by A. N. Wilson
62. Bowler and Pickstone, vol. 6, p. 178.
63. C. 2. 284.
64. C. 2. 387.
65. Eiseley, Darwin and the Mysterious Mr. X, p. 59.
66. Ibid., p. 171.
67. Notebooks, p. 341.
68. Ibid., p. 342.
69. Notebook D.35, Notebooks, p. 342.
70. Ibid.
71. C. 4. 139.
72. Autobiography, p. 61.
73. Rupke, Richard Owen, p. 1.
74. C. 2. 22.
75. C. 2. 76.
76. Rupke, Richard Owen, p. 51.
77. Hare, vol. v, p. 358.
78. Notebooks, p. 210.
79. LLD. 1. 74.
80. Notebooks, p. 554.
81. And all other references to Down(e) C. 2. 324–5.
82. C. 2. 326.
83. C. 2. 334.
84. Browne, Voyaging, p. 443.
85. Ibid.
Chapter 9: Half-Embedded in the Flesh of their Wives
1. Keynes, p. 73.
2. Ibid., p. 74.
3. Boulter, p. 45.
4. C. 3. 214.
5. Darwin and Wallace, p. 114.
6. Ibid., p. 115.
7. Origin (1859), p. 83.
8. Keynes, p. 113.
9. Ibid., pp. 84–99.
10. Boulter, p. 34.
11. C. 3. 43.
12. C. 3. 51.
13. Secord, p. 169.
14. Ibid., p. 235.
15. Ibid., p. 234.
16. Chambers, Vestiges, p. 226.
17. Ibid., p. 148.
18. Ibid., p. 182.
19. Ibid., p. 195.
20. Ibid., p. 203.
21. Quoted in the sequel to Chambers’s Vestiges, Explanations, p. 92.
22. Chambers, Vestiges, p. 366.
23. Ibid., p. 368.
24. Secord, p. 246.
25. Desmond and Moore, p. 323.
26. Hilton, pp. 474–5.
27. C. 3. 103.
28. C. 3. 108.
29. Quoted Browne, Voyaging, p. 467.
30. C. 4. 384.
31. C. 4. 238.
32. Stott, p. xxi.
33. C. 4. 230.
34. C. 4. 369.
35. C. 4. 369.
36. C. 4. 399.
37. C. 4. 128.
38. C. 4. 147.
39. C. 4. 147.
40. C. 4. 147.
41. C. 4. 181.
42. Wedgwood and Wedgwood, p. 250.
43. Brian Smith, p. 188.
44. Ibid., p. 196.
45. Gully, p. 60.
46. Ibid., p. 177.
47. Ibid., p. 181.
48. C. 4. 375.
49. Keynes, p. 239.
50. C. 4. 226.
51. C. 4. 226.
52. Keynes, p. 140.
53. C. 4. 224.
54. Brian Smith, p. 210.
55. C. 4. 244.
56. C. 4. 239.
57. C. 4. 385.
58. Keynes, p. 147.
59. Colp, p. 45.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid., p. 47.
62. Autobiography, pp. 86–7.
63. Keynes, p. 245.
64. Ibid.
65. Wittgenstein, p. 223.
66. Since Keynes (2001).
67. Select Committee on the State of Children Employed in the Manufactories of the United Kingdom, 1816, quoted ibid., p. 135.
