61. Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, Turning the Tide.
62. English Nature, 22 July 2005, ‘Lundy lobsters bounce back in UK’s first no-take zone’, press release.
63. M. G. Hoskin et al, 2011, ‘Variable population responses by large decapod crustaceans to the establishment of a temperate marine no-take zone’, Canadian Journal of Fishers and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 68, pp. 185–200, doi: 10.1139/F10–143.
64. Richard Black, 16 July 2008, ‘Fishing ban brings seas to life’, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7508216.stm
65. Roberts, Unnatural History of the Sea.
66. Ibid.
67. Van Lavieren, ‘Can no-take fishery reserves help protect our oceans?’
68. Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, Turning the Tide.
69. Ibid.
70. Rupert Crilly and Aniol Esteban, 2012, ‘Jobs lost at sea: overfishing and the jobs that never were’, New Economics Foundation, http://neweconomics.org/sites/neweconomics.org/files/Jobs_Lost_at_Sea.pdf
71. R. Watson and D. Pauly, 2001, ‘Systematic distortions in world fisheries catch trends’, Nature, vol. 414, pp. 534–6. Cited Roberts, in Unnatural History of the Sea.
72. Mark Fisher, 2006, ‘No take zones–a maritime rewilding’, http://www.self-willed-land.org.uk/articles/no_take.htm
73. Richard Benyon, 15 November 2011, Written Ministerial Statement on Marine Conservation Zones, http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2011/11/15/wms-marine-conservation-zones/
74. Jean-Luc Solandt, Marine Conservation Society, 12 March 2012, by email.
75. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, 2010, Establishing Fisheries Management Measures to Protect Marine Conservation Zones, http://jnce.defra.gov.uk/PDF/MCZ_FisheriesManagementFactsheet.pdf
76. Welsh Assembly Government, 2011, ‘Marine Conservation Zone Project, Wales’. Newsletter, 3. http://www.werh.org/documents/110927marinemcznewsletter3en.pdf
77. Marine Conservation Society, 2010, ‘Welsh Assembly Government’s sea protection plans a “disgraceful let down”, says marine charity’, http://www.mcsuk.org/press/view/327
78. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, 2012, ‘Special Areas of Conservation’, http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-23
79. Cardigan Bay Special Area of Conservation (SAC), various dates, http://www.cardiganbaysac.org.uk/
80. Cardigan Bay Special Area of Conservation (SAC) Management Scheme, Section 6.17, http://www.cardiganbaysac.org.uk/pdf%20files/Cardigan_Bay_SAC_Management_Scheme_2008.pdf
81. Letter from John Taylor, director of policy, CCW, to Graham Rees, Department for Rural Affairs, Welsh Assembly Government, 22 January 2010, Scallop Dredging.
82. CEFAS, 2011, ‘Fisheries Management’, http://www.cefas.defra.gov.uk/our-services/fisheries-management.aspx
83. CEFAS, 2011, ‘Fisheries Science Partnership’, http://www.cefas.defra.gov.uk/our-services/fisheries-management/fisheries-science-partnership.aspx
84. Sally Williams, 25 January 2011, ‘Whale-watchers thrilled by the mighty fin’, Western Mail, http://www.Walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/cardigan/2011/01/25/whale-watchers-thrilled-by-the-mighty-fin-91466-28047175/
85. Wildlife Extra, June 2011, ‘21 fin whales spotted in Irish Sea’, http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/news/FIN-WHALE-uk.html
86. No author given, 26 January 2010, ‘Rare sighting of humpback whale breaching in Irish sea caught on camera’, Daily Mail, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1246137/Rare-sighting-humpback-whale-breaching-Irish-sea-caught-camera.html
