70. David Madden, Beyond the Battlefield: The Ordinary Life and Extraordinary Times of the Civil War Soldier (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000), 138; Palmer H. Boeger, “Hardtack and Burned Beans,” Civil War History 4 (March 1958): 84; Billings, Hardtack and Coffee, 113–14.
71. Billings, Hardtack and Coffee, 116, 129–30, 135.
72. “Another Account,” July 7, 1864, in The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1868), 11:207.
73. Hortense Herman, “Rank and File of the Confederate Armies,” Confederate Veteran 22 (May 1914): 203; Bartholomees, Buff Facings and Gilt Buttons, 56.
74. M. B. Mitchell, “A Woman’s Recollections of Antietam,” in Battles and Leaders, 2:687–88.
75. “Testimony of Major General Daniel Butterfield,” March 25, 1864, in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1865), 4:421–22; “Report of Gen. John B. Strange, Nineteenth Virginia Infantry,” July 15, 1862, in The War of the Rebellion, Series One, 11(II):767.
76. Alphaeus Williams, in Dora L. Costa and Matthew E. Kahn, Heroes and Cowards: The Social Face of War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008), 76–77.
77. Bell I. Wiley, The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982 [1943]), 34; Frank and Reaves, Seeing the Elephant, 105; Williams, From That Terrible Field, 53.
78. William W. Keen, “Surgical Reminiscences of the Civil War,” in Addresses and Other Papers (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1905), 431; “Charging New Market Heights: Edward Ripley Recalls,” ed. Edward Longacre, Civil War Times Illustrated 20 (February 1982): 42.
79. Keen, “Surgical Reminiscences of the Civil War,”435–36.
80. Edward O. Lord, History of the Ninth Regiment, New Hampshire Volunteers in the War of the Rebellion (Concord: Republican Press Association, 1895), 508.
81. “One Continued Scene of Carnage: A Union Surgeon’s View of War,” Civil War Times Illustrated 15 (August 1976): 34, 36.
82. Keen, “Surgical Reminiscences of the Civil War,” 433; Wilkeson, Recollections of a Private Soldier, 206–7.
83. Ella Lonn, Desertion During the Civil War (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998 [1928]), 226; Mark A. Weitz, More Damning than Slaughter: Desertion in the Confederate Army (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005), 14; Vinovskis, “Have Social Historians Lost the Civil War?” 10; Judith Lee Hallock, “The Role of the Community in Civil War Desertion,” Civil War History 29 (June 1983): 126; Nelson and Sheriff, A People at War, 203–4.
84. Moore, ed., Rebellion Record, 4:65; George Henry Mills, History of the 16th North Carolina Regiment in the Civil War (Hamilton, NY: Edmonston, 1992 [1903]), 14–15; Stevens, Berdan’s United States Sharpshooters, 151; George R. Stewart, Pickett’s Charge: A Microhistory of the Final Attack at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863, 2nd ed. (Dayton, OH: Morningside Press, 1980), 106.
85. Alfred Bellard, Gone for a Soldier: The Civil Memoirs of Private Alfred Bellard, ed. David Donald (Boston: Little, Brown, 1975), 188; Glatthaar, General Lee’s Army, 190.
86. Wightman, From Antietam to Fort Fisher, 91; Holmes, “The Fraternity of Arms,” December 11, 1897, in The Essential Holmes: Selections from the Letters, Speeches, Judicial Opinions and Other Writing of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., ed. R. A. Posner (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 73; Baker, Justice from Beacon Hill, 131–32.
87. Linderman, Embattled Courage, 74; “The Diary of Corporal Westwood James,” ed. Michael Musick, Civil War Times Illustrated 17 (October 1978): 35; Blake, Three Years in the Army of the Potomac, 292; Holsinger, “How Does One Feel Under Fire,” May 5, 1898, in War Talks in Kansas: A Series of Papers Read Before the Kansas Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (Kansas City, MO: Franklin Hudson, 1906), 294; Nolan, The Iron Brigade, 140; David Thompson, “With Burnside at Antietam,” in Battles and Leaders, 2:661–62; Michael Hanifen, History of Battery B, First New Jersey Artillery (Hightstown, NJ: Longstreet House, 1991 [1905]), 53.
88. Judson, History of the Eighty-Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 186–87.
1. E. C. Boykin, Sea Devil of the Confederacy: The Story of the Florida and Her Captain, John Newland Maffitt (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1959), 3–9.
2. Stephen R. Wise, Lifeline of the Confederacy (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988), 59–60, 166, 180, 221, 226.
