paris, 1889), 31
yeast, 29–30, 32, 54–56, 59, 76, 96, 124, 125
About the Author
TILAR J. MAZZEO is a cultural historian, biographer, and passionate student of wine and food culture. She divides her time between the California wine country and Maine, where she is an assistant professor at Colby College.
www.tilar-mazzeo.com
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ALSO BY TILAR J. MAZZEO
Mary Shelley’s Literary Lives and Other Writings
Plagiarism and Literary Property in the Romantic Period
Romantic Travel Writing and the Middle East
Credits
Jacket design by Chin-Yee Lai
Jacket photograph Courtesy of Veuve Clicquot
Copyright
THE WIDOW CLICQUOT. Copyright © 2008 by Tilar J. Mazzeo. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, down-loaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permis
sion of HarperCollins e-books.
Mobipocket Reader September 2008 ISBN 978-0-06-171807-6
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