87. Thrussell, ‘History of the British tuna fishery’.
14. THE GIFTS OF THE SEA
1. British Trust for Ornithology, 2007, ‘Bird Atlas species index–Corncrake’, http://blxl.bto.org/atlases/CE-atlas.html
2. Bird Care, 2012, ‘Corncrake’, www.birdcare.com/bin/showsonb?corncrake
3. Macbeth, Act 2, Scene 4.
Index
acid rain 221
Adamson, Joy 205–6
ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) 169
African National Congress 205
agricultural hegemony 154–66, 177
Agricultural Holdings Act (1948) 156
agricultural subsidies see farm subsidies
Agriculture Act (1947) 156
Aiolornis incredibilis (North American roc) 137
albacore (longfin) tuna 232, 257, 258, 260
Albarella, Umberto 131
albatross 143
Alces alces (moose/elk) 124, 141, 224
alder 38, 66, 75, 91, 105, 183
Aleutian islands 86, 239
aliens 59–60
Alladale Estate, Sutherland 124, 126
Alps 110
—Julian 186–92, 194–6
Amazon 2, 52, 114n, 196–7, 209
Americas 196–9
—Pleistocene rewilding 139–42
—see also Brazil; Roraima
Amur leopard 141
anchovy 241, 242
Aneirin 119
ant, wood 104, 106, 151
aphid 104
Apo Island reserve 250, 251
archaeophytes 144–5
Arctic fox 86
Arctodus simus (short-faced bear) 137
Argentine roc (Argentavis magnificens) 137
armadillos 137
ash 38, 66, 67, 82, 91, 105, 212
aspen 75, 82, 84, 86, 104, 105
Aspinall, John 204–5
‘assemblages of key species’ 216–18
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 169
aurochs 35, 36, 38, 91, 206, 207–8, 224
Australia 87–8
Austria 112, 114
baboon, olive 89
Bactrian camel 140, 141
Bailey, Pete 54
Balkans 110, 112
Ballard, J. G. 6
Baltic Sea 238, 240
Baltic states 110
Barbara, a Canadian woman in Roraima 2, 3–4, 5
Bates, H. E. 71
bats 82, 113n, 151
bears 69, 85, 108, 110, 127, 141, 192, 195
—hunted by Habsburgs 192–3
—short-faced bear (Arctodus simus) 137
Beasts (big cats) of Britain 49–60
beaver 69, 78–83, 85, 86, 105–6, 108, 112, 124
—Castoroides ohioensis (extinct) 137
beech 91, 190, 192
beetles 151, 219n, 222
Belarus 109, 112
Belgium 110
Bengal tiger 222
Beringia 86–7
Białowieża Forest 95, 109, 110–12, 200, 208
big cat sightings/reports in Britain 49–60
Big Cat Sightings Unit, Welsh Assembly 51, 55
bilberry 211
biodiversity 108, 159, 185, 213–14
birch 38, 62, 66, 74, 75, 77, 92, 95, 103–4, 105, 143, 147, 151, 215
—dwarf 105, 122
Bird, Dennis 198
birds 71–2, 85, 166, 221
—farmland 158
—see also specific species
bison 85, 87
—Bison latifrons (extinct giant) 137
—European (wisent) 108, 110–12, 126
Black Book of Carmarthen 51
Black Sea 240–41
blackthorn 92
Blaeneinion 79, 80
blue stag beetle 130
bluebells 95
bluefin tuna 232, 233, 246–7, 257
bluefish 240
boar 69, 93–6, 108, 111, 124, 195
Bodmin Moor, Beast of Bodmin 53–4
Bohemian Forest 110
bonito 240
Borth beach 77
Botswana 208
bottlenose dolphin 253
Bouldner Cliff excavations 245
box 92
Brazil, invasion of Roraima 3, 5–6
Bronze Age 67, 76, 206–7
Brüne, Martin 203
Bryn Brith 63
Bulgaria 109, 112, 162
burdock, greater 144
bustard, great 133
Buthelezi, Mangosuthu 205
butterflies 108, 211, 213, 219, 222
Butterworth, Jez: Jerusalem 47–8
Caesar, Julius 145
Cahill, Kevin 181
Cairngorms 120, 220 and n
Caledonian Forest 98–9, 100, 148–52
Cambrian Mountains 62–7, 69, 73–7, 159, 164n, 165, 170–78, 210–16
camels 140, 141
Canada 154, 170
cane toad 142–3
Canney, Susan 219n, 225n
Cantre’r Gwaelod myth 38
capercaillie 132
carbofuran 217
carbon 236–7
carbon dioxide 164–5, 198, 199
Cardigan Bay 19–21, 37, 158, 241–2, 252–5, 257
