Williams, James Madison, 253, 272
Wilmington, North Carolina, 159, 279–80, 286, 301, 311, 470
Wilmot Proviso, 64, 65, 68, 82
Wilmot, David, 66–67
Wilson, Edmund, 530
Wilson, Henry, 84, 132, 451, 452, 458, 493, 505
Wilson, William, 376
Winchester, Virginia, 398, 399
Winston, John A., 28
Winthrop, Robert C., 227
Wisconsin, 122, 493
Wise, Henry, 41, 119, 389, 390
Wise, John A., 361
Wister, Owen Jones, 139
Wister, Sarah Butler, 138–39
Wofford, William, 492
Wolseley, Sir Garnet, 289–90
women and gender, 241, 325–27, 363, 374, 389–404, 526
and feminism, 49–50
and prostitution, 397
Women’s Central Relief Association (New York), 396
Women’s National Loyal League, 403
Wood, Sir Evelyn, 154
Wood, Fernando, 228
Work, Henry Clay, 495–96
World War, First, 95
Wright, Horatio, 431, 448
Wyat, Bayley, 486
Yancey, William Lowndes, 121, 363
Yazoo City, Mississippi, 506
York River (Virginia), 166
York, Pennsylvania, 342, 343
Yorktown, Virginia, 164
Young, John Russell, 206, 477
zouave, 143, 394
1. Ronald C. White, Lincoln’s Greatest Speech: The Second Inaugural (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002), 30–31, 33; Noah Brooks, “Inauguration Day,” in Lincoln Observed: Civil War Dispatches of Noah Brooks, ed. Michael Burlingame (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 167–68.
2. Abraham Lincoln, “Second Inaugural Address,” in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy F. Basler (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 8:332–33.
3. Pauline Maier, American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence (New York: Knopf, 1997), 69–90.
4. Kenneth Stampp, “Unam Aut Plures? The Concept of a Perpetual Union,” in The Imperiled Union: Essays on the Background of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 21–29.
5. Ralph Ketcham, The Anti-Federalist Papers and the Constitutional Convention Debates (New York: Signet Classic, 2003), 225.
6. Robert Dawidoff, The Education of John Randolph (New York: W. W. Norton, 1979), 34, 154; Peter B. Knupfer, The Union as It Is: Constitutional Unionism and Sectional Compromise, 1787–1861 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 115–17; George Featherstonhaugh, Excursion Through the Slave States, from Washington on the Potomac to the Frontier of Mexico (London: John Murray, 1844), 2:341.
7. Joseph Story, A Discourse upon the Life, Character, and Services of the Honorable John Marshall (Boston: J. Munroe, 1835), 20.
8. Samuel Putnam Waldo, Memoirs of Andrew Jackson: Major-General in the Army of the United States (Hartford, CT: Silas Andrus, 1818), 30.
9. William G. Brownlow, Sketches of the Rise, Progress, and Decline of Secession (Philadelphia: Applegate, 1862), 227; Alexander H. Stephens, A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States (Philadelphia: National Publishing, 1870), 2:448; Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), 179.
10. Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), 270, 278; Richard J. Carwardine, Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993), 3–18.
11. Donald H. Meyer, The Instructed Conscience: The Shaping of the American National Ethic (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972), 13; Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 288.
12. Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), 45.
13. Edward J. Renehan, The Treaty of Paris: The Precursor to a New Nation (New York: Chelsea House, 2009), 84–85.
14. Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, ed. C. J. Bullock (New York: P. F. Collier, 1909 [1776]), 351, 466.
15. Voltaire, Philosophical Letters: Letters Concerning the English Nation, ed. Ernest Dilworth (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961 [1734]), 40; Addison, “The Spectator No. LXIX” (May 19, 1711), in The Spectator in Eight Volumes (Philadelphia: Samuel Bradford, 1803), 1:316.
16. Voltaire, Philosophical Letters, 39.
17. Paul A. Gilje, “The Rise of Capitalism in the Early Republic,” in Wages of Independence: Capitalism in the Early American Republic, ed. Paul A. Gilje (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006), 12.
