by Vaclav Smil
ICF International. 2007. Energy trends in selected manufacturing sectors. http://www.epa.gov/sectors/pdf/energy/report.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
IEA (International Energy Agency). 2005. Unconventional oil & gas production. http://www.iea-etsap.org/web/E-TechDS/PDF/P02-Uncon%20oil&gas-GS-gct.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
IEA. 2007. Tracking industrial energy efficiency and CO2 emissions. http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/tracking_emissions.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
IEA. 2012. Golden Rules for a Golden Age of Gas. Paris: IEA. http://www.igu.org/news/igu-world-lng-report-2013.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
IEA. 2013. Key world energy statistics. http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/tracking_emissions.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
IEA. 2014. World Energy Investment Outlook. Paris: IEA. http://www.iea.org/media/140603_WEOinvestment_Factsheets.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
IFDC (International Fertilizer Development Center). 2008. Worldwide Ammonia Capacity Listing by Plant. Muscle Shoals: IFDC.
IGU (International Gas Union). 2012. Geopolitics and natural gas. http://www.clingendaelenergy.com/inc/upload/files/Geopolitics_and_natural_gas_KL_final_report.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
IGU. 2014. World LNG Report—2014 Edition. Fornebu: IGU. http://www.igu.org/news/igu-world-lng-report-2013.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
IHRDC (International Human Resources Development Corporation). 2014. Gas processing and fractionation. http://www.ihrdc.com/els/po-demo/module14/mod_014_02.htm (accessed February 20, 2015).
IHS CERA. 2014. IHS CERA Upstream Capital Costs Index (UCCI). http://www.ihs.com/info/cera/ihsindexes/index.aspx (accessed February 20, 2015).
IMO (International Maritime Organization). 2008. International shipping and world trade facts and figures. http://www.imo.org/includes/blastData.asp/doc_id=8540/International%20Shipping%20and%20World%20Trade%20-%20facts%20and%20figures.pdf
Inman, M. 2014. Natural gas: The fracking fallacy. Nature 516:28–30. http://www.nature.com/news/natural-gas-the-fracking-fallacy-1.16430 (accessed March 10, 2015).
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2006. Stationary combustion In: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/2_Volume2/V2_2_Ch2_Stationary_Combustion.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
IPCC. 2007. Climate Change 2007: Working Group I: The Physical Science Basis. Geneva: IPCC.
IPCC. 2013. Working group I contribution to the IPCC fifth assessment report climate change 2013: The physical science basis. http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/uploads/WGIAR5_WGI-12Doc2b_FinalDraft_Chapter08.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
IRGC (International Risk Governance Council). 2013. Risk Governance Guidelines for Unconventional Gas Development. Geneva: IRGC. http://www.irgc.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/IRGC-Report-Unconventional-Gas-Development-2013.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
Itar-Tass. 2014a. Russia’s gas contract with China opens world market competition for Russian gas resources. http://en.itar-tass.com/economy/733974 (accessed February 20, 2015).
Itar-Tass. 2014b. China-bound pipeline to pump gas contracted by Gazprom and CNPC. Itar-Tass, June 27, 2014. http://en.itar-tass.com/economy/738083 (accessed February 20, 2015).
Jackson, R.B. et al. 2013. Increased stray gas abundance in a subset of drinking water wells near Marcellus shale gas extraction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110:1125–11255.
Jaffe, A. and E. Morse. 2013. The end of OPEC. Foreign Policy, October 16, 2013. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/10/16/the_end_of_opec_america_energy_oil (accessed February 20, 2015).
Jarvis, D. et al. 1998. The association of respiratory symptoms and lung function with the use of gas for cooking. European Respiratory Journal 11:651–658.
Jiang, M. et al. 2011. Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Marcellus Shale Gas. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon University and IOP Publishing. http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/6/3/034014 (accessed February 20, 2015).
JOGMEC (Japan Oil, Gas and Metals Corporation). 2013. Gas production from methane hydrate layers confirmed. http://www.jogmec.go.jp/english/news/release/release0110.html (accessed February 20, 2015).
Jopson, B. 2014. US gas boom could be a geopolitical weapon. Financial Times, March 6, 2014. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e2cf61ba-a489-11e3-b915-00144feab7de.html#axzz36nCxU4HK (accessed February 20, 2015).
Jordaan, S.M., Keith, D.W. and B. Stelfox. 2009. Quantifying land use of oil sands production: a life cycle perspective. Environmental Research Letters 4.024004. http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/4/2/024004/ (accessed February 20, 2015).
Kai, F.M. et al. 2011. Reduced methane growth rate explained by decreased Northern Hemisphere microbial sources. Nature 476:194–197.
