A History of the Muslim World to 1405

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A History of the Muslim World to 1405 Page 57

by Vernon O Egger

Saray, 195, 263

  Sasanian Empire, 4, 8–16, 19, 38–41, 47–49, 52–54, 237, 241

  sawm, 82

  al-Sayyida Nafisa, 309

  al-Sayyida Zaynab, 309

  science, 128–130, 200, 222, 291–292, 295–297

  Sevener Shi‘ites. See Isma‘ilis.

  Seville, 102, 167, 187, 297

  Sfax, 163

  al-Shafi‘i, Muhammad ibn Idris, 118–119

  Shafi‘i madhhab, 119–121, 206, 304

  shahada, 81

  Shah-nameh, 146–147, 240–241

  al-Shahrastani, 204

  Shajar al-Durr, 181

  shari‘a, 119–122, 219–220, 231, 233, 235, 237–239, 241, 246, 254–255, 302–305

  shaykh, role of, 207, 310, 314

  shi‘a, 65, 68

  Shi‘ism, 46, 65–80, 83, 120, 214–219, 249, 305–306

  Shiraz, 14, 93, 143, 150, 246, 299

  shirk, 24

  Shirkuh, 179

  Sibawayh, 88

  Sicily, 87, 96, 107, 162–165

  Siffin, Battle of, 65

  Sijilmasa, 95–96, 98, 106, 155, 165, 241

  Silk Road, 108–109, 257

  silsila, 207, 223, 314

  Sind, 44, 57–58, 79, 110

  Siraf, 110

  slavery, 29, 59, 90, 92, 97, 106, 121, 238–239, 270

  Soghut, 280

  Sohar, 110

  Somnath, 146

  Song of Roland, 100

  Sous, 97, 183, 186

  Sufism, 123–127, 205–214, 294, 299, 307–316

  al-Suhrawardi, Abu al-Najib, 207–208

  al-Suhrawardi al-Maqtul, Shihab al-Din Yahya, 211

  al-Suhrawardi, ‘Umar, 207

  al-Sulayhi, al-Sayyida al-Hurra, 161, 217

  Sultaniya, 267

  sunna, 80, 116–117

  Sunnism, 80–84, 122

  Syriac language, 10, 14, 128–129, 132

  Syrian Orthodox (Monophysite) Church, 9, 128

  al-Tabari, 88

  Tabriz, 197, 265–266

  Tahart, 96–98, 106, 165

  Tangier, 101, 301

  taqiya, 76, 193

  taqlid, 294, 304–305

  tariqa, 206–207, 309

  Tarmashirin, 268, 275, 283

  Tarsus, 144, 233–234

  Tatars, 261

  al-Tayyib, 217

  Tayyibis, 217

  tekke, 206

  Thabit ibn Qurra, 129

  Timur Lang, 260, 264, 267–268, 283–287, 298–299

  Tinmal, 185

  al-Tirmidhi, 211

  Tlemcen, 96–98, 165

  Toledo, 101–103, 105, 167–169, 224

  Toqtamish, 264, 269, 283

  Tours, Battle of, 58

  Trebizon, 111, 278

  tribalism, 18, 25, 30–31, 50, 56

  Trinity, Christian doctrine of, 29–30

  Tripoli, 41, 97–98, 106, 163, 185

  Tripolitania, 186

  Tughril (d. 1063), 148, 150–151, 253

  Tughril (d. 1194), 190

  Tunis, 163, 165, 185, 297

  Turkish language, 145;

  poetry and prose, 148

  Turkmen, 149–150, 152–153, 161, 173, 191, 194, 234–236, 314

  Turks, incursions into southwestern Asia, 144–151

  Tus, 77, 201–202, 205

  Twelver Shi‘ites, 76–78, 93, 143, 150, 214–215, 218–219, 305, 308, 315

  Ubulla, 109

  Uhud, Battle of, 26, 29, 51

  Uighurs, 268

  Uljaytu, 267

  ‘Umar II, 55–56, 59, 70, 249

  ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab, 28, 34, 37–38, 46–47, 49, 63, 67, 83

  ‘Umar Khayyam, 201

  Umayyads of Cordoba, 98–104, 166–167

  Umayyads of Damascus, 39–72, 74–75, 115, 123, 230, 239, 248

  Urban II, 174

  ‘Uthman al-‘Amri, 77

  ‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan, 38, 46, 63–64, 83

  Uzbeg, 264, 301

  Valencia, 101, 185, 187, 232, 245

  Venice, 176, 231, 271–272

  Visigoths, 42

  wali. See saint.

  waqf, 220, 244

  Wasit, 56

  women, status and roles, 50–52, 120–122, 223, 309;

  as rulers, 161, 181, 217

  Yarmuk, Battle of, 37

  Yasavi, Ahmad, 314

  Yazdagird, 37–39

  Yazid ibn Mu‘awiya, 68

  zahir, 78, 217

  zakat, 81

  Zanj revolt, 92, 111

  Zaragoza, 100, 167, 169, 232

  zawiya, 206, 310, 312

  Zayd ibn ‘Ali ibn Husayn, 74

  Zaydism, 74–75, 93, 97

  Zengi, ‘Imad al-Din, 178

  Zengi, Nur al-Din, 178–179

  Zirids, 155, 162–165, 167–168

  Zoroastrianism, 12–13, 43, 48, 300

  The Dome of the Rock mosque in Jerusalem, built by the caliph ’Abd al-Malik (685–705). Its style was influenced by Byzantine architectural models.

  The Ibn Tulun mosque in Cairo, completed in 877 by the Abbasid-appointed governor to Egypt after whom it is named. It was influenced by Iraqi architectural models.

  The mud wall around old Sana’a. In arid climates, both buildings and city walls could be kept in good repair even when made of mud.

  A residential street in old Tunis, illustrating the emphasis on privacy to be found through-out most of the Dar al-Islam.

  The walls of the citadel at Cairo. Saladin began their construction, using the labor of Crusader prisoners of war.

  The ribat at Monastir. It was founded in the late eighth century, but the Aghlabids and Fatimids expanded it.

  The interior of the Great Mosque at Cordoba, constructed between 784 and 987.

  The Great Mosque at Qayrawan, constructed between 836 and 875.

  People washing in fountain in courtyard in Kairaouine Mosque in Fes el-Bali Old Fes in the capital city of Fez Morocco Africa.

  Shah or Imam Mosque in Imam Square in Esfahan Iran.

  The Samanid dynastic tomb in Bukhara, tenth century. The Samanids were known for their fine decorative brickwork, and the tomb exhibits their skill on both the exterior and interior walls.

  The gate to the Udaya Qasaba (“casbah,” or citadel-palace complex), an Almohad monument in Rabat. It was built at the end of the twelfth century.

  The stucco vault over the mihrab bay in the Great Mosque, Tlemcen, Algeria. It was built during the reign of the Almoravid ruler ‘Ali ibn Yusuf, and was completed in 1136.

  The tomb of the Il-khan ruler Uljaytu (1304–1317), in Sultaniya.

  Cairo’s Sultan Hasan madrasa-tomb-mosque complex (on the left), constructed 1356–1363. Elements of this Mamluke monument’s style appear to be due to the influence of architects who fled Iran after the collapse of the Il-khan regime, some two decades earlier.

  Tamerlane Tomb Guri Amir Mausoleum in Samarkand Uzbekistan.

 

 

 


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