—Special Area of Conservation 252–4
Caribbean monk seal 248
Carpathian Mountains 108, 109
Carvajal, Gaspar de 196–7
Casblaidd 49
Cass, Caroline 205, 206
Castoroides ohioensis 137
catfish, walking 142
Cath Palug 51
cattle 156, 159n, 173, 201, 211, 212, 215, 219, 223, 224
—aurochs 35, 36, 38, 91, 206, 207–8, 224
—Bronze Age 206–7
—of the Heck brothers 207–8
cave lion 127
Ceauşescu, Nicolae 107
CEFAS (Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science) 254
ceremonies 42–3, 168
Cervus canadensis (American elk) 84n, 149
chameleon 40–41
chamois 108, 120, 196
‘Charlemagne’ (Economist columnist) 163
Chatwin, Bruce: The Songlines 58n
cheetah 139, 140
Cheruscans 199–200
Chesapeake Bay 237, 240
children, play in wild places 167–70
Claerwen nature reserve 69
Clare, John 71, 72
Clearances, Highland 99, 101, 152, 155
climate change 125, 133, 136, 141, 160, 164–5, 198–9, 224, 236, 243
—see also global warming
Clover, Charles: The End of the Line 245
Clwydian Hills 66–7
coastal ecosystem 239
cockchafer larva 1
cockles 39
cod 232, 234, 237–8, 250
Common Agricultural Policy 161–3, 181–2
common vetch 144
conservation movement 209–26
—and ‘assemblages of key species’ 216–18
—and eviction 201
—positive changing attitudes 226–7
—and the preservation of former farming systems 214–15, 224–6
—questionable/inappropriate policies 8, 83, 209–10, 214–25
—see also game reserves; national parks; nature reserves
Cooke, Jay 202
copper 173
coppicing 91–2n, 92, 222
corn 154
corncockle 144
corncrake 264–5
cornflower 144
Corsica 161
Countryside Council for Wales 69, 215–16, 226, 253–4
County Times 51
cownose ray 237
crab apple 157–8
crabs 237, 251
—hermit 231
—masked 231
—shore 231
—spider 228, 229–30, 231–32
crack willow 144
cranes 35–6, 226
—common crane 133
crayfish 142, 145
crested tit 151
Crèvecoeur, Hector St John de 45–6
Croatia 107, 188, 189, 193
Cronon, William 177
crows 172
cruel sports 139
Culloden, battle of 99, 152
curlew 158
cypermethrin 158
Czech Republic 110
Daily Mail 56–7
Dale, Thomas 45
Dalmatian pelican 135
Dangerous Wild Animals Act 94
Danube delta 107
Dark Mountain 197–8
dead wood/trees 83, 111, 151, 192, 222, 225
deadnettle 144
deer
—red see red deer
—roe 120
—sika 120
—stalking 100, 101, 102, 116–17, 149, 155
deforestation 66–7, 68, 69, 130, 152, 197
—conservation management and the clearing of trees 210
Denmark 112
Dinaric Mountains 110, 190
Dinofelis 58n
‘Dinogad’s Shift’ 119
Disney, Michael 50–51
Doedicurus 137
dog bites 89
dolphins 18, 25, 232, 240, 241, 253, 268
Drefursennaidd 27
dry rot 144
Dundreggan estate, Glenmoriston 99–101, 103–6, 121–4
dunnock 95
Dutch elm disease 72
eagle owl 131
eagles
—golden 121, 123–4, 217
—white-tailed sea 102–3, 131, 146, 217
Eagleton, Terry: The English Novel 204 and n
East Africa 201, 208
ecological corridors 109
ecological damage see environmental/ecological damage
ecosystems
—American 139–40
—‘assemblages of key species’ 216–18
—bacterially dominated 240
—coastal 239
—‘damage’ by native species 96
—damage by sheep 70 see also grazing
—damage by soil depletion see soil depletion
—elephant-adapted 9, 91–3
—and the emptiness of the Cambrians 62–7, 76–7, 210–12
—and extinctions see extinction of animal species
—favoured by the conservation movement 216–20
—and the Gaia hypothesis 243
—German 208
—and inappropriate conservation policies 8, 83, 209–10, 214–25
—intensive management of 82, 130, 209–10, 214–21, 222