Kaskey, J. 2013. Chemical companies rush to the U.S. thanks to cheap natural gas. Bloomberg Businessweek, July 25, 2014. http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-07-25/chemical-companies-rush-to-the-u-dot-s-dot-thanks-to-cheap-natural-gas (accessed February 20, 2015).
Kaufman, S. 2013. Project Plowshare: The Peaceful Use of Nuclear Explosives in Cold War America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Kaur, S. 2010. Asian and European bunker and residual markets. http://www.platts.com/im.platts.content/productsservices/conferenceandevents/2013/pc322/presentations/sharmilpal_kaur_day2.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
KBR (Kellogg Brown & Root). 2014. Kellogg Brown & Root. http://www.kbr.com/ (accessed February 20, 2015).
Kehlhofer, R., Rukes, B. and F. Hannemann. 2009. Combined-Cycle Gas & Steam Turbine Power Plants. Tulsa: Pennwell Books.
Kenney, J.F. et al. 2002. The evolution of multicomponent systems at high pressures: VI. The thermodynamic stability of the hydrogen–carbon system: The genesis of hydrocarbons and the origin of petroleum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99:10976–10981.
Kenny, J.F. et al. 2009. Estimated use of water in the United States in 2005. http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1344/ (accessed February 20, 2015).
Kharaka, Y.K. et al. 2013. The energy-water nexus: potential groundwater-quality degradation associated with production of shale gas. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 7:417–422.
Kiefner, J.F. and M.J. Rosenfeld. 2012. The Role of Pipeline Age in Pipeline Safety. Worthington: The INGAA Foundation. http://www.ingaa.org/File.aspx?id=19307 (accessed February 20, 2015).
Kiefner, J.F. and C.J. Trench. 2001. Oil pipeline characteristics and risk factors: Illustrations from the decade of construction. http://www.api.org/oil-and-natural-gas-overview/transporting-oil-and-natural-gas/pipeline-performance-ppts/ppts-related-files/~/media/files/oil-and-natural-gas/ppts/other-files/decadefinal.ashx (accessed February 20, 2015).
King, H. 2014. Production and Royalty Declines in a Natural Gas Well Over Time. Geology.com. http://geology.com/royalty/production-decline.shtml (accessed March 10, 2015).
Kintisch, E. 2014. Hunting a climate fugitive. Science 344:1472–1473.
Kirschke, S. et al. 2013. Three decades of global methane sources and sinks. Nature Geoscience 6:813–823.
Klett, T.R. et al. 2011. Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Amu Darya Basin and Afghan–Tajik Basin Provinces, Afghanistan, Iran, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, 2011. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3154/ (accessed February 20, 2015).
Klett, T.R. et al. 2012. Assessment of potential additions to conventional oil and gas resources of the world (outside the United States) from reserve growth, 2012. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3052/fs2012-3052.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
“K” Line. 2014. Development of a compressed natural gas carrier. https://www.kline.co.jp/en/service/energy/cng/detail.html (accessed February 20, 2015).
Koch, H. 1965. 75 Jahre Mannesmann Geschichte einer Erfindung und eines Unternehmens, 1890–1965. Düsseldorf: Mannesmann AG.
Komlev, S. 2014. EU-Ru
ssian Gas Trade: Too Deep and Comprehensive to Fail. Moscow: Moscow Energy Charter Forum. http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Conferences/2014_April_3/1-2_Komlev.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
Kudryavtsev, N.A. 1959. Oil, Gas, and Solid Bitumens in Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks. Leningrad: State Fuel Technical Press.
Kumar, S. et al. 2011. Current status and future projections of LNG demand and supplies: A global perspective. Energy Policy 39:4097–4104.
Kuuskraa, V.A. 2004. Natural gas resources, unconventional. In: Encyclopedia of Energy, C. Cleveland et al. eds., San Diego: Elsevier, Vol. 4, pp. 257–272.
Kuuskraa, V.A. 2013. EIA/ARI world shale gas and shale oil resource assessment. http://www.eia.gov/conference/2013/pdf/presentations/kuuskraa.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
Kuuskraa, V.A. et al. 2011. World Shale Gas Resources: An Initial Assessment of 14 Regions Outside the United States. Arlington: Advanced Resources International. http://www.adv-res.com/pdf/ARI%20EIA%20Intl%20Gas%20Shale%20APR%202011.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
Kvenvolden, K.A., 1988. Methane hydrate—A major reservoir of carbon in the shallow geosphere? Chemical Geology 71:41–51.
Kvenvolden, K.A., 1993. Gas hydrates—Geological perspective and global change. Review of Geophysics 31:173l–187l.
