philosophy serving as 813–14, 824–6
politics as ideology 814
and the rights of man 814
selective focus mechanism 822–3
sentimental association mechanism 823
species and ideology 825–6
training in conformity mechanism 823
Iggers, Georg 790–2
immaterialism 48
incompleteness theorem 223
Islam 727–8
Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich 29, 241, 270, 288, 586, 736, 833, 836
Jakobson, Roman 388
James, William 587
Jäsche, Gottlieb 400
Jaspers, Karl 89
Jena Circle 70, 240, 245, 261–9, 544, 550
and feminism 535–6
Jena University 20, 46–7, 74, 207, 234, 237, 459, 463, 596
and romanticism (1790s) 259–61
Jesus of Nazareth 64–5, 150, 830
Jewish ‘realism’ 742–3
Jews and Judaism 31, 708, 740–1, 748
Jones, William 720, 728
Kähler, Martin 797
Kant, Immanuel 3, 8, 16, 23–4, 28–9, 32, 45–6, 49, 70, 88–9, 93–4, 103, 108–9, 112–13, 124, 126–9, 133, 139, 142, 174, 180, 190, 200, 203–4, 208, 259–60, 264, 321–2, 328, 385–6, 390, 394, 398, 417, 420–1, 425, 433, 441, 443–4, 459, 465, 526, 528, 543, 562, 567, 678, 686, 707, 712, 795
aesthetics 63, 500–3, 505, 507–9, 512
aesthetics, twofold synthesis of 496–9
Bildung 699–700
Categorical Imperative 61, 295, 474–5, 477–8
‘critical philosophy’ 270, 289
Critique of Pure Reason 21, 49, 51, 54, 112, 121–2, 172–3, 232, 251 n.36, 258–9, 338, 373, 400, 556–7, 576, 654, 677, 738
dialectic 662, 664
education 6, 455
empirical/rational distinction 602
Entwicklung 676–8
ethics 485, 489
freedom 117, 233, 706, 759–61
hermeneutics 416
history of human development 22
‘I’ concept 55
idealism 1, 231–4, 237–8, 240–3, 250–1, 254, 258, 383–4, 518–24
‘immanent purposiveness’ 182
intellectual heritage of, and philosophy of science 337–40
intuition-concept dichotomy 60
logic 400–3
metaphysics 570, 572–4, 576–81, 585–6
‘metaphysics of experience’ 13–14
morality and freedom 235, 473–6, 479–80
moral philosophy 19, 72–3, 196, 233, 760–1
moral philosophy, Schiller’s critique of 761–3
natural sciences, model for 597–8
‘organism’ 343–4
perpetual peace 72–3
philosophy as criticism 288
political philosophy 531
principle of action (maxims) 18
principle of enlightenment 13
and race 737–40, 743–6
the reflective turn 372–4
science, philosophy of 341, 347, 348
and self-consciousness 271–2
skepticism and epistemology 555–8, 567–8
source of value 113
synthesis, theory of 119
transcendental dialectic 51–4, 58, 291, 378, 654–6, 662, 664
twofold relation to reality 11–12
on women 825
Kehr, Eckart 803
Kepler, Johannes 440
Kierkegaard, Søren Aabye 89, 137–46, 588
aesthetic view of life 137–8
agency theory 144–6
anxiety 146
Christian belief 140–4
despair 138–40, 145–6
ethical standpoint 138–41
existentialism 299–305, 308–10, 313
and Jena romanticism 269
religious standpoint 140–4
the self 144–6
Kind, Amy 356
kindergarten movement 463
Kodifikationsstreit (1814) 788
Köhnke, Klaus Christian 282
Kraus, Karl 395
Kriegel, Ulrich 355–7
Krug, W. T. 59, 63
Kühn, Sophie von 544
Kuhn, Thomas 331, 605
Lachmann, Karl 468
Lacoue-Labarthe, Philippe 69
Lamarckian model of evolution 690
Lambert, J. H. 49, 387
Lamprecht, Karl 803
Lange, Friedrich Albert 188–90, 283, 286, 289–90, 349, 365, 481, 488, 584, 618
language, philosophy of 5, 8, 371–97, 209–14, 216, 384
anti-psychologism and lingualism 390–2
Bolzano 386–91, 397
