by Wendy Lower
headquarters of, [>]
Jewish revenge and, [>]
killing experiments by, [>]–[>], [>]
marriage regulation and, [>]–[>]
massacres in Ukraine and, [>]–[>]
Himmler, Katrin, [>], [>]
Hitler, Adolf
appointment as chancellor, [>]
eastern Lebensraum and, [>]
“euthanasia” program and, [>]
last proclamation by, [>]
Mein Kampf, [>]–[>]
motherhood ideals and, [>]–[>]
persecution of women under, [>]–[>]
on place of women, [>]
Saarland and, [>]
support for, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]
suppression of opposition and, [>]–[>]
Werwolf compound, [>]
women’s movement and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Hitler Youth, [>]–[>], [>]. See also League of German Girls (Bund deutscher Mädel, BdM)
Hoechtl, Emmy, [>], [>]
home front
wives as nurturers and, [>]
women as victims and, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>] (See also womanhood, Nazi ideals of)
hospitals. See medical facilities
Höss, Rudolf, [>]
household killings. See wives of Nazi men
housekeeping, [>]
hunting trips, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]. See also balcony shootings; sadistic violence; shooting sprees
ideological indoctrination. See also Nazi propaganda
anti-Semitism and, [>]–[>]
ethnic Germans in the East and, [>]–[>]
female aesthetic and, [>]–[>]
Hitler Youth and, [>]–[>]
nurses and, [>]–[>]
postwar denazification and, [>]–[>]
“subhumans” and, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
teachers and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
interwar years. See also generation of Nazi supporters
as formative context, [>]–[>]
Nazi policy on Jews in, [>], [>]–[>]
intimate relationships, and violence, [>], [>]–[>]. See also wives of Nazis
Ivens, Ingelene, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]. See also Poznań, Poland
Jackson, Robert H., [>]–[>]
Jaktorow camp, [>]
Janowska camp, [>], [>]–[>]
Jehovah’s Witnesses, [>]
Jewish laborers
abusive treatment of, [>], [>], [>]–[>]
exploitation of, [>]
in offices, [>]–[>], [>]
provision of help to, [>]
selection of, [>], [>]–[>]
shootings of, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]
Volodymyr-Volynsky massacres and, [>]–[>]
Jewish property
confiscation of, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
distribution of, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
women’s possession of, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Jews. See also Aktion against Jews; anti-Semitism; ghettos; ideological indoctrination; mass-murder operations
aid to, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]
coffin-decorated tally and, [>], [>]
emigration of, [>], [>]
everyday encounters with, [>]
fear of revenge from, [>]–[>], [>]
humiliation of, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
hunting of escapees and, [>]–[>]
indifference to fates of, [>]–[>]
interwar Nazi policy on, [>], [>]–[>]
Nazi pedagogy and, [>]
propaganda about, [>], [>], [>]
terms used for, [>], [>] (see also “subhumans”)
women’s movement and, [>], [>]
woods as hiding places for, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Judenwurst (Jewish sausage), [>]
Katz, Regina, [>]
Katzmann, Friedrich, [>]
Katzmann, Hilde, [>]–[>]
Keller (gendarme chief), [>]
Kempner, Robert, [>]–[>], [>]
Kempner, Ruth, [>]–[>], [>]
Khmer Rouge terror, [>]
Khmilnyk, Ukraine, [>]
Klebka (Jewish girl in Rivne), [>]–[>]
Kneissler, Pauline, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Kocborowo (Conradstein) asylum, [>]
Koch, Ilse, [>], [>]
Koonz, Claudia, [>]–[>], [>]
Kracauer, Siegfried, [>]–[>]
Krepp, Josefine. See Block, Josefine Krepp
Kürbs, Erna. See Petri, Erna Kürbs
Lächert, Hildegard, [>]
Landau, Felix, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
Landau, Gertrude Segel, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]
Langefeld, Johanna, [>]
Latvia, Nazi-occupied, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Lauer, Amalie, [>]
Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring, [>]
League of German Girls (Bund deutscher Mädel, BdM), [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]
Lebensraum (“living space”), Nazi visions of, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]. See also eastern European territories
Lemberg, Ukraine. See Grzenda plantation; Lviv (Lemberg), Ukraine
Leonhard, Erna, [>]
lethal injections, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Lida, Belarus, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]. See also Dick, Sabine; Meier, Liselotte
Lidice, Czechoslovakia, [>]
Lilienthal, Georg, [>]
Lithuania, Nazi-occupied, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Lodz ghetto, [>]–[>]
