of Adam and Eve’s lineage with people outside Garden, 26, 42, 55, 64, 81, 84-88, 90-91, 97-98, 106, 112-115, 118, 173, 191, 203-204
of different geographic populations, 44, 48, 63, 65-71, 73-77, 128
and genetic inheritance, 53
within Homo genus, 100, 138
within species, 127
intermixing. See interbreeding
isolation
genealogical, 67-69, 71-72, 75-77
genetic, 67-71, 76
geographical, 67-68, 70-71
Jesus. See also atonement; incarnation; resurrection, of Jesus; Virgin Birth
as foundation of Christian faith, 27
as last Adam, 173, 178-179, 181
Jones, Bob, Sr., 126
Joseph, 186
justice, 177, 185-187, 189, 193-195, 198, 200, 208
Keathley, Ken, 15, 209
Keith, Arthur, 125
Keller, Tim, 8-9, 14, 80, 165, 171
Kemp, Kenneth, 56-57, 111-115, 133-135, 160
Kendall, Henry, 43, 54, 57, 192
Kepler, Johannes, 122
Khoisan (people group), isolation of, 69-70
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 108
Kossel, Albrecht, 33
La Peyrère, Isaac, 122-124, 126-127, 131-132, 160
lacunae, definition of, 5
Lamoureux, Denis, 129
language, “ordinary,” 31
Lausanne Covenant, 13, 135, 156, 157
Lenski, Richard, 217-218
Lents, Nathan, 217
letters, of DNA, 34
Lewis, C. S., 173-174, 202
literalist interpretations, of Scripture, 112, 131, 144, 158, 160, 163-164, 166, 170, 180, 209
Livingston, David, 121
Loke, Andrew, 15, 56, 112, 114-115, 134, 160, 209
Luther, Martin, 107
Maxwell, James Clerk, 24
Maxwell’s demon, 24-25
McCall, Tom, 155
McKnight, Scot, 219
mechanistic questions, 189-190
mercy, 177-178, 185-187, 191-197, 199-200, 208
metaphysics, 109-110, 148, 190
migration, of populations, 44-45, 48-49, 53, 55, 59, 63, 68
to Americas, 71-72
archaeological evidence of, 73-74, 76
to Australia, 73-74
to Tasmania, 73-74
miracles
and deception by God, 88-89
exclusion of in genealogical hypothesis, 26, 57, 59, 64
ongoing in terms of genealogical descent, 84
as unable to be tested by science, 29
Mitochondrial Eve, 28, 42, 46, 49, 51
dating of, 36, 38, 50
location of, 50
as misleading, 37, 40
as misunderstood, 31
problems with, 39
monogenesis, 13, 66, 78, 84, 97-99, 106, 111-114, 116, 118-122, 124-125, 127, 129, 131-135, 139, 146, 149, 155, 158-161, 168-169, 180, 201
monophylogeny, 120, 124, 127, 129-130, 132, 160, 168, 174, 180
most recent universal genealogical ancestor, 46-47, 59-63
mystery, outside the Garden, 156-157, 159-160, 163-164, 173-174, 204, 218
narratives, as related to understanding of human origins, 110
natural headship, 187-191, 196, 199
Neanderthals, 86, 99, 101, 103, 115-116, 125, 128, 138-139, 175, 202
nearly identical ancestor point, 59-63
Nehemiah (person), 186, 195
Nelson, G. Blair, 121
Nephilim, 7, 86, 115, 136, 144-145, 149, 175, 202
Noah
lineage of, 138
sons of, and racism, 126, 131
nontraditionalism, concerning account of Adam and Eve, 218-219
Occam’s razor, 77
Ohlers, Clinton, 15
Olson, Steve, 43-45, 55, 57
Opderbeck, David, 56-57
original sin, 112-113, 120-124, 129, 146, 149, 168, 184-193, 195-197, 199-200, 205. See also debt, inherited; fall, of Adam/humankind
origins. See humans, origins of
patience, 6
Paul (apostle), 114, 126, 131, 133, 135, 138-139, 146, 189
pedigrees, 43, 62
people outside the Garden. See also interbreeding, of Adam and Eve’s lineage with people outside Garden; Scripture, teaching of on people outside the Garden
eternal destiny of, 134, 149, 183, 208
existence of, 10-11, 24-25, 38, 40-42, 54-55, 64, 66-67, 79, 81-85, 87-88, 90-91, 97, 104, 110, 113, 119, 124, 129, 133-134, 136, 138-139, 143-148, 161, 166, 170, 173-177, 179-183, 185, 197, 201-202, 204, 206, 209, 215, 217. See also mystery, outside the Garden
