A tractor in a field with Stalin’s portrait, circa 1940.
Germans cheer Stalin, 14 August 1951, East Berlin.
Soviet sailors swimming with portraits of Stalin in celebration of Navy Day, Sevastopol, July 1950.
A group of pioneers at a monument to Stalin, Uzbekistan, circa 1940.
Mao on the cover of Red Star Over China, 1937.
Mao surrounded by students, Shaoshan, 1959.
A People’s Commune outside Shanghai, 1964.
The employees of a bookstore send the Selected Works of Mao Zedong to peasants in a suburban district of Beijing, circa 1966.
A group of children in uniform read the Little Red Book during the Cultural Revolution, circa 1968.
A parade in Beijing, circa 1970.
Kim Il-sung offering ‘on-the-spot guidance’ at a machine factory, circa 1967.
A choir sings in front of a huge portrait of Kim Il-sung in the Palace of Culture, Pyongyang, circa 1981.
Father and son, 1992.
Workers sweeping the ground in front of a giant bronze statue of Kim Il-sung, Pyongyang, 1994.
Fiftieth anniversary of the Workers’ Party of Korea, a year after the death of Kim Il-sung, 1995.
An unassuming Duvalier, circa 1963.
Duvalier with gun as he rides through Port-au-Prince, circa 1963.
A parade in Port-au-Prince celebrating Duvalier, 1968.
Homeless man lying beneath portrait of Papa Doc, 1974.
Ceauşescu is presented with a presidential sceptre, March 1974.
The Ceauşescus surrounded by children in traditional costumes, December 1979.
Huge crowds celebrate Ceauşescu in Bucharest, January 1988.
The Palace of the People, photographed a few days after Ceauşescu was shot on Christmas Day 1989.
Children welcoming the Ceauşescus, November 1989.
Gate at the entrance of Harar with portraits of Brezhnev, Castro and Mengistu in the centre, circa 1981.
Mengistu leading a mass meeting, June 1977.
Mengistu and Castro celebrate the fourth anniversary of the revolution in Addis Ababa, September 1978.
Mengistu shaking hands with Kim Il-sung, February 1986.
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First published in Great Britain 2019
Copyright © Frank Dikötter, 2019
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W.M. Thackeray illustration © History and Art Collection, Alamy Stock Photo
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How to Be a Dictator Page 33