68. Ibid., p. 154.
69. Ibid., p. 148.
70. Ibid., p. 20.
71. Ibid., p. 148.
72. Ibid., p. 152.
73. Ibid., p. 154.
74. Ibid., p. 156.
75. The letters are lost: ibid., p. 156.
76. Gully, p. 564.
77. Haight, p. 99.
78. Ibid., p. 107.
79. Keynes, p. 159.
80. Newman, p. 217.
81. Ibid., p. 223.
82. St Aubyn, p. 293.
83. C. 5. 13.
84. C. 5. 18.
85. C. 5. 24.
86. C. 5. 28.
87. Keynes, p. 182.
88. Ibid., p. 183.
89. C. 5. 29.
90. Litchfield, vol. 2, p. 86.
Chapter 10: An Essay by Mr Wallace
1. C. 5. 219.
2. C. 5. 64.
3. LLD 2. 188—9
4. Blyth, p. ii.
5. C. 5. 400.
6. C. 5. 372.
7. C. 5. 453.
8. C. 5. 438.
9. C. 5. 440.
10. C. 6. 217.
11. C. 6. 195.
12. C. 6. 178.
13. C. 6. 199.
14. C. 6. 260.
15. C. 6. 260.
16. C. 6. 260.
17. C. 6. 217.
18. Wedgwood and Wedgwood, p. 2.
19. C. 6. 85.
20. Browne, Voyaging, p. 522.
21. Ibid.
22. C. 6. 45.
23. Browne, Voyaging, p. 525.
24. C. 6. 41.
25. C. 6. 276.
26. C. 6. 268.
27. C. 6. 268.
28. C. 6. 269.
29. C. 6. 45.
30. Hope Simpson, pp. 22, 29.
31. Browne, Voyaging, p. 535.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid., p. 533.
34. Ibid., p. 532 and passim.
35. C. 6. 225.
36. C. 6. 92.
37. C. 6. 432, 433.
38. C. 6. 432, 433.
39. C. 6. 448.
40. C. 6. 492.
41. C. 6. 446.
42. C. 6. 514.
43. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby, Chapter 7.
44. Ibid., Chapter 3.
45. Hemming, Naturalists in Paradise, p. 16.
46. C. 7. 119.
47. See Sir Gavin de Beer’s Foreword to Darwin and Wallace, Evolution by Natural Selection.
48. C. 7. 123.
Chapter 11: A Poker and a Rabbit
1. C. 7. 123.
2. C. 7. 113.
3. C. 7. 113.
4. C. 7. 102.
5. C. 7. 116.
6. C. 7. 121.
7. C. 7. 121.
8. C. 7. 127.
9. C. 7. 129.
10. C. 7. 125.
11. Browne, Power, p. 41
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid., p. 42.
14. C. 7. 138.
15. Browne, Power, p. 47.
16. C. 7. 138.
17. C. 7. 138.
18. C. 7. 141.
19. C. 7. 149.
20. Tennyson, vol. 2, p. 315, In Memoriam, l. 4. Tennyson wrote chiefly in reaction to Lyell, and had finished In Memoriam before he read Vestiges. See Tennyson, vol. 2, p. 371.
21. DAR 245: 300.
22. Litchfield, p. 175.
23. C. 7. 270.
24. Quoted Desmond and Moore, p. 473.
25. Browne, Power, p. 73.
26. Paston, p. 170.
27. C. 7. 290.
28. C. 7. 290.
29. C. 7. 295.
30. Browne, Power, p. 75.
31. Ibid., p. 72.
32. C. 7. 264.
33. C. 6. 310.
34. Desmond and Moore, p. 476.
35. C. 7. 350.
36. C. 7. 365.
Chapter 12: Is It True?
1. Origin (1859), p. 2.
2. Notebook of 1837, quoted Eiseley, Darwin’s Century, p. 352.
3. Origin (1859), p. 79.
4. Ibid., p. 84.
5. Ibid., p. 109.
6. Wallace, ‘On the Law Which Has Regulated the Introduction of New Species’, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, September 1855, 16(2), quoted Denton, p. 87.
7. Slotten, p. 117.
8. Denton, p. 78.
9. Origin (1859), p. 173.
10. Denton, p. 21.
11. Origin (1859), p. 186.
12. Nilsson and Pelger, pp. 53–8.
13. Summarized in Dawkins, Climbing Mount Improbable, pp. 149 ff.
15. Hands, p. 307.
16. Origin (1859), p. 490.
17. Vorzimmer, p. 20.
Chapter 13: The Oxford Debate and its Aftermath
1. C. 8. 244.
2. C. 8. 272.
3. C. 8. 266.
4. C. 8. 299.
5. Rupke, Richard Owen, p. 239.
6. Yanni, p. 65.
7. Hesketh, p. 82.
8. Ibid., p. 90.
9. C. 8. 227.
10. Hesketh, p. 7.
11. Ibid., p. 85.
12. Secord, p. 50.
13. Hesketh, p. 105.
14. Irvine, p. 94.
15. Ibid., p. 93.
16. Litchfield, vol. 2, p. 181.
17. Browne, Power, p. 149.
18. Litchfield, vol. 2, p. 180.
19. C. 8. 451
20. C. 8. 451.
21. Irvine, p. 99.
22. C. 8. 366.
23. C. 10. 330.
24. Doyle, The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes, p. 227: ‘“There is nothing in which deduction is so necessary as in religion,” said he, leaning with his back against the shutters. “It can be built up as an exact science by the reasoner. Our highest assurance of the goodness of Providence seems to me to rest in the flowers. All other things, our powers, our desires, our food, are really necessary for our existence in the first instance. But this rose is an extra. Its smell and its colour are an embellishment of life, not a condition of it. It is only goodness which gives extras.”’