and image of God, 111, 114-116, 123, 135, 140-142, 149-150, 171, 184, 202, 204-205, 207
philosophical species, 112
polygenesis, 56-57, 112, 118-127, 129-132, 134, 169, 180, 184, 188, 192, 205. See also racism
polyphylogeny, 120-121, 125, 129, 161
Popkin, Richard, 123
population size, in history, 46-47, 61, 63
pre-Adamism. See polygenesis
pre-Adamite controversy, 122-123
providence, divine, 199-200
race, understanding of as naive, 44
racism, 118-120, 122, 125-132, 160, 168-169, 176, 184, 188, 204, 208
Ralph, Peter, 68
Rana, Fazale, 109, 115, 160, 165
Reasons to Believe, 86, 104, 109, 160, 161, 202
recombination, 53
refurbishment, 83-84, 209
Reich, David, 74
required descendants, 58-59, 61
Resurrection, of Jesus, 29, 177, 208, 219
rib, of Adam, 25, 79, 83, 141, 165, 176
Ross, Hugh, 109, 115, 160, 165
science. See also genealogical science; Scripture, conflict of with evolutionary science
analysis of, controlled by evidence, 23
civic practice of, 6, 216
of evolution, problems in, 101
inquiry of, guided by thought experiments, 24
modeling in progressing from simple to complex, 65
as nonintuitive, 23
as not considering existence of God, 29
scientists, secular, 216-218
Scripture. See also Genesis; textual humans; universalization, of Scripture concerning narrative of humankind
and Adam and Eve, 82, 114, 122-123, 130
conflict of with evolutionary science, 7, 155-160, 163, 171, 173, 179, 182-183, 201-202
genealogical records in, 32, 114, 138, 143, 145, 166, 197-198
and human origins, 133-138, 139-140, 142, 145-146, 148, 157, 164-166, 168-169, 174, 201, 204
infallibility of, 157
and racism, 126, 130-131
silence of concerning DNA, 41
trust in, 29, 87
secular, definition of, 14
sequence, of DNA, definition of, 34
Seth, 143-144
sin, definition of, 195. See also original sin
skepticism, regarding science-faith conflict, 8
slavery, 206
sole progenitorship. See monogenesis
soul, human, 199-200, 207
structuralists. See image of God, structural understanding of
Suarez, Antoine, 112, 114-115
Tasmania, isolation of, 65-67, 71-75, 77
Tattersall, Ian, 100
taxonomy, 99-100, 102, 134, 161
Taylor, Thomas Griffith, 125
technological progress, 186
textual humans, 133-135, 149, 171, 180, 204
theological humans. See image of God
theological questions, engaged by science, 23, 27-28
theology, and scientific precision, 66, 78
Thomas Aquinas, 109
thought experiment, definition and value of, 24
tolerance, 6, 215
of various understandings of human origins, 156-160, 165, 217
traditional, meaning of, 156-157. See also Church traditions, regarding account of human origins;
Genesis, traditional understanding of
transposable elements, 36
unity, of human race, 118-132, 135, 149, 168, 184, 188
universal ancestors
dating of, 57-64, 66, 73-74
of Europeans, 69
universal genealogical common ancestry
as arising reliably, 47-49, 68
as hidden, 50-51
as likely under a disputed assumption, 78
and near universal genealogical common ancestry, 67
of people in past, 57
as recent, 42-45, 47-49, 68
simulation of, 44-46, 48, 59-63, 65-66, 75
as ubiquitous, 49-50
universalization, of Scripture concerning narrative of humankind, 147-148
Uriah, 186
Varki, Ajit, 128
Venema, Dennis, 118-119, 219
Venter, Craig, 34
Virgin Birth, 29, 141, 143, 181, 196, 199, 205
vocationalists. See image of God, vocational understanding of
Vogt, Karl, 125
Walton, John, 135, 160, 168-169
Watson, James, 33
Westminster Confession, 195
Wilberforce, Samuel, 126
Wilberforce, William, 126
Y-Chromosomal Adam, 28, 36, 42, 46, 49, 51
dating of, 37-38, 50
location of, 50
as misleading, 38, 40
as misunderstood, 31
problems with, 39
SCRIPTURE INDEX
(Page numbers refer to print edition.)