critique of 392–6
Frege 209–10, 221, 224–6, 386–93, 396–7
Hamann 373–7, 390, 392, 396, 416–17, 421
Hegel 384–6, 393
Herder 373–9, 382, 390, 392, 416–17
hermeneutic tradition 371–2, 377–81
and the idealists 383–6
Kant’s legacy 372–4
Nietzsche 393–5, 396
Schelling 384, 421
Schlegel and Humboldt, birth of Western linguistics 381–3, 396
Laocoön sculpture group 754, 758
Lask, Emil 282, 289, 295–6
Laws of Manu 728, 730–1
Lazarus, Mortiz 176, 600–1
Le Sage, Georges-Louis 321
Lebensphilosophie 68
Lee, Vernon 510
Left Hegelians 65, 89, 258, 527, 840
and Marx 149–51
Legge, James 720
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 18, 48, 56, 114–15, 127, 252, 374, 385–7, 391, 404, 413, 576 n.5
characteristica universalis 399
and Eastern thought 720
logic 57, 58, 399
perspectivism 622–3
Leibnizian-Wolffian school 112–13, 133
Leo, Heinrich 780, 832
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim 270, 833
Greek art and culture 754
Leuckart, Rudolph 344
Levin, Rahel 536
Levine, Joseph 356
Lichtenberg, G. Chr. 392–3, 396
Liebert, Arthur 283
Liebig, Justus 331
Liebmann, Otto 283, 286, 290–1, 293
Link, Heinrich Friedrich 341
Lipps, Theodor 510, 511
Lloyd-Jones, Hugh 752
Locke, John 347, 519, 520
and education 456
methodology of the sciences 597
Loeb, Jacques 616
logical empiricism 619
logical positivism 574, 692
logicism 8, 207–8, 211–14, 398–413
and algebra 407–9
and Ancient Greece 399
Aristotle 57, 58, 403
Bolzano 405–7
Frege 207–9, 215–16, 218–20, 222–3
Frege and Begriffsschrift 409–13
Hegel 58–9, 252–4, 402–4
Kant 400–3
Leibniz 57–8, 399
and medieval universities 399
quantified 208–9
Schröder and the algebra of logic 407–9
as the standpoint of philosophy 53–8
Lott, Tommy L. 738
Lotze, Rudolf Hermann 171, 292, 363, 410
Lovejoy, Arthur 685
Luther, Martin 235, 418
Lvov-Warsaw school of logic 407
Mach, Ernst 350–1
philosophy of science 336
Magnus, Gustav 596
Mandelbaum, Maurice 802
Mandeville, Bernard 589
Mannheim, Karl 796
Mann, Thomas 692
and Bildung 695, 696
and education 454
Marburg school 285
Marburg University 283
Marheineke, P. K. 837
Marquard, Odo 330
Marshman, Joshua 723
Marx, Karl 3–4,
48, 149–68, 189, 254, 268, 431, 439, 490, 518, 587, 589–90, 736, 803, 833
art and culture as ideology 822–3
atheism 840–2, 843
capitalism 153–5, 163, 165–6
capitalist society 153–4, 163–4
Christianity, critique of 807–11
class interests 813
conscious/unconscious intentions and ideology 819
consciousness 161–2
critique of political economy as theory of justice 166–8
and Darwinism 692
dialectic 62, 668–70
division of labour 158, 161
economics and ideology theory 815–16
essentialism 156
estrangement 152–5, 156, 158, 161–2
exchange-value 163–4
fetishism 164–5, 816
and ‘freedom’ 752
historical materialism 161–3
historical mutability of sensory experience 821
history, philosophy of 5, 157, 436, 448–51, 604, 780
ideology theory 806–16
ideology theory, objections to 817–22
institutions that communicate ideology 818, 818 n.56
labour and action concept 152
Left Hegelian background 149–51
and materialism 610
mechanisms of indoctrination 818
metaphysics 584
money 157, 164–5, 816
morality, critique of 162–3, 815
morality and ethics 432–3, 482–4, 489, 815
objectification model 152–3, 155, 158
objectual species being 155–7
