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Notes
PREFACE
1W. M. Thackeray, The Paris Sketch Book, London: Collins’ Clear-Type Press, 1840, p. 369.
2Peter Burke, The Fabrication of Louis XIV, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992.
3See, for instance, the discussion in the exemplary work of Lisa Wedeen, Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbolism in Contemporary Syria, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999; see also Yves Cohen, ‘The Cult of Number One in an Age of Leaders’, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, vol. 8, no. 3 (Summer 2007), pp. 597–634.
4Andrew J. Nathan, ‘Foreword’ in Li Zhisui, The Private Life of Chairman Mao: The Memoirs of Mao’s Personal Physician, New York: Random House, 1994, p. x.
5Ian Kershaw, The ‘Hitler Myth’: Image and Reality in the Third Reich, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
6Stephen F. Cohen, Rethinking the Soviet Experience: Politics and History since 1917, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985, p. 101.
7Paul Hollander, Political Pilgrims: Western Intellectuals in Search of the Good Society, London: Routledge, 2017; Paul Hollander, From Benito Mussolini to Hugo Chavez: Intellectuals and a Century of Political Hero Worship, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
8Henri Locard, Pol Pot’s Little Red Book: The Sayings of Angkar, Bangkok: Silkworm Books, 2004, p. 99.
CHAPTER 1 MUSSOLINI
1Aristotle Kallis, The Third Rome, 1922–43: The Making of the Fascist Capital, Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, p. 245.
2Christopher Duggan, ‘The Internalisation of the Cult of the Duce: The Evidence of Diaries and Letters’ in Stephen Gundle, Christopher Duggan and Giuliana Pieri (eds), The Cult of the Duce: Mussolini and the Italians, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2013, p. 130.
3ACS, SPD, CO, b. 2762, f. 509819.
4ACS, SPD, b. 386, f. 142471, 29 April 1933, b. 386, f. 142484, 6 June 1933; b. 2773, Dec. 1938.
5Herman Finer, Mussolini’s Italy, New York: Holt and Co., 1935, p. 298.
6Denis Mack Smith, ‘Mussolini, Artist in Propaganda: The Downfall of Fascism’, History Today, 9 no. 4 (April 1959), p. 224.
7Peter Neville, Mussolini, Abingdon: Routledge, 2015, p. 46.
8Ivone Kirkpatrick, Mussolini: Study of a Demagogue, New York: Hawthorn Books, 1964, p. 89; Denis Mack Smith, Mussolini, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1981, p. 39.
9Emilio Gentile quoted in Lucy Hughes-Hallett, Gabriele d’Annunzio: Poet, Seducer, and Preacher of War, London: 4th Estate, 2013, loc. 179.
10Kirkpatrick, Mussolini, pp. 98–9.
11Mack Smith, Mussolini, p. 54.
12Ibid., pp. 54–5; Kirkpatrick, Mussolini, p. 151; The Times, 28 October 1929, p. 14.
13Kirkpatrick, Mussolini, p. 156; George Slocombe, The Tumult and the Shouting, Kingswood: Windmill Press, 1936, p. 148.
14Kirkpatrick, Mussolini, p. 176.
15Ibid., pp. 107 and 200–202.
16Quinto Navarra, Memorie del cameriere di Mussolini, Milan: Longanesi, 1972, pp. 17–18; Dino Biondi, La fabbrica del Duce, Florence: Vallecchi, 1967, p. 96.
17Navarra, Memorie del cameriere di Mussolini, p. 173.
18Guido Bonsaver, Censorship and Literature in Fascist Italy, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007, pp. 19–20.
19Mussolini’s speech to the Chamber, 3 January 1925, Patrick G. Zander, The Rise of Fascism: History, Documents, and Key Questions, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, 2016, p. 140.
20Bonsaver, Censorship and Literature in Fascist Italy, pp. 20–21; Mack Smith, Mussolini, p. 87.