18. Charles G. Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815–1846 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 8–23, 27–28.
19. Thomas Babington Macaulay, “Horatius,” in Lays of Ancient Rome (London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1844), 60.
20. Christopher Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780–1860 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990), 154.
21. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (London: John Stockdale, 1787), 274; Thomas Hart Benton, Thirty Years’ View; or, A History of the Working of the American Government, from 1820 to 1850 (New York: D. Appleton, 1854), 1:45.
22. Hugh A. Garland, The Life of John Randolph of Roanoke (New York: D. Appleton, 1850), 2:83.
23. Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 315–16, 376.
24. John Pendleton Kennedy, “Address of the Friends of Domestic Industry” (October 26, 1831), in Political and Official Papers (New York: Putnam, 1872), 119–20, 122–23.
25. Alan Taylor, The Civil War of 1812: American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish Rebels (New York: Knopf, 2010), 46.
26. Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 136–37.
27. Harry Watson, Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America ((New York: Hill and Wang, 1990), 132–55.
28. Jeremy Atack and Peter Passell, A New Economic View of American History, from Colonial Times to 1940, 2nd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), 192; New York American, June 20, 1834, in Remini, Henry Clay, 463; Carwardine, Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America, 103–10; Daniel Walker Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 152–78.
29. “Letter to the Secretary of the Treasury, on the Effect of the Tariff of 1842, on the Agricultural and Other Interests of the West, by a Committee of the Democratic Convention of Hamilton County, Ohio,” August 30, 1845, in Public Documents Ordered Printed by the Senate of the United States, First Session of the 29th Congress (Washington, DC: Ritchie and Heiss, 1846), 2:852, 855; Marvin Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion: Politics and Belief (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1957), 13; Marc W. Kruman, “The Second American Party System and the Transformation of Revolutionary Republicanism,” Journal of the Early Republic 12 (Winter 1992): 509–37.
30. “Speech of Mr. Webster, of Massachusetts,” January 26 and 27, 1830, in The Webster-Hayne Debate on the Nature of the Union: Selected Documents, ed. Herman Belz (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2000), 144.
31. “The Autobiography of Martin van Buren,” ed. John C. Fitzpatrick, in Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1918 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1920), 2:416; Ted Widmer, Martin Van Buren (New York: Times Books, 2005), 82.
32. James Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson (New York: Mason Bros., 1860), 3:447, 460, 468, 474.
33. Richard E. Ellis, The Union at Risk: Jacksonian Democracy, States Rights, and the Nullification Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 191.
34. Robert V. Remini,
Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 1833–1845 (New York: Harper and Row, 1984), 42.
35. Davis to Joseph Davis (January 12, 1825), in The Papers of Jefferson Davis, ed. H. M. Monroe and J. T. McIntosh (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971), 1:18; Shearer Davis Bowman, At the Precipice: Americans North and South During the Secession Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), 74; “Letters from New England No. 2, by a Virginian,” July 26, 1834, in Southern Literary Messenger 1 (January 1835), 219; George M. Fitzhugh, Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society (Richmond, VA: A. Morris, 1854), 258; Albert Pike, “State or Province? Slave or Free?” in Southern Pamphlets on Secession, November 1860–April 1861 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 341; Elizabeth Fox-Genovese and Eugene D. Genovese, The Mind of the Master Class: History and Faith in the Southern Slaveholders’ Worldview (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 97.
36. W. H. Russell, My Diary North and South, ed. Fletcher Pratt (New York: Harper, 1954), 52.
37. Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union: Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852 (New York: Scribner’s, 1947), 466; Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution, 1789–1848 (New York: World, 1962), 51–55.
38. Diary entry for July 8–9, 1862, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, ed. C. Vann Woodward (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981), 410.