and the Other 748
political economy critique 163–6, 815
private property 153, 158, 161
recognition as critical background 157–60
recognition as a positive counter project 160–1
and scientific theory 7, 819–20
sensual-physical human being 155
and slavery 158
and socialism 527–8
social ontological model 156–7
wage labour 158
materialism 7, 8, 189–91, 288–90, 607–19
anthropological 608–9
and Darwinism 690–2
and ethics 480–4
Feuerbach 608–10
monistic dilution 616–17
as non-philosophy 613–15
as a political reform programme 614–15
reception of 617–19
scientific 610–13
as worldview 613–14
as ‘Zeitgeist’ 615
Mauthner, Fritz 5, 395–6
Mayer, Robert 345
McTaggart, John 584
Megill, Allan 796–7
Meier, Georg Friedrich 387, 418
Meillassoux, Quentin 93
Meinecke, Friedrich 783–4, 797
Mendelssohn, Moses 270, 288, 497
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice 429
Merz, John 595–6
metaphysics 8, 575–9
abstract reflection and the constitution of performative forms 579–81
achievements and shortcomings 585–91
critiques of 569–91
defined 570–3
empiricism concept 572
Fichte 575, 581–2
freedom and causality 577
Hegel 569, 573–91
Heidegger 576, 581, 585–6, 588
Hume 577
Kant 13–14, 570, 572–4, 576–80, 585–6
scientism and the technical image of the world 581–3
and ‘transcendence’ concept 572
widening transcendental analysis 574–5
methodology of the sciences 594–605
Dilthey 599–605
Geistwissenschaften and Naturwissenschaften 598–603
history and methods 604–5
Kant 597–9
Mill 597
nineteenth century context 594–8
Metternich, Klemens von 528, 530
Meyer, Jürgen Bona 283, 286–7, 289–90, 293, 564
Michaelis, Johann David 537
Mill, John Stuart 175, 390, 547, 595, 747, 801
methodology of the sciences 597
Miller, R. D. 762–3
Mills, James 149
mind, philosophy of 8, 354–68
Hartmann’s theory of the unconscious 366–8
Hegel’s dissolution of the mind-body problem 358–61
Materialismusstreit 361–7
Nietzsche’s mind and action theory 191–5
Reinhold-Fichte-Hegel model of consciousness 354–8
see also consciousness; materialism; self-consciousness; unconscious, the
Moleschott, Jacob 189, 349, 365, 481, 484, 598, 610, 612, 614, 617, 846
defining poverty in scientific terms 615
money 157, 164–5
monism 616–17
and Darwinism 690–2
Montagne uprising (1848–51) 814
morality:
Christianity and 4, 6
Fichte 12, 18, 72–3
Kantian morality and freedom 19, 72–3, 196, 233, 235, 473–6, 479–80, 760–3
‘laws’ 12
Marx 162–3, 432–3, 482–4, 489, 815
and Neo-Kantianism 294–6
Nietzsche’s ‘ascetic’ moral ideal 771–2
Schiller’s moral beauty 761–3
Schlegel 72–3
Schleiermacher 31–3, 763–5
see also ethics
Morrison, Robert 727
Müller, Friedrich Max 720, 726
Müller, Johannes 289, 343, 344, 596
Müller’s law 345
Muslims 741
Nagel, Thomas 94
Nägeli, Carl 688–9
Nancy, Jean-Luc 69
Napoleon Bonaparte 11, 23, 27, 453
National Socialism 531, 689
nationalism, and the politics of race 529–31
Natorp, Paul 282, 296, 350, 564–7
natural science, and ethics 480–4
naturalism 191
Dilthey 184–5
Heraclitean 634–6, 638
Nietzsche 191, 202–5, 634–5, 645–6
nature, philosophy of 7, 319–34
decline and survival of 329–34
Fichte 323–4
and freedom 322
Goethe 319 n.1, 341–2, 681
Hegel 59–60, 320, 327–9, 332, 679
rise of 319–20
Schelling’s Naturphilosophie 7, 90, 93–5, 319–27, 329, 332–3, 338–9, 341, 348, 588, 616, 679–82