21William Bolitho, Italy under Mussolini, New York: Macmillan, 1926, p. 107; Mussolini’s quotation about the state is famous, and appeared for the first time in ‘Per la medaglia dei benemeriti del comune di Milano’, 28 October 1925, Benito Mussolini, Opera Omnia, Florence: La Fenice, 1956, vol. 21, p. 425.
22Bolitho, Italy under Mussolini, p. 107.
23Kirkpatrick, Mussolini, p. 244; Mack Smith, Mussolini, p. 102.
24ACS, SPD, Carteggio Ordinario, b. 234, f. 2795, pp. 19731–6, May 1923; Lorenzo Santoro, Roberto Farinacci e il Partito Nazionale Fascista 1923–1926, Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 2008, pp. 197–8.
25Mack Smith, Mussolini, pp. 102–3; Mario Rivoire, Vita e morte del fascismo, Milan: Edizioni Europee, 1947, p. 107.
26Augusto Turati, Una rivoluzione e un capo, Rome: Libreria del Littorio, 1927, pp. 35 and 143; Partito Nazionale Fascista, Le origini e lo
sviluppo del fascismo, attraverso gli scritti e la parola del Duce e le deliberazioni del P.N.F. dall’intervento alla marcia su Roma, Rome: Libreria del Littorio, 1928, p. xiii.
27Navarra, Memorie del cameriere di Mussolini, pp. 197–9.
28Percy Winner, ‘Mussolini: A Character Study’, Current History, 28, no. 4 (July 1928), p. 526; Bolitho, Italy under Mussolini, p. 62; Slocombe, The Tumult and the Shouting, p. 149.
29Camillo Berneri, Mussolini grande attore, Pistoia: Edizioni dell’Archivio Famiglia Berneri, 1st edn 1934, second edn 1983, pp. 25–6; Mack Smith, Mussolini, p. 124.
30William Sloane Kennedy, Italy in Chains, West Yarmouth, MA: Stonecraft Press, 1927, p. 18; Henri Béraud, Ce que j’ai vu à Rome, Paris: Les Editions de France, 1929, p. 38; Rivoire, Vita e morte del fascismo, p. 99.
31Adrian Lyttelton, The Seizure of Power: Fascism in Italy, 1919–1929, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2nd edn, 1987, p. 401.
32Béraud, Ce que j’ai vu à Rome, pp. 37–42; on the image of Mussolini, see also Simonetta Falasca-Zamponi, Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini’s Italy, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000.
33Margherita Sarfatti, The Life of Benito Mussolini, London: Butterworth, 1925, pp. 29–30, 44 and 230.
34Berneri, Mussolini grande attore, pp. 26–8; Vincenzo de Gaetano, Il libro dell’Avanguardista, Catania: Società Tip. Editrice Siciliana, 1927, pp. 45–6; also Sckem Gremigni, Duce d’Italia, Milano, Istituto di Propaganda d’Arte e Cultura, 1927.
35Navarra, Memorie del cameriere di Mussolini, pp. 110–12, 124–5 and 135; Emil Ludwig, Talks with Mussolini, Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1933, p. 80; Kirkpatrick, Mussolini, p. 159.
36Winner, ‘Mussolini: A Character Study’, p. 525.
37René Benjamin, Mussolini et son peuple, Paris: Librairie Plon, 1937, p. 235; Maurice Bedel, Fascisme An VII, Paris: Gallimard, 1929, pp. 18–19; Berneri, Mussolini grande attore, p. 43.
38Navarra, Memorie del cameriere di Mussolini, p. 161; Romain Hayes, Subhas Chandra Bose in Nazi Germany: Politics, Intelligence and Propaganda, 1941–1943, London, Hurst, 2011, pp. 9–10; Robert Blake and Wm Roger Louis (eds), Churchill, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2002, p. 258; Edwin P. Hoyt, Mussolini’s Empire: The Rise and Fall of the Fascist Vision, New York: Wiley, 1994, p. 115; see also John Patrick Diggins, Mussolini and Fascism: The View from America, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972; David F. Schmitz, The United States and Fascist Italy, 1922–1940, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.
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