39. John Taylor, Arator; Being a Series of Agricultural Essays Practical and Political, ed. M. E. Bradford (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1977), 70; Drew Gilpin Faust, “The Rhetoric and Ritual of Agriculture in Antebellum South Carolina,” in Southern Stories: Slaveholders in Peace and War (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1992), 32–34; James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: Knopf, 1982), 27; Michael O’Brien, Conjectures of Order: Intellectual Life and the American South, 1810–1860 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 1:542.
40. Fox-Genovese and Genovese, Mind of the Master Class, 313.
41. Tim Blanning, The Romantic Revolution: A History (New York: Random House, 2011), 67, 95, 121. H. J. Eckenrode, Virginia’s longtime state archivist, once complained that “beyond doubt Scott gave the South its social ideal, and the South of 1860 might be not inaptly nicknamed Sir Walter Scottland.” See Eckenrode, “Sir Walter Scott and the South,” North American Review 206 (October 1917): 601.
42. Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Addresses to the German Nation, trans. R. F. Jones and G. H. Turnbull (Chicago: Open Court, 1922), 223–24.
43. Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben, “German Land Above All Others,” in A Harvest of German Verse, ed. and trans. Margarete Münsterberg (New York: D. Appleton, 1916), 121–22.
44. De Maistre, “Considerations on France,” in The Works of Joseph de Maistre, ed. J. Lively (New York: Schocken, 1971), 80; Bledsoe, An Essay on Liberty and Slavery (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1856), 34.
45. Edward Pollard, The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates (New York: E. B. Treat, 1867), 51; Lord John Manners, England’s Trust, and Other Poems (London: J. Rivington, 1841), 16–17; Russell, Pictures of Southern Life, Social, Political and Military (New York: James G. Gregory, 1861), 3, 7, 63; Fox-Genovese and Genovese, Mind of the Master Class, 29, 121; Lieber, in O’Brien, Conjectures of Order, 1:368.
46. Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1870 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 28–31.
47. J. J. Sharp, Discovery in the North Atlantic, from the 6th to the 17th Century (Halifax, NS: Nimbus, 1991), viii–ix; David Eltis, “The U.S. Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1644–1867: An Assessment,” Civil War History 54 (December 2008), 354–56.
48. Peter Kolchin, American Slavery, 1619–1877 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993), 12–13.
49. Ibid., 57–62; Wilma A. Dunaway, Slavery in the American Mountain South (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 166; Philip D. Morgan, Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-century Chesapeake and Lowcountry (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 264–65.
50. Arthur de Gobineau, “From the Author’s Dedication,” in The Inequality of Human Races, trans. Adrian Collins (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1915), xiv; “The Black and White Races of Men,” DeBow’s Review 30 (April 1861): 448–49; William Holcombe, “The Alternative: A Separate Nationality or the Africanization of the South,” Southern Literary Messenger (February 1861), 83; Charles Robert McKirdy, Lincoln Apostate: The Matson Slave Case (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2011), 14.
51. Melton A. McLaurin, Celia: A Slave (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991), 134–35.
52. Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982), 7–10; James Oakes, Slavery and Freedom: An Interpretation of the Old South (New York: Knopf, 1990), 3–14; Samuel Atkins Eliot, The Life of Josiah Henson: Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada (Boston: A. D. Phelps, 1849), 1–2; Frederick Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom (New York, 1855), 214, 242–46; Lieber, in O’Brien, Conjectures of Order, 1:76–77.
53. Eugene D. Genovese, A Consuming Fire: The Fall of the Confederacy in the Mind of the White Christian South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998), 51, and Eugene D. Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made (New York: Pantheon, 1974), 89–91.
54. Russell, My Diary North and South, 106; Randall Jimerson, The Private Civil War: Popular Thought During the Sectional Conflict (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 54; T. R. R. Cobb, “T. R. R. Cobb’s Secessionist Speech,” in Secession Debated: Georgia’s Showdown in 1860, ed. William H. Freehling and Craig M. Simpson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 11; Craig M. Simpson, A Good Southerner: The Life of Henry A. Wise of Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 103.
55. Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 246, 283.
56. T. Michael Parrish, Richard Taylor: Soldier Prince of Dixie (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 446.
57. Fox-Genovese and Genovese, Mind of the Master Class, 143; Jimerson, The Private Civil War, 249.
58. “American Slavery in 1857,” Southern Literary Messenger 25 (August 1857): 81; O’Brien, Conjectures of Order, 1:17.
59. James L. Huston, Calculating the Value of the Union: Slavery, Property Rights, and the Economic Origins of the Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 28; William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion: Secessionists Triumphant, 1854–1861 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 14; James Oakes, The Ruling Race: A History of American Slaveholders (New York: Knopf, 1982), 121, 203, 209–17; B. S. Hedrick, in Rosser H. Taylor, “Slaveholding in North Carolina: An Economic View,” James Sprunt Historical Publications (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1926), 18:43; Thomas V. Ash, Middle Tennessee Society Transformed, 1860–1870: War and Peace in the Upper South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 10, 18.
60. Robert Fogel, Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 65; William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion: Secessionists at Bay, 1776–1854 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 18, 24, 35, 201–7.
61. Harriet Martineau, Society in America (New York: Saunders and Otley, 1837), 2:228; Joseph H. Ingraham, The South-West, by a Yankee (New York: Harper, 1835), 2:90–91; Lee Soltow, Men and Wealth in the United States (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1972), 105; Huston, Calculating the Value of the Union, 30.
62. Ryer Emmanuel (Claussens, SC), and Sam Mitchell (Beaufort, SC), in The American Slave, A Composite Autobiography, vol. 2, part 2: South Carolina Narratives, and vol. 3, part 3: South Carolina Narratives, ed. George P. Rawick (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1972), 24–25, 203; William Henry Singleton, Recollections of My Slavery Days, ed. K. M. Charron and D. S. Cecelski (Raleigh: Division of Archives and History, North Carolina Dept. of Cultural Resources, 1999), 31–32; Louis Hughes, Thirty Ye
ars a Slave: From Bondage to Freedom (Detroit: Negro History Press, 1969 [1897]), 78–79; Newton, Out of the Briars: An Autobiography and Sketch of the Twenty-ninth Regiment Connecticut Volunteers (Miami: Mnemosyne, 1969 [1910]), 19–20.
63. Frederick Law Olmsted, A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States: With Remarks on Their Economy (New York: Dix and Edwards, 1856), 196; John Spencer Bassett, The Southern Plantation Overseer as Revealed in His Letters (Northampton, MA: Smith College, 1925), 146–47.
64. Eliot, Life of Henson, 48.
65. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself (London: H. G. Collins, 1851), 99–100.
66. Fogel, Without Consent or Contract, 31; Huston, Calculating the Value of the Union, 28.
67. Frederick Law Olmsted, The Cotton Kingdom: A Traveler’s Observations on Cotton and Slavery in the American Slave States, ed. A. M. Schlesinger (New York: Da Capo Press, 1996), 534.
68. “An Appeal to Non-Slaveholders,” Louisville, KY, Statesman, October 5, 1860, in Southern Editorials on Secession, ed. Dwight Lowell Dumond (New York: Century, 1931), 174–75; Brown, in Secession Debated, eds. Freehling and Simpson, 153.
69. John William Burgess, Reminiscences of an American Scholar: The Beginnings of Columbia University (New York: Columbia University Press, 1934), 3; Charles C. Bolton, Poor Whites of the Antebellum South: Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994), 123; Shearer Davis Bowman, Masters and Lords: Mid-19th-Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 161.
70. Hammond, “Mud-Sill Speech,” in Slavery Defended: The Views of the Old South, ed. Eric L. McKitrick (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963), 122–23; Holcombe, “Is Slavery Consistent with Natural Law?” Southern Literary Messenger 27 (December 1858): 417; Hugh B. Hammett, Hilary Abner Herbert: A Southerner Returns to the Union (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1976), 37.
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