Schlegel, and the unity and completeness of 763, 765–6
Schopenhauer 320, 329–30
and scientific knowledge 332–3
Nazi ideology 687, 689
Nazianzenos, Gregor 572
Nelson, Leonard 282
neo-Kantianism 282–97, 596, 692
‘analytic’ method 285–6
the challenge of pessimism 293–6
crisis and controversy 287–90
death and decline of 296–7
effects of materialism 618
epistemology 290–3
‘die Existenzfrage’ 287
morals and ethics 294–6
and the philosophy of science 349–50
and ‘psychologism’ 290–2
from psychology to logic 290–3
reaction against speculation 285–7
skepticism and epistemology 564–8
‘synthetic’ method 286
topography and chronology 282–5
World War I and 296–7
New Humanist Phase, Göttingen 769–70
Newton, Isaac 252, 328, 346–7
account of colour 342
mechanics 341, 597
Newtonian science 173, 337–9, 596, 677
Niebuhr, Barthold, and the historical school 786–7, 800
Niethammer, Immanuel 71–3, 260–1, 271, 274
Nietzsche, Elisabeth
187
Nietzsche, Friedrich 3–5, 7, 108–9, 113 n.28, 133–4, 187–205, 277, 366, 378, 431–3, 439, 534, 550, 584, 587, 721, 781
aesthetic ‘justification’ of existence 198–202
aesthetics 504
Apollonian and Dionysian ‘drives’ 508
and the ‘ascetic’ moral ideal 771–2
atheism 844–9
Beyond Good and Evil 22, 639–42
Bildung 713–15
critique of morality 196–8, 201
and Darwinism 687–9
Dionysian attitude 200–2
education 462
‘eternal return’ idea 199
and existentialism 299–313
and feminism 547–9
free play, rediscovery of 508–10
freedom and experience 193
genealogical method 4, 194–5
genealogy of morality 194–5
Greek art, culture and philosophy 4, 188–9, 628, 714, 772–6, 772–3 n.95
Hindu and Buddhist thought 728, 730–2
history, philosophy of 436, 448–51
history, use of 798–9
inescapable aims of life 488–93
‘intoxication’ 201
language, philosophy of 393–6
laughter 642 n.41
life and intellectual formation 187–90
and logic 636–7
materialism and the sciences 618–19
mind and action, theory of 191–5
the monumental world 203–5
naturalism 191, 202–5, 634–5, 645–6
perception of the Other 749
perspectivism 622, 625–46
politics, withdrawal from 531–2
Protagoreanism 203
Ressentiment 4, 732
skepticism 629–33, 642–6
style and philosophy 190–1
truth, knowledge and perspectivism 202–5, 625–46
the unconscious mind 192
and the will to power 193–4
will to power and morality 490–3
willing, conscious experience of 192–3
Noë, Alva 579
Noiré, Ludwig 685
nomothetic explanations 604–5
nomothetic (law-governed) foundations of physical or natural sciences 594–5
Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg) 29, 47, 70–1, 78, 271, 319 n.1, 428, 525, 535, 539
feeling 264
ordo inversus aspects 264–5
and the ‘Romantic School’ 261–9, 272, 279
romantic sociability/symphilosophizing 540, 542–4
Nussbaum, Martha 716 n.70, 824
Odebrecht, Rudolf 43 n.83
Oersted, Hans Christian 331
Oexle, Otto 784, 796
Ogden, C. K. 368
Oken, Lorenz 690
Oldenberg, Hermann 731
Ossian craze 258
Ostwald, Wilhelm 350, 613, 616
happiness formula 616–17
monism 617
science, philosophy of 336
Other, the 5–6, 736–49
Christian rationality and ethics 739–41
Fichte and Christianity 739–40
Hegel 6, 747–8
Herder’s critique of Kant’s championing of race 743–6
The Oxford Handbook of German Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century Page 160