Laherrère, J.H. 2000. Global natural gas perspectives. http://www.hubbertpeak.com/laherrere/ngperspective/ (accessed February 20, 2015).
Lamlom, S. H., R. A. Savidge. 2003. A reassessment of carbon content in wood: Variation within and between 41 North American species. Biomass and Bioenergy 25:381–388.
Langston, L.S. 2013. The adaptable gas turbine. American Scientist 101:264–267.
Laubach, S.E. et al. 1998. Characteristics and origins of coal cleat: A review. International Journal of Coal Geology 35:175–207.
Lechtenböhmer, S. et al. 2007. Tapping the leakages: Methane losses, mitigation options and policy issues for Russian long distance gas transmission pipelines. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 1:387–395.
Levi, M. 2013. The Power Surge: Energy, Opportunity and Battle for America’s Future. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lewis, J.A. 1961. History of Petroleum Engineering. New York: API.
Li, G. 2011. World Atlas of Oil and Gas Basins. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
Li, M. 2014. Geophysical Exploration Technology: Applications in Lithological and Stratigraphic Reservoirs. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Linde, C.P. 1916. Aus meinem Leben und von meiner Arbeit. München: R. Oldenbourg.
Linde. 2013. LNG technology. http://www.linde-engineering.com/internet.global.lindeengineering.global/en/images/LNG_1_1_e_13_150dpi19_4577.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
Linde. 2014. LNG in transportation. http://lindelng.com/index.php/products-and-services/lng-in-transportation (accessed February 20, 2015).
LNG Canada. 2014. Why did LNG Canada choose to locate its project in Katimat? http://lngcanada.ca/faq-items/why-did-lng-canada-choose-to-locate-its-project-in-kitimat/ (accessed February 20, 2015).
Loder, A. 2014a. Shale gas drillers feast on junk debt to stay on treadmill. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-04-30/shale-drillers-feast-on-junk-debt-to-say-on-treadmill.html (accessed February 20, 2015).
Loder, A. 2014b. Shakeout threatens shale patch as frackers go for broke. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-05-26/shakeout-threatens-shale-patch-as-frackers-go-for-broke.html (accessed February 20, 2015).
Logue, J.M. et al. 2013. Pollutant exposures from natural gas cooking burners: A simulation-based assessment for Southern California. Environmental Health Perspectives 122:43–50.
Lollar, B.S. et al. 2002. Abiogenic formation of alkanes in the Earth’s crust as a minor source for global hydrocarbon reservoirs. Nature 416:522–524.
Loree, D., Byrd, A. and R. Lestz. 2014. WaterLess fracturing technology. http://www.siltnet.net/documents/lestz_condensed_version_2_15_11.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
Lovelock, J.E. and L. Margulis. 1974. Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: The gaia hypothesis. Tellus 26:1–10.
Lowrie, A. and M.D. Max. 1999. The extraordinary promise and challenge of gas hydrates. World Oil 49(50):53–55.
Magoon, L.B. and W.G. Dow, eds. 1994. The Petroleum System—From Source to Trap. AAPG Memoir 60. Washington, DC: USGS.
Magoon, L.B. and J.W. Schmoker. 2000. The Total Petroleum System—The Natural Fluid Network that Constrains the Assessment Unit. Washington, DC: USGS.
Mahfoud, R. F. and J. N. Beck. 1995. Why the Middle East fields may produce oil forever. Offshore April 1995:58–64, 106.
Makogon, Y. F. 1965. A gas hydrate formation in the gas saturated layers under low temperature. Gas Industry 5:14–15.
Makogon, Y.F., Holditch, S.A., and T.Y. Makogon. 2007. Natural gas-hydrates—A potential energy source for the 21st Century. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 56:14–31.
Mallinson, R.G. 2004. Natural gas processing and products. In: Encyclopedia of Energy, C. Cleveland et al. eds., San Diego: Elsevier, Vol. 4, pp. 235–247.
Mankin, C.J. 1983. Unconventional sources of natural gas. Annual Review of Energy 8:27–43.
Mann, P., Gahagan, L. and M.B. Gordon. 2001. Tectonic setting of the world’s giant oil fields. World Oil, 222(9). http://www.worldoil.com/September-2001-Tectonic-setting-of-the-worlds-giant-oil-fields.html (accessed February 20, 2015).
Marbek. 2010. Study of opportunities for natural gas in the transportation sector. http://www.cngva.org/media/4302/marbek_ngv_final_report-april_2010.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
Marchetti, C. 1977. Primary energy substitution models: In the interaction between energy and society. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 10:345–356.
Marchetti, C. and N. Nakićenović. 1979. The Dynamics of Energy Systems and the Logistic Substitution Model. Vienna: IIASA.
