5. FDR Press Conference #523, February 3, 1939, pp. 6–8.
6. Tully, F.D.R.: My Boss, p. 87.
7. Arthur Krock in New York Times, October 8, 1940, quoted in White, FDR and the Press, p. 122.
8. Rodgers, ed., The Impossible H. L. Mencken, pp. liv–lv.
9. Reilly and Slocum, Reilly of the White House, p. 91.
10. FDR Press Conference #790, December 9, 1941, pp. 1–2.
11. Ibid., pp. 6–9.
12. Fireside Chat No. 19, “On the Declaration of War with Japan,” Radio Address from Washington, December 9, 1941, FDR Library.
13. Whaley-Eaton American Letter, December 26, 1942, quoted in Parker, A Priceless Advantage, p. 70.
14. FDR, Statement to the Press, December 16, 1941, quoted in Price, “Governmental Censorship in War-Time,” American Political Science Review 36, No. 5, October 1942, p. 841.
15. Address by Byron Price to American Society of Newspaper Editors, April 16, 1942, reprinted in Summers, ed., Wartime Censorship of Press and Radio, p. 30.
16. “Defense Shake-Up,” New York Times, December 18, 1941.
17. “Washington News on Fighting Scant,” New York Times, December 10, 1941.
18. McCarten, “General MacArthur: Fact and Legend,” American Mercury, Vol. 58, No. 241, January 1944.
19. Davis, The U.S. Army and the Media in the 20th Century, p. 51.
20. “We Shall Do Our Best, General MacArthur States,” New York Times, December 12, 1941.
21. “Keep Flag Flying, MacArthur Orders,” New York Times, December 16, 1941.
22. “MacArthur Glide Is New Dance,” New York Times, March 16, 1942.
23. “MacArthur Works On Birthday,” New York Times, January 27, 1942.
24. Philadelphia Record, January 27, 1942, quoted in Borneman, MacArthur at War, p. 125.
25. New York Times, February 13, 1942, p. 17.
26. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 18.
27. Ibid., p. 22.
28. Dwight D. Eisenhower diary, February 23, 1942, in Ferrell, ed., The Eisenhower Diaries, p. 49.
29. Dwight D. Eisenhower diary, February 23, 1942, in ibid., p. 49.
30. Buell, Master of Sea Power, p. 249.
31. Perry, “Dear Bart,” p. 79.
32. Forrestal quoted in Buell, Master of Sea Power, p. 253.
33. Forrestal recounted the quote in a letter to Carl Vinson dated August 30, 1944. Millis, ed., The Forrestal Diaries, p. 9.
34. Basic Field Manual, Regulations for Correspondents Accompanying U.S. Army Forces in the Field, War Department, January 21, 1942, p. 4.
35. Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 149.
36. Driscoll, Pacific Victory 1945, p. 226.
37. Ibid.
38. Liebling, “The A.P. Surrender,” New Yorker, May 12, 1945.
39. Ewing, “Nimitz: Reflections on Pearl Harbor,” pp. 1–2.
40. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 234.
41. “Girding of Pacific Speeded by Nimitz,” New York Times, January 31, 1942.
42. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, Vol. 1, No. 539, p. 362.
43. Waldo Drake, oral history, in Recollections of Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, p. 19.
44. Casey, Torpedo Junction, p. 234.
45. Waldo Drake, oral history, in Recollections of Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, p. 14.
46. Casey, Torpedo Junction, p. 278.
47. Brinkley, Washington Goes to War, pp. 190–91.
48. Davis and Price, War Information and Censorship, p. 13.
49. Ritchie, Reporting from Washington, p. 62.
50. Brinkley, Washington Goes to War, p. 190.
51. Current, Secretary Stimson, p. 201.
52. Burlingame, Don’t Let Them Scare You, p. 195.
53. Healy and Catledge, A Lifetime on Deadline, p. 109.
54. “Navy Had Word of Jap Plan to Strike at Sea,” Chicago Sunday Tribune, June 7, 1942, p. 1.
55. Tom Dyer, one of Joe Rochefort’s lieutenants at Station Hypo, observed that the Japanese adopted a new coding edition the same week as the Battle of Midway, too early to have been prompted by the Tribune story. Thomas H. Dyer, oral history, pp. 270–71.