—and invasive/non-native species 142–6, 178
—keystone species see keystone species
—marine 232–4, 235–43
—monocultures 95, 153–4, 168, 242
—palaeocology 93, 136
—revival through rewilding see rewilding
—and the Shifting Baseline Syndrome 69, 92, 142, 243, 244
—Siberian 141–2
—as spectral relics 93
—trophic cascades see trophic cascades
—see also environmental/ecological damage
Eelmoor Marsh, Hampshire 125
eels 37
eland 139
Elasmotherium caucasicum 90
Elasmotherium sibiricum 90
elephant 90–92, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142
—and coppicing 91–2
—straight-tusked 9, 90, 91, 92n, 128, 141, 219n
Eliot, T. S. (quote) 7
elk (American, Cervus canadensis) 84n, 149
elk (moose, Alces alces) 124, 141, 224
enclosure 155, 156–7, 167–8 and n, 201
—Highland Clearances 99, 101, 152, 155
End of the Line, The (Clover) 246
English Novel, The (Eagleton) 204 and n
Ennerdale 225–6
environmental/ecological damage from agricultural hegemony 154–66, 177
—deforestation see deforestation
—extinction of animals see extinction of animal species
—habitat destruction see habitat destruction
—lead contamination 31
—soil depletion see soil depletion through grazing see grazing through the fishing industry 237–8, 239–49, 250, 253–4
environmentalism 11–12
—conservation movement see conservation movement
—reforestation see
reforestation
—reintroduction of species see reintroduction of species
—rewilding see rewilding
epiphytes 67
Eremotherium 137
Estonia 109, 161
eugenics 203, 205
European Commission 162, 165
European Journal of Forest Research 117
European Union 18–19, 165, 181–2, 246, 251
eutrophication 240
extinction of animal species 9, 87–8, 90–91, 136–8, 224, 245, 250
—from climate change 125, 224
—dates table for Britain 124–35
—from hunting 9, 87–8, 90–91, 127, 132, 133, 136–8, 138n, 197, 199
—and termination of trophic cascades 88–9, 139
farm subsidies 11, 118, 152, 154, 156, 157, 160–63, 164, 166, 177, 180–83
—Pillar 2 payments (green subsidies) 162–3, 173
Farmers’ Union of Wales 80, 83, 118
Farrant, Jenny 96
Featherstone, Alan Watson 96–101, 103, 104–6, 121–4, 146–9, 150, 151–2
fertilizers 158
field pansy 144
‘fifty trees’ guidelines, CAP 161
fin whale 235, 257
Findhorn Foundation 97, 98, 150
Finland 109, 146
fire 88
fish
—discarded 246
—as essential source of protein 246
—migratory see migratory fish
—predatory 145, 238, 241, 250, 257
—size 234–5, 244, 250
—stocks 19, 241–42, 243–4, 246, 250, 251
—see also specific types and species
Fisher, Dr Mark 10n
fishing 15, 17–22, 32–3, 241
—damage to industry from decline of sharks 237
—environmental and ecological damage through 237–8, 239–49, 250, 253–4
—exploitative 234, 237–8, 242, 244–5, 247, 248
—illegal 18, 246
—and Japan 246–7
—Mesolithic 245
—opposition of industry to marine reserves 251–52
—over-quota 18–19
—and protected marine reserves 249, 250–53
—results of stopping 249–50
—rockhopper trawling 247–8
—scallop fishing/dredging 237, 253–5
—seamount trawling 248, 250
—subsidies 246
—transformation of the seas through industrial 233–5, 237–8, 239–49
—wasteful 246
—worldwide weight of fish landed 251
Flamborough Head 249
flatfish 21, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29–30, 32, 36
floods 82–3, 159–60, 165 and n
flounders 26, 29, 30, 32
folk heroes 61n
forest see woodland
forest law 200–201
Forestry Commission 96, 105, 147, 148, 149, 150, 163n, 164n, 226
—Wales 164, 176
fox 117, 120
Feral Page 37