3. Lincoln, “Proclamation of a Blockade,” April 19, 1861, in Collected Works, 4:338–39.
4. Sven Beckert, “Emancipation and Empire: Reconstructing the Worldwide Web of Cotton Production in the Age of the Civil War,” American Historical Review 109 (December 2009): 1408; “Henry L. Benning’s Secessionist Speech,” in Secession Debated: Georgia’s Showdown in 1860, 131.
5. W. H. Russell, My Diary North and South, 69.
6. Sir Francis Taylor Piggott, The Declaration of Paris, 1856 (London: University of London Press, 1919), 116, 142–46; Mountague Bernard, A Historical Account of the Neutrality of Great Britain During the American Civil War (London: Longmans, 1870), 41–48, 106–21.
7. T. H. Lee and M. D. Ramsay, “The Story of the Prize Cases: Executive Action and Judicial Review in Wartime,” in Presidential Power Stories, ed. C. H. Schroeder and C. A. Bradley (Eagan, MN: Foundation Press, 2009), 60.
8. Charles Francis Adams Jr., Charles Francis Adams (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1899), 146–48, 170–71, 175–76; Martin Duberman, Charles Francis Adams, 1807–1886 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961), 264; Russell to Adams, May 4, 1865, in Das Staatsarchiv: Sammlung der offiziellen Aktenstücke zur der Geschichte der Gegenwart—Achter Band 1865, Januar bis Juni, ed. L. K. Aegidi and A. Klauhold (Hamburg: Otto Meissner, 1865), 135–36, 137–39; Ludwell H. Johnson, “The Confederacy: What Was It? The View from the Federal Courts,” Civil War History 32 (March 1986): 6.
9. William H. Seward, “Some Thoughts for the President’s Consideration,” in Dear Mr. Lincoln: Letters to the President, ed. Harold Holzer (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1993), 239; Lincoln, “To William H. Seward,” in Collected Works, 4:316–18.
10. Seward to Adams, May 21, 1861, in Neutrality of Great Britain in the Civil War: Senate Document No. 18, 58th Congress (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1903), 25.
11. Duberman, Charles Francis Adams, 268; Brian Jenkins, Britain and the War for the Union (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1974), 1:104–9.
12. Michael Embree, Bismarck’s First War: The Campaign of Schleswig and Jutland 1864 (Solihull, UK: Helion, 2006), 272–86.
13. Donald L. Canney, The Old Steam Navy, vol. 1: Frigates, Sloops, and Gunboats, 1815–1885 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1990), 91–94; Stephen R. Taaffe, Commanding Lincoln’s Navy: Union Naval Leadership During the Civil War (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2009), 26.
14. Wilkes to Gideon Welles, November 16, 1861, in The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1868), 3:323–24.
15. Charles Francis Adams Jr., The Trent Affair: An Historical Retrospect (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1912), 7; D. M. Fairfax and Charles Wilkes (November 12, 1861), in Rebellion Record, 3: 328–30.
16. Russell to Lyons, November 30, 1861, London Gazette 22589 (January 14, 1862): 196–97; Edwin De Leon, Secret History of Confederate Diplomacy Abroad, ed. William C. Davis (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), 80.
17. David Ross, Canadian Campaigns 1860–70 (New York: Osprey, 1992), 5; George Taylor Denison, Soldiering in Canada: Recollections and Experiences (London: Macmillan, 1900), 33–34; Hereward Senior, The Last Invasion of Canada: The Fenian Raids, 1866–1870 (Toronto: Dundurn, 1991), 26–27.
18. Virgil Carrington Jones, The Civil War at Sea: The Blockaders, January 1861–March 1862 (New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 1960), 292–310; John A. Williams, “Canada and the Civil War,” in The Shot Heard Round the World: The Impact Abroad of th
e Civil War, ed. Harold Hyman (New York: Knopf, 1969), 269; Ernest J. Chambers, The Royal Grenadiers: A Regimental History of the 10th Infantry Regiment of the Active Militia of Canada (Toronto: E. L. Ruddy, 1904), 13–14; Robin W. Winks, The Civil War Years: Canada and the United States (Toronto: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1998 [1960]), 82.
19. John Ramsden, An Appetite for Power: A History of the Conservative Party Since 1830 (London: HarperCollins, 1999), 51.
20. Duberman, Charles Francis Adams, 264; Frank Lawrence Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy: Foreign Relations of the Confederate States of America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1931), 186; Adams, The Education of Henry Adams: An Autobiography (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1918), 122–23; “English and American Aristocracy,” New York Times, July 30, 1862.