Loew, Dr. (Jewish dentist), [>]
Lombroso, Cesare, [>]
Luxemburg, Rosa, [>]
Lviv (Lemberg), Ukraine, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]. See also Grzenda plantation; Janowska camp
machinery of destruction, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]
Majdanek concentration camp, [>]
Maly Trostenets, Belarus, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Mann, Michael, [>]
marriage, regulation of, [>]–[>], [>]. See also racial mixing; wives of Nazis
Maschmann, Melita, [>]
mass-murder operations. See also Aktion against Jews; “euthanasia” program; genocidal techniques; entries for specific locations
cases against female participants in, [>]
everyday scenery and, [>]–[>], [>]
male participants’ stories about, [>]–[>], [>]
paperwork on, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
plunder depots and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Volodymyr-Volynsky massacre and, [>]
medical experiments, [>], [>], [>], [>]
medical facilities. See also “euthanasia” program; nurses
cases against women in, [>]
field hospitals and, [>], [>]–[>]
genocidal techniques and, [>], [>]
killing of children in, [>], [>]
nonmedical uses of, [>]–[>]
postwar evacuation of, [>]
Meier, Liselotte, [>]
background of, [>]
photograph of, [>]
secretarial duties of, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
testimony of, [>], [>]–[>]
Mein Kampf (Hitler), [>]–[>]
memoirs, as documentation, [>]–[>]
“mercy” killings, [>]–[>]. See also “euthanasia” program
Meseritz-Obrawalde asylum, [>], [>]
Meyer, Kathrin, [>]
midwifery, [>], [>]
Miedzyrzec-Podlaski ghetto Aktion, in Poland, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Minsk, Belarus. See also Dick, Sabine; Erdmann, Brigitte
field hospitals near, [>]
Gestapo office in, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
ghetto in, [>]–[>], [>]
Jewish goods and, [>]–[>]
killing operations in, [>]
number of Jews killed in, [>]
scenery in, [>], [>], [>]
; mobile security units. See Einsatzgruppen
Moringen workhouse, [>]
motherhood, Nazi ideals about, [>], [>], [>]–[>]. See also women’s roles
birthrate after 1935 and, [>]
female participation in violence and, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
secretarial workers and, [>]
selective breeding and, [>]
motives of female participants, [>]–[>]. See also prosecution of war crimes
environment and, [>], [>]–[>]
explanations and, [>]–[>]
female anti-Semitism and, [>]–[>]
male-female dynamics and, [>]–[>]
perpetrator mentality and, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
sadistic behavior and, [>]–[>]
self-representations and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Narodichi, Ukraine, [>]–[>]
National Socialist Welfare Association (NSV), [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
National Socialist Women’s League (NSF), [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Nazi Party Women’s Organization. See National Socialist Women’s League (NSF).
Nazi propaganda. See also ideological indoctrination
on atrocities, [>]–[>], [>]
on eastern land, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
on German women, [>], [>], [>], [>]
on Jews, [>], [>]
postwar fear and, [>]–[>]
on relief workers, [>], [>]
Nazi regime
administrative work and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>] (see also secretaries)
aftermath of defeat and, [>]–[>]
early years of, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
imperial goals of, [>]–[>], [>]
party membership and, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]
place of women in, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
racial ideology of, [>]–[>]
training in the East and, [>]–[>]
Nazi women’s organizations, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]. See also women’s movement
Nebe, Arthur, [>]
Neuengamme camp, [>]–[>]
normalization of violence, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
November 1938 pogrom (Kristallnacht), [>]
Novgorod Volynsk (Zwiahel), Ukraine, [>]–[>], [>]
NSV. See National Socialist Welfare Association (NSV)
Nuremberg Laws, [>]
Nuremberg trials, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]. See also prosecution of war crimes
nurses, [>]–[>]. See also Kneissler, Pauline; Ohr, Erika; Schücking, Annette
ages of, [>]
explanations by, [>]–[>]
Jewish, [>]
killing by, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
recruitment of, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
roles of, [>], [>]
soldiers’ stories and, [>]–[>]
traditional virtues of, [>], [>]–[>]
uniforms of, [>], [>]