56. Glen Perry to Edmond Barnett, October 22, 1942; full text of letter in Perry, Dear Bart, p. 70.
57. Navy Department communiqué No. 88, June 12, 1942.
58. Navy Department communiqué No. 107, August 17, 1942.
59. Hanson Baldwin, oral history, p. 359.
60. Burlingame, Don’t Let Them Scare You, p. 201.
61. Navy Department communiqué No. 147, October 12, 1942.
62. Navy Department communiqué No. 149, October 13, 1942.
63. Navy Department communiqué No. 168, October 26, 1942.
64. Navy Department communiqué No. 169, October 26, 1942.
65. Navy Department communiqué No. 175, October 31, 1942.
66. CINCPAC to COMINCH, November 1, 1942, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 2, p. 970.
67. Perry, Dear Bart, p. 84.
68. Glen Perry’s memorandum to editors, November 1, 1942, in Perry, Dear Bart, p. 85.
69. Phelps H. Adams quoted in Buell, Master of Sea Power, pp. 260–61.
70. Glen Perry’s memorandum to editors, November 7, 1942, Perry, Dear Bart, p. 91.
71. Phelps H. Adams quoted in Buell, Master of Sea Power, p. 261.
72. Glen Perry’s memorandum to editors, November 30, 1942, Perry, Dear Bart, p. 107.
73. Robert L. Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, undated, in Luvaas, ed., Dear Miss Em, pp. 64–65.
74. Luvaas, ed., Dear Miss Em, p. 65.
75. Ibid.
76. SWPA Communiqué No. 326, March 4, 1943; SWPA Communiqué No. 329, March 7, 1943; RG, RG-4, Reel 611, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
77. Press release, SWPA headquarters, April 14, 1943, RG-4, Reel 611, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
78. MacArthur to Chief of Staff, War Department, September 7, 1943, RG-4, Reel 593, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
79. LeGrande Diller, oral history, September 26, 1982, MacArthur Memorial Archives, p. 13.
80. William Manchester notes MacArthur’s paranoid tendency to use the pronouns “they” and “them” to refer to nameless Washington enemies in American Caesar, p. 273.
81. Robert L. Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, January 29, 1944, in Luvaas, ed., Dear Miss Em, pp. 90–91.
82. James, The Years of MacArthur, Vol. 2, pp. 280–81.
83. Robert L. Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, June 13, 1943, in Luvaas, ed., Dear Miss Em, p. 71.
84. Meijer, Arthur Vandenberg, p. 218.
85. This according to Faubion Bowers, an interpreter and loyal aide-de-camp, in “The Late General MacArthur,” in Leary, ed., MacArthur and the American Century, p. 254.
86. “Eichelberger Dictations,” November 12, 1953, in Luvaas, ed., Dear Miss Em, p. 77.
87. Arthur Vandenberg, “Why I Am for MacArthur,” Collier’s Weekly, February 12, 1944, p. 14.
88. James, The Years of MacArthur, Vol. 2, p. 423.
89. Clapper described the exchange to Captain John L. McCrea, former White House naval aide, in January 1944. McCrea, Captain McCrea’s War, p. 210. The following month, Clapper was killed while reporting on the FLINTLOCK landings in the Marshall Islands. He was riding as a passenger in a navy bomber when it collided with another U.S. plane.
90. John McCarten, “General MacArthur: Fact and Legend,” American Mercury, Vol. 58, No. 241, January 1944.
91. Ibid.
92. MacArthur to Marshall, cable in the clear, March 11, 1944, RG-4, MacArthur correspondence files, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
93. Robert L. Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, January 28, 1944, in Luvaas, ed., Dear Miss Em, p. 90.
94. James, The Years of MacArthur, Vol. 2, p. 435.
95. Ibid., p. 436.
96. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 185.
97. Press release, SWPA headquarters, Statement of Douglas MacArthur, Ap
ril 30, 1944, RG-4, Reel 611, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
98. “Dewey Refuses to Say Directly That Roosevelt Withheld Pacific Supplies,” Courier-Journal (Louisville, KY), September 15, 1944, p. 6.
Chapter One
1. Press and radio conference No. 961, July 11, 1944, FDR Library.
2. FDR to Stephen T. Early, October 24, 1944, in Stephen T. Early Papers, “Memoranda, FDR, 1944,” Box 24, FDR Library.
3. Smith, “Thank You, Mr. President!,” Life magazine, August 19, 1946, p. 49.
4. William D. Hassett diary, March 6, 1944, in Hassett, Off the Record with FDR, p. 239.
5. Evans, The Hidden Campaign, p. 52.
6. White House daily log, July 16, 1944, FDR Library.
7. Rigdon, White House Sailor, p. 19.
8. William D. Leahy diary, July 21, 1944, p. 61, William D. Leahy Papers, LCMD.
9. “JCS to CINCPOA and CINCSOWESPAC,” March 12, 1944, FDR Map Room Papers, Box 182.
10. Hayes, The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in World War II, p. 503.
11. MacArthur to Sutherland, March 8, 1943, RG-30, Reel 1007, Signal Corps No. Q4371, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
12. Marshall to General Douglas MacArthur, June 24, 1944, Radio No. WAR-55718, George C. Marshall Papers, Pentagon Office Collection, Selected Materials, George C. Marshall Research Library, Lexington, Virginia.