21. Garnet Wolseley, “A Month’s Visit to the Confederate Headquarters,” Blackwood’s Magazine 93 (January 1863): 20.
22. De Leon, Secret History of Confederate Diplomacy, 12, 35; Arthur Fremantle, The Fremantle Diary, ed. Walter Lord (New York: Andre Deutsch, 1954), 197–99; J. R. Jones, Life and Letters of Robert Edward Lee: Soldier and Man (Harrisonburg, VA: Sprinkle, 1978 [1906]), 203–4.
23. Bismarck, in Louis L. Snyder, The Blood and Iron Chancellor: A Documentary-Biography of Otto von Bismarck (Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1967), 176–77; A. R. Tyrner-Tyrnauer, Lincoln and the Emperors (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1962), 61, 66; Luvaas, The Military Legacy of the Civil War, 72, 206.
24. Richard Shannon, Gladstone, 1809–1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 468; Beckles Wilson, John Slidell and the Confederates in Paris, 1862–1865 (New York: Minton, Balch, 1932), 91.
25. Howard Jones, Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999), 73; Paludan, “A People’s Contest,” 269.
26. Thomas Schoonover, “Napoleon Is Coming! Maximilian Is Coming? The International History of the Civil War in the Caribbean Basin,” in The Union, the Confederacy, and the Atlantic Rim, ed. Robert E. May (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1995), 101, 107, 118–19; Joan Haslip, The Crown of Mexico: Maximilian and His Empress Carlota (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972), 211; John Metcalf Taylor, Maximilian and Carlotta: A Story of Imperialism (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1894), 75.
27. Judith Fenner Gentry, “A Confederate Success in Europe: The Erlanger Loan,” Journal of Southern History 36 (May 1970): 159, 160; Richard C. Todd, Confederate Finance (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2009 [1954]), 48–51.
28. Frederick Waymouth Gibbs, The Foreign Enlistment Act (London: William Ridgway, 1863), 72 (otherwise 59 George III. c. 69).
29. James D. Bulloch, The Secret Service of the Confederate States in Europe: or, How the Confederate Cruisers Were Equipped (London: Bentley and Son, 1884), 1:54–58.
30. C. F. Cross, Lincoln’s Man in Liverpool: Consul Dudley and the Legal Battle to Stop Confederate Warships (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2007), 37; Frank J. Merli, Great Britain and the Confederate Navy, 1861–1865 (Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2004 [1970]), 92–93; Adams to Earl Russell, November 20, 1862, in Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs, Accompanying the Annual Message of the President to the First Session of the Thirty-Eighth Congress (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1864), Part I, 5–7.
31. Jenkins, Britain and the War for the Union, 2: 66.
32. De Leon, Secret History of Confederate Diplomacy, 125; Howard Jones, Union in Peril: The Crisis over British Intervention in the Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 134. The Palmerston-Russell correspondence is contained in Appendix E of James V. Murfin, The Gleam of Bayonets: The Battle of Antietam and Robert E. Lee’s Maryland Campaign, September 1862 (New York: T. Yoseloff, 1965), 394, 396–97, 399–400.
33. Jones, Union in Peril, 210–26; Douglas R. Egerton, “Rethinking Atlantic Historiography in a Post-colonial Era: The Civil War in a Global Perspective,” Journal of the Civil War Era 1 (March 2011): 82–84.
34. Jones, “History and Mythology: The Crisis over British Intervention in the Civil War,” in The Union, the Confederacy, and the Atlantic Rim, ed. Robert E. May (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1995), 33, 43–50; Elizabeth Kelly Gray, “‘Whisper to Him the Word India’: Transatlantic Critics and American Slavery, 1830–1860,” Journal of the Early Republic 28 (Fall 2008): 403, 405.
35. John Morley, The Life of Richard Cobden (Boston: Roberts Bros., 1881), 560–61, 583; Richard Cobden, “Foreign Policy IX,” November 23, 1864, in Speeches on Questions of Public Policy by Richard Cobden, M.P., eds. J. Bright and J. E. T. Rogers (London: Macmillan, 1880), 490; John Bright, in George Barnett Smith, The Life and Speeches of the Right Honourable John Bright, M.P. (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1881), 2:57.
36. James Barlow to Finney, March 17, 1863, in Finney Papers, Oberlin College Archives.
37. Charles Francis Adams, The Crisis of Foreign Intervention in the War of Secession, September-November 1862 (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1914), 23; Russell, in Europe Looks at the Civil War, ed. B. B. Sideman and L. Friedman (New York: Orion Press, 1960), 186.