nurturing, as female virtue, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
oathtaking, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Oberheuser, Herta, [>], [>]–[>]
Ohlendorf, Otto, [>]–[>]
Ohr, Erika, [>]
after the war, [>], [>], [>]–[>]
background of, [>]–[>]
her journey east, [>]–[>]
memoir of, [>], [>], [>]
photograph of, [>]
Operation Brandt, [>]
Operation (Aktion) Reinhard, [>]
oral histories, [>]
Ostland. See Baltics, Nazi-occupied; Belarus, Nazi-occupied; eastern European territories
Ostrausch (intoxication of the East), [>]
Ottnad, Frau, [>], [>], [>]
Owiñska (Treskau) asylum, [>]–[>]
“packers” in the pits, [>]
perpetrators, [>]–[>]. See also wives of Nazis
commonalities of, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
mentality of, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
number of, [>]–[>], [>]
nurses as, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
postwar silence of, [>]–[>]
record of justice against, [>]–[>]
Petri, Erna Kürbs, [>], [>], [>]
background of, [>]–[>]
photographs of, [>], [>], [>]
prosecution of, [>]–[>], [>]
shooting of six children by, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]
testimony of, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Petri, Horst, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Piatydny, Ukraine, [>]
Pieper, Paul, [>]
Plöhnen ghetto, in Poland, [>]
Poland, Nazi-occupied. See also Miedzyrzec-Podlaski ghetto Aktion, in Poland; Poznań, Poland; Warsaw, Poland
colonizing agents in, [>]
ghettoizing policy in, [>]
schools in Warthegau region of, [>]
stolen children from, [>]
power
politics in Weimar era and, [>]–[>]
whip as symbol of, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
women in the East and, [>], [>]
Poznań, Poland, [>], [>]–[>]
prosecution of war crimes, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]. See also evidence of participation; Nuremberg trials; survivor witnesses, evidence from
Altvater case and, [>]–[>]
gender bias and, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]
ironies in, [>]–[>]
press coverage and, [>], [>]
secretaries and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
wives and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
women’s postwar loyalty and, [>]–[>]
psychiatric patients, [>]–[>]
psychological distancing, [>]–[>], [>]
“racial hygiene”
nursing roles and, [>], [>]
prewar Nazi policies and, [>]
as “progress,” [>]–[>]
rape and, [>]
selective breeding and, [>], [>]
“subhumans” and, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
racial mixing, [>], [>], [>], [>]
racism. See anti-Semitism; ideological indoctrination; marriage, regulation of; “racial hygiene”
rape, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Ravensbrück concentration camp, [>], [>]
The Reader (Schlink), [>]
recreational activities, [>]. See also everyday life during the Holocaust; shooting sprees
hunting trips and, [>], [>], [>]–[>]
mass-murder sites and, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
women’s “ghetto” experiences and, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
Red Swastika Sisters, [>]
refusal to participate, [>], [>]
Reich Air Raid Protection League, [>]
Reichmann, Erna, [>]
Reich Ministry of the Interior, [>]
Reich Nurses League, [>]
Reich Security Main Office, [>], [>], [>]
resettlement administrators, [>], [>]
revenge, fear of, [>]–[>], [>]
Riedel, Liesel. See Willhaus, Elisabeth “Liesel” Riedel
Riga, Nazi-occupied, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Rivne, Ukraine, [>]–[>]
Romanov, Ukraine, [>]–[>]
romantic outings, [>]–[>]. See also intimate relationships, and violence
Roosevelt, Franklin D., [>]
Rosenberg, Alfred, [>]–[>]
Roth (German official), [>]
“rubble women,” [>]–[>], [>]
“rule of Nobody,” [>]
rural settings. See also mass-murder operations
killings in, [>], [>], [>], [>]
woods as hiding places and, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Saarland, [>]
sadistic violence, [>], [>], [>]
male perpetrators and, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
secretary killers and, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
wives and, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
salesclerks, [>]–[>]
Schlink, Bernhard, [>]
Schmidt, Eva Maria, [>]
S
choltz-Klink, Gertrud, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
Schroeder, Christa, [>]–[>]
Schücking, Annette, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
after the war, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
photograph of, [>]
as witness, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Schücking, Leon, [>]
Schulz, Bruno, [>]–[>]
Schwarz, Gudrun, [>], [>]