OLD TESTAMENT
Genesis
1,107, 122, 135, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 147, 149, 165, 166, 176, 180, 207
1–4,137
1–11,136, 137, 147, 164, 203
1:1,140, 144, 146
1:1–2:3,140
1:2,207
1:26,160
1:26-27,108, 142, 147, 175, 206
1:26-28,176
1:27,141
2,122, 137, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 166, 168, 176, 180, 207
2–3,101, 107, 135, 168, 193
2–5,142
2:3,207
2:4,140
2:4-25,140
2:5,137, 146, 176
2:5-14,182
2:7,166
2:8-9,177
2:8-14,138
2:8-15,146
2:16-17,193
2:17,183
2:20-22,166
2:23,25
3,141, 144, 149
3–4,197
3:2-4,193
3:15,177
3:17-24,194, 198
3:20,114
3:22,191
3:22-23,194
3:22-24,182, 197
4,32, 136, 143, 198
4–5,144
4:5,32
4:10,32
4:10-12,194
4:11,32
4:14,137, 146
4:14-16,143
4:15,194, 198
4:17,143
4:22,32
4:25,32, 143
5,32, 114, 166, 194, 198
5:3,143
5:4,143
6,115, 136, 144
6:1-4,86, 115, 144, 145
6:1-8,177
6:3,175, 181
6:4,145, 177
9:1-11,177
9:6,194
10,32, 138
11,32, 138, 147
11:1-9,177
22,32
25,32
29–30,32
35–36,32
Numbers
13,115, 144
13:33,144, 145
Deuteronomy
5:9-10,187
24:16,187
2 Samuel
12:14-31,186, 195, 196, 197, 199
Psalms
22:16,228
51:5,195, 197, 199
Isaiah
52:13–53:12,228
53,228, 230
53:8,27
53:11,27
Jeremiah
29:10-14,195
29:11,195
31:27-34,195
31:29,187
32:17-18,187
NEW TESTAMENT
Matthew
1,114
7:3-5,131
19:4,145
Mark
10:6,145
Luke
3,114
3:23-28,32
3:38,138
John
1:1-3,140
3:16,178
19:31-34,27
19:34,228
Acts
1,218
1:8,66, 135, 138, 139
5:38-39,228
17:24-28,114
17:26,126, 131, 139, 146, 167
Romans
2:15,143, 149, 175, 183, 206
5,123
5:12,184
5:12-14,112, 122, 124, 139, 146, 182, 193, 195, 196, 199
5:12-18,114
5:14,138
1 Corinthians
15:3-7,178
15:14,230
15:17,230
15:20-22,182
15:22,138, 178
15:42-49,182
15:45,138, 178, 181
Ephesians
3:10,156
1 Timothy
2:13,138
2:14,138
Hebrews
1:3,108
9:28,27
11:12,146
11:31,146
12:24,194, 198, 199
Jude
1:14,138
Revelation
20–21,178, 182, 204
NOTES
Chapter 1: Courage, Curiosity, Empathy
1. This quote comes from John Inazu, my colleague at Washington University in St. Louis, founder of the Carver Project. John Inazu, “John Inazu: Why I’m Still Confident About ‘Confident Pluralism,’ ” Christianity Today, August 13, 2018.