38. Bulloch, Secret Service of the Confederate States, 2:63–64, 73–74, 76, 83–86; John Bigelow, France and the Confederate Navy, 1862–1868: An International Episode (London: S. Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, 1888), 56; Lynn M. Case and Warren F. Spencer, The United States and France: Civil War Diplomacy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970), 269–71, 475–77; Wilson, John Slidell, 105.
39. Peyton to Vance, January 15, 1863, in The Papers of Zebulon Baird Vance, ed. Joe A. Mobley (Raleigh, NC: State Department of Archives and History, 1995), 2:18.
40. De Leon, Secret History of Confederate Diplomacy, 85.
41. James Russell Soley, The Blockade and the Cruisers (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1885), 241–42.
42. Du Pont to Mrs. Du Pont, April 10–13, 1862, and Du Pont to James Stokes Biddle, December 17, 1861, in Samuel Francis DuPont: A Selection from His Civil War Letters, ed. John D. Hayes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1969), 1: 281, 413.
43. Robert M. Browning, Success Is All That Was Expected: The South Atlantic Blockading Squadron During the Civil War (Dulles, VA: Brassey’s, 2002), 11; Taaffe, Commanding Lincoln’s Navy, 170–71.
44. William Still, “The Common Sailor: The Civil War’s Uncommon Man,” Civil War Times Illustrated 23 (February 1985): 38–39.
45. “How Fortunes Are Made in the Navy,” The Big Blue Union [Marysville, KS], December 5, 1863; Canney, The Old Steam Navy, 94; Virginia Jeans Laas, “‘Sleepless Sentinels’: The North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, 1862–1864,” Civil War History 31 (March 1985): 33; Dudley Taylor Cornish and Virginia Jeans Laas, Lincoln’s Lee: The Life of Samuel Phillips Lee, United States Navy, 1812–1897 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1986), 123.
46. Brownlow, Sketches of the Rise, Progress, and Decline of Secession, 423.
47. James Russell Soley, “The Union and Confederate Navies,” in Battles and Leaders, 1:631.
48. Carl D. Park, Ironclad Down: USS Merrimack –CSS Virginia, from Construction to Destruction (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2007), 135–36, 142–43, 160; Raimondo Luraghi, A History of the Confederate Navy, trans. Paolo E. Coletta (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1996), 93–99.
49. Edward Shippen, “Pictures of Two Battles,” United States Service Magazine 4 (July 1865): 53.
50. Rodman L. Underwood, Stephen Russell Mallory: A Biography of the Confederate Navy Secretary and United States Senator (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2005), 97–98; Frank M. Bennett, The Monitor and the Navy Under Steam (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1900), 102–4; A. A. Hoehling, Thunder at Hampton Roads: The U.S.S. Monitor —Its Battle with the Merrimack and Its Recent Discovery (New York: Da Capo, 1993), 80.
51. John V. Quarstein, C.S.S. Virginia: Mistress of Hampton Roads (Appomattox, VA: H. E. Howard, 2000)
, 108.
52. William Chapman White and Ruth Morris White, Tin Can on a Shingle (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1957), 36.
53. Richard S. West, Gideon Welles: Lincoln’s Navy Department (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1943), 150, 153; Gideon Welles, “The First Iron-Clad Monitor,” in Annals of the War, 20; Olav Thulesius, The Man Who Made the Monitor: A Biography of John Ericsson, Naval Engineer (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2007), 98; D. K. Brown, Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development, 1860–1905 (London: Chatham, 1997), 41; Quarstein, C.S.S. Virginia, 105.
54. “Report of Captain Van Brunt, U.S. Navy, Commanding U.S.S. Minnesota,” in The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies, Series One (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1880), 7:11; John Taylor Wood, “The First Fight of the Iron-Clads,” in Battles and Leaders, 1:702–3; Quarstein, C.S.S. Virginia, 115.
55. William N. Still, Iron Afloat: The Story of the Confederate Armorclads (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1985), 41–61.
56. William T. Glassell, “Reminiscences of Torpedo Service in Charleston Harbor,” Southern Historical Society Papers 4 (November 1877): 231–32; John Thomas Scharf, History of the Confederate States Navy: From Its Organization to the Surrender of Its Last Vessel (New York: Rogers and Sherwood, 1887), 759; Charles Ross, Trial by Fire: Science, Technology and the Civil War (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane, 2000), 83–106; Mark K. Ragan, Submarine Warfare in the Civil War (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2002), 187–210.
Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction Page 90