Marine Exchange of Alaska. 2014. Shipping cook inlet liquefied natural gas—The tankers. http://www.mxak.org/home/photo_essays/lng_tankers.html; http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/sonatrach/ (accessed February 20, 2015).
Marine Traffic. 2014. Mozah. http://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/details/ships/9337755/vessel:MOZAH (accessed February 20, 2015).
Marsters, P.V. 2013. A revolution on the horizon. China Environment Series 2012/2013:35–47.
Martin, S. 2010. Extra ethane poses obstacle in US Marcellus Shale development. http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2010/10/18/9402406/extra-ethane-poses-obstacle-in-us-marcellus-shale-development/ (accessed February 20, 2015).
Matthews & Associates. 2014. $3 million verdict in Texas fracking case. http://www.dmlawfirm.com/3-million-verdict-fracking-case (accessed February 20, 2015).
Maugeri, L. 2013. Beyond the Age of Oil. Santa Barbara: Praeger.
McCarthy, K. et al. 2011. Basic petroleum chemistry for source rock evaluation. Oilfield Review Summer 2011:32–43.
McJeon, H. et al. 2014. Limited impact of decadal-scale climate change from increased use of natural gas. Nature 514:482–485.
McKelvey, V.E. 1973. Mineral resource estimates and public policy. In: United States Mineral Resources, D.A. Brobst and W.P. Pratt, eds., Washington, DC: USGS, pp. 9–19.
McKibben, B. et al. 2014. A letter to President Obama to stop the disastrous rush to export fracked gas at Cove Point and nationwide. http://org.salsalabs.com/o/423/images/LNG-Export-PresidentObama-Climate-Letter31814.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
McNutt, M. 2013. Bridge or crutch? Science 342:909.
Messner, J. and G. Babies. 2012. Transport of natural gas. http://www.shell.com/global/future-energy/scenarios/new-lens-scenarios.html (accessed February 20, 2015).
Methanex. 2014. Methanex investor presentation. http://freepdfs.net/methanex-investor-presentation/99fb9fe1efad0b415408f088faa45a8a/ (accessed March 11, 2015).
Milkov, A.V. 2010. Methanogenic biodegradation of petroleum in the West Siberian Basin (Russia): Significance for formation of giant Cenomanian gas pools. AAPG Bulletin 94:1485–1541.
>
MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). 2011. The Future of Natural Gas: An Interdisciplinary MIT Study. Cambridge, MA: MIT. http://web.mit.edu/ceepr/www/publications/Natural_Gas_Study.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
Molina, J. et al. 2011. Molecular evidence for a single evolutionary origin of domesticated rice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108:8351–8356.
Montgomery, C.T. and M.B. Smith. 2010. Hydraulic fracturing: History of an enduring technology. Journal of Petroleum Technology December 2010:26–32. http://www.ourenergypolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Hydraulic.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
Murphy, S.L., Xu, J. and K.D. Kochanek. 2013. Deaths: Final data for 2010. National Vital Statistics Reports 61(4):1–117.
NAM (Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij). 2009. Groningen gas field. http://www-static.shell.com/content/dam/shell/static/nam-en/downloads/pdf/flyer-namg50eng.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
NaturalGas.org. 2014. The history of regulation. http://naturalgas.org/regulation/history/ (accessed February 20, 2015).
Navarro, M. 2013. Bans and rules muddy prospects for gas drilling. New York Times, January 3, 2013:A18.
NEB (National Energy Board). 2013. Montney formation one of the largest gas resources in the world, report shows. http://www.neb-one.gc.ca/clf-nsi/rthnb/nws/nwsrls/2013/nwsrls30-eng.html (accessed February 20, 2015).
NEB. 2014a. Canada’s oil sands. http://www.neb.gc.ca/clf-nsi/rnrgynfmtn/nrgyrprt/lsnd/pprtntsndchllngs20152006/qapprtntsndchllngs20152006-eng.html (accessed February 20, 2015).
NEB. 2014b. Canadian Pipeline Transportation System. Calgary: NEB. http://www.neb-one.gc.ca/clf-nsi/rnrgynfmtn/nrgyrprt/trnsprttn/2014trnsprttnssssmnt/2014trnsprttnssssmnt-eng.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
Needham, J. 1964. The Development of Iron and Steel Technology in China. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons.
NETL (National Energy Technology Laboratory). 2014. Fire in the ice. http://www.netl.doe.gov/research/oil-and-gas/methane-hydrates/fire-in-the-ice (accessed February 20, 2015).
NETL. 2013. Modern shale gas development in the United States: An update. http://www.netl.doe.gov/File%20Library/Research/Oil-Gas/shale-gas-primer-update-2013.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).