2. Jerry A. Coyne, “Adam and Eve: The Ultimate Standoff Between Science and Faith (and a Contest!),” Why Evolution Is True (blog), June 2, 2011, https://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2011/06/02/adam-and-eve-the-ultimate-standoff-between-science-and-faith-and-a-contest/.
3. See, for example, Scot McKnight and Dennis R. Venema, Adam and the Genome: Reading Scripture After Genetic Science (Grand Rapids: Brazos, 2017); Denis O. Lamoureux, “Beyond Original Sin: Is a Theological Paradigm Shift Inevitable?,” PSCF 67, no. 1 (2015), www.ualberta.ca/~dlamoure.
4. S. Joshua Swamidass, “The BioLogos Statement on Adam and Eve,” Peaceful Science, April 24, 2019, https://discourse.peacefulscience.org/t/_/5847. Recently, this claim was removed from their website.
5. John Inazu, explains these aspirations with legal authority in mind. In the final chapter of this book, I expand them with scientific authority in mind. Inazu, “John Inazu: Why I’m Still Confident.”
6. See appendix 1.
7. Tim Keller, “Sinned in a Literal Adam, Raised in a Literal Christ,” The Gospel Coalition, June 6, 2011, www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/sinned-in-a-literal-adam-raised-in-a-literal-christ/.
8. Tim Keller, Russell Moore, and Ligon Duncan, “Keller, Moore, and Duncan on the Non-Negotiable Beliefs About Creation,” The Gospel Coalition, August 29, 2017, www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/keller-moore-duncan-non-negotiable-beliefs-about-creation/.
9. Stating one’s personal belief of essential doctrines, in common ground with others, is not equivalent to “drawing a line.” Neither Keller’s church nor The Gospel Coalition’s belief statements require affirmation of the de novo creation of Adam and Eve.
10. Recently, this response was silently edited. Deborah B. Haarsma, “Essentials of Creation: A Response to the Gospel Coalition,” BioLogos, September 12, 2017, https://biologos.org/blogs/deborah-haarsma-the-presidents-notebook/essentials-of-creation-a-response-to-the-gospel-coalition; S. Joshua Swamidass, “BioLogos Edits Their Response to Keller,” Peaceful Science, February 24, 2019, https://discourse.peacefulscience.org/t/_/4798.
11. This is an edited self-quote of the first published articula
tion of the hypothesis. S. Joshua Swamidass, “A Genealogical Adam and Eve in Evolution,” Sapientia, Carl F. H. Henry Center, June 26, 2017, https://henrycenter.tiu.edu/2017/06/a-genealogical-adam-and-eve-in-evolution/.
12. See, for example, this representative publication, with a discussion of the limits of this analysis: Stephan Schiffels and Richard Durbin, “Inferring Human Population Size and Separation History from Multiple Genome Sequences,” Nature Genetics 46 (2014): 919-25, https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3015; S. Joshua Swamidass, “Heliocentric Certainty Against a Bottleneck of Two?,” unpublished paper, February 28, 2018, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1328247.
13. Common descent is the only known scientific theory that mathematically explains why humans and chimps are more genetically similar than mice and rats. The rodents separated in the more distant past and they mutate more quickly; this is why, it seems, they are more different than humans and chimps. S. Joshua Swamidass, “Evidence and Evolution,” Peaceful Science, April 19, 2016, http://peacefulscience.org/evidence-and-evolution.
14. Clinton Ohlers, as quoted in S. Joshua Swamidass, “Three Stories on Adam,” Peaceful Science, August 5, 2018, http://peacefulscience.org/three-stories-on-adam/.
15. This book also follows the Chicago Statements on Inerrancy and Hermeneutics and the Lausanne Covenant.
16. How these terms are commonly understood in science is beside the point. I mean them, here, as theological terms, with meanings recovered from historical theology.
The Genealogical Adam and Eve Page 27