13. MacArthur to Marshall, Radio No. CX-13891, June 18, 1944, in Marshall, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, ed. Bland and Stevens.
14. The documentary evidence was discovered and published by Carol M. Petillo in 1979. Petillo, “Douglas MacArthur and Manuel Quezon.” Paul P. Rogers, a clerk on MacArthur’s staff, witnessed conversations involving Quezon, MacArthur, and Sutherland on Corregidor and typed out the order. Rogers, The Good Years: MacArthur and Sutherland, pp. 165–66.
15. Dwight D. Eisenhower diary, June 20, 1942, in The Eisenhower Diaries, p. 63.
16. Press conference, April 17, 1944, in Perry, Dear Bart, p. 270.
17. Barbey, MacArthur’s Amphibious Navy, p. 183.
18. Charles J. Moore, oral history, p. 1063.
19. Interview with Raymond A. Spruance by Philippe de Baussel for Paris Match, July 6, 1965, p. 21, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 1, Folder 1.
20. Spruance to Professor E. B. Potter, March 28, 1960, p. 1, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, Collection 707, Box 3, NHHC Archives.
21. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, p. 435.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., p. 438.
24. John Henry Towers diary, July 20, 1944, John H. Towers Papers, LCMD.
25. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, p. 440.
26. Buell, Master of Sea Power, p. 467.
27. CINCPOA to COMINCH, July 24, 1944, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2334.
28. “Notes, 1950–1952,” pp. 5–6, Ernest J. King Papers, LCMD.
29. John Henry Towers diary, July 26, 1944, John H. Towers Papers, LCMD.
30. Robert C. Richardson Jr. diary, July 27, 1944, Robert C. Richardson Jr. Papers, Hoover Institution Archives.
31. Whelton Rhoades diary, July 26, 1944, in Rhoades, Flying MacArthur to Victory, p. 257.
32. Ibid., p. 258.
33. John Henry Towers diary, July 26, 1944, John H. Towers Papers, LCMD. Note that Whelton Rhoades mistook Towers for Nimitz, and erroneously recorded in his diary that the CINCPAC had met the plane. Rhoades diary, July 26, 1944, in Rhoades, Flying MacArthur to Victory, p. 258.
34. Rosenman, Working With Roosevelt, pp. 456–57. General Richardson took his car from the Baltimore to Fort Shafter to fetch MacArthur, so the two generals would likely have returned together. Robert C. Richardson Jr. diary, July 27, 1944. The open touring car was certainly present in the Navy Yard on July 26, because the film footage shows that FDR and Leahy left in it. “FDR’s Tour of Inspection to the Pacific July–Aug, 1944,” 16mm film footage, MP71-8:63–64, Motion Pictures Collection, FDR Library.
35. Sommers, Combat Carriers and My Brushes with History, pp. 97–99.
36. Faubion Bowers, “The Late General MacArthur,” in Leary, ed., MacArthur and the American Century, p. 254.
37. Leahy, I Was There, p. 250.
38. “FDR’s Tour of Inspection to the Pacific July–Aug, 1944,” 16mm film footage, MP71-8:63–64, Motion Pictures Collection, FDR Library.
39. Ibid.
40. Sommers, Combat Carriers and My Brushes with History, pp. 97–99.
41. William D. Leahy diary, July 26, 1944, William D. Leahy Papers, LCMD.
42. Robert C. Richardson Jr. diary, July 27, 1944, Richardson Papers, Hoover Institution Archives.
43. Ibid.
44. FDR Press Conference #962, July 29, 1944, FDR Library.
45. Reilly and Slocum, Reilly of the White House, p. 191.
46. Rigdon, White House Sailor, p. 116.
47. McIntire, White House Physician, p. 199.
48. James, The Years of MacArthur, Vol. 2, p. 529.
49. Whelton Rhoades diary, July 29, 1944, in Rhoades, Flying MacArthur to Victory, pp. 260–61.
50. Robert L. Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, September 12, 1944, in Luvaas, ed., Dear Miss Em, pp. 155–56.
51. “Presidential Conference in Hawaii,” 35mm film footage, FDR2757-28-2 and FDR2757-28-3, Motion Pictures Collection, FDR Library.
52. Ibid.
53. Blaik, The Red Blaik Story, pp. 501–2; Eichelberger and MacKaye, Our Jungle Road to Tokyo, p. 165.
54. Faubion Bowers, “The Late General MacArthur,” in Leary, ed., MacArthur and the American Century, p. 254.
55. Blaik, The Red Blaik Story, p. 500; MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 172.
56. Robert C. Richardson Jr. diary, January 19, 1945, Richardson Papers, Hoover Institution Archives.
57. MacArthur, Reminiscences, pp. 197–98.
58. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 12, Leyte, p. 9.
59. Robert C. Richardson Jr. diary, July 28, 1944, Richardson Papers, Hoover Institution Archives.
60. Leahy, I Was There, p. 251.
61. Robert C. Richardson Jr. diary, July 28, 1944, Richardson Papers, Hoover Institution Archives.
62. Drea, In the Service of the Emperor, p. 129.
63. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 198.
64. Robert C. Richardson Jr. diary, July 28, 1944, Richardson Papers, Hoover Institution Archives.
65. Nimitz et al., The Great Sea War, pp. 370–73.
66. William D. Leahy diary, July 28, 1944, William D. Leahy Papers, LCMD.
67. MacArthur, Reminiscences, pp. 197–98.
68. Robert L. Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, September 12, 1944, in Luvaas, ed., Dear Miss Em, pp. 155–56.
69. Hayes, The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in World War II, p. 92.
70. Emphasis in the original. “Notes, 1950–1952,” p. 3, Ernest J. King Papers.
71. Whitney, MacArthur: His Rendezvous with History, p. 125.
72. D. Clayton James offers this theory in his otherwise excellent multivolume biography, The Years of MacArthur. Many others have followed the trail he blazed.
73. McIntire, White House Physician, p. 200.
74. Manchester, American Caesar, p. 370.
75. Whelton Rhoades diary, July 29, 1944, in Rhoades, Flying MacArthur to Victory, pp. 260–61.
76. Howard G. Bruenn, M.D., “Clinical Notes,” in Evans, The Hidden Campaign, Appendix B, p. 149.
77. William D. Leahy diary, July 29, 1944; White House daily log, July 29, 1944; “Presidential Conference in Hawaii,” 35mm film footage, FDR 2757-28-2 and FDR 2757-28-3, Motion Pictures Collection, FDR Library.
78. FDR daily log, July 29, 1944, FDR Library; also “Presidential Conference in Hawaii—July 1944,” 35mm film footage, FDR 2757-28-4, Motion Pictures Collection, FDR Library.
79. White House daily log, July 29, 1944, FDR Library.
80. “Presid
ential Conference in Hawaii—July 1944,” 35mm film footage, FDR2757-28-4, Motion Pictures Collection, FDR Library.
81. McIntire, White House Physician, p. 11.
82. Ibid., p. 13.
83. Rosenman quoted in Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, p. 568.
84. “Presidential Conference in Hawaii—July 1944,” 35mm film footage, FDR2757-28-4, Motion Pictures Collection, FDR Library.
85. Press Conference #962, July 29, 1944, FDR Library.
86. Ibid.
87. William D. Leahy diary, July 29, 1944, William D. Leahy Papers, LCMD.
88. Letter, FDR to MacArthur, August 9, 1944, FDR Library.
89. Press Conference #962, July 29, 1944, FDR Library.
90. “JCS to CINCPOA and CINCSOWESPAC,” March 12, 1944, FDR Map Room Papers, Box 182.
91. Whelton Rhoades diary, July 29, 1944, in Rhoades, Flying MacArthur to Victory, pp. 260–61.
92. Joint Staff Planners, Washington, to Staff Planners of CINCPOA, CINCSWPA, July 27, 1944, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2336.
93. Hayes, The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in World War II, p. 612.
94. Leahy memorandum to JCS, “Discussion of Pacific Strategy,” September 5, 1944. Includes summary of past meetings. Inserted into William D. Leahy diary after entry for August 3, 1944, William D. Leahy Papers, LCMD.
95. Charles J. Moore, oral history, p. 1073.
96. Ibid.
97. CINCPOA to COMINCH, August 18, 1944, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2342.
98. John Henry Towers diary, July 20, 1944, John H. Towers Papers, LCMD.
99. Graves B. Erskine, oral history, CCOH Marine Corps Project, p. 379.
100. Joint Chiefs of Staff to Nimitz, MacArthur, September 9, 1944, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2350.
101. Robert L. Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, September 12, 1944, in Luvaas, ed., Dear Miss Em, pp. 155–56.
102. Letter, FDR to MacArthur, September 15, 1944, FDR Library.
103. Geographic codenames have been replaced with corresponding place-names. MacArthur to Chief of Staff, War Department, September 21, 1944, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, pp. 2362–63.
104. John Henry Towers diary, September 26, 1944, John H. Towers Papers, LCMD.
105. Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, interview in Paris Match, July 6, 1965, p. 21, Spruance Papers, Naval War College Archives.
106. Ibid.
107. “Notes, 1950–1952,” p. 7, Ernest J. King Papers.
Chapter Two
Twilight of the Gods Page 103