25. Ronse De Craene, p. viii.
26. Sanderson, pp. 257–9.
27. Barlow, Darwin and Henslow, p. 225.
28. Browne, Power, p. 153.
29. C. 9. 98.
30. C. 9. 155.
31. Litchfield, vol. 2, p. 247.
32. Campbell and Matthews, ‘Darwin’s Illness Revealed’, Postgrad Med J, 2005, 81: 248–51.
33. C. 9. 133.
34. Browne, Power, p. 229, quoting DAR 112(A): 79–82.
35. C. 11. 620.
36. Colp, p. 83.
37. Browne, Power, p. 249.
38. Ibid., p. 235.
39. C. 9. 99.
Chapter 14: Adios, Theory
1. Christopher Wills, Exons, Introns and Talking Genes: The Science behind the Human Genome Project (1992), quoted Le Fanu, p. 129.
2. Rose, p. 33.
3. Francis Darwin and Seward, ii, 340. Thanks for this to Dr Alison Pearn.
4. Olby and Gautrey, pp. 7–20.
5. How Darwin arrived at his conclusions about inheritance, who his precursors were in forming his theory and how his theory of ‘blending’ was dissected by other scientists is fully dealt with in Vorzimmer, Chapters 2 and 6.
6. Ibid., p. 30.
7. Ibid., p. 65.
8. Ibid., p. 130.
9. C. 17. 37.
10. C. 10. 129–30.
11. C. 17. 381.
12. C. 17. 519.
13. C. 15. 66.
14. Leonard Huxley, The Life and Letters of T. H. Huxley, vol. 1, pp. 267–8.
15. Spencer, Principles of Biology, vol. 1, p. 453.
16. Løvtrup, p. 33.
17. LLD, 3, 193.
18. C. 18. 70.
19. An especially good book on him is Mark Francis’s Herbert Spencer and the Invention of Modern Life (2007).
20. See my God’s Funeral (1999).
21. Leonard Huxley, The Life and Letters of T. H. Huxley, vol. 1, p. 212.
22. Mivart, Genesis, pp. 14–15.
23. Ibid., p. 21.
24. Origin (1872): pp. 186–7.
25. Ibid., pp. 167–8.
26. Mivart, Genesis, p. 37.
27. Ibid., p. 38.
28. Origin (1872), p. 174.
29. Gruber, p. 85.
30. Joe D. Burchfield, in The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science, ed. J. L. Heilbron, p. 225.
31. Quoted Browne, Power, p. 315.
32. See Hull, Darwin and his Critics (1973), and Vorzimmer.
33. Origin (1859), p. 62.
34. Ibid., p. 63.
35. Stove, p. 58.
36. Descent. 1. 132–3.
37. Stove, p. 181.
38. Ibid., p. 69.
39. Browne, Power, p. 350.
40. LLD. 3. 359.
41. Origin (1859), p. 79.
42. Sitwell, p. 7.
43. First published as Le Phénomène humain (1955).
44. Descent. 2. 405.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid., 1. 34.
47. Ibid., 1. 67.
48. Voyage of the Beagle, ed. Browne and Neve, p. 173.
49. Descent. 1. 67.
50. Spencer, First Principles, p. 287.
51. Descent. 1. 60.
52. Spencer, First Principles, p. 287.
53. Descent. 1. 156.
54. Chorley, Dunn and Beckinsale, vol. 1, p. 447.
55. Descent. 1. 180.
56. Ibid., 178–9.
57. Charles Lyell (Principles of Geology, vol. 2, p. 489) suggested that the Spanish Inquisition lowered the general levels of intelligence in Europe.
58. Descent. 2. 394.
59. Ibid.
60. Origin (1859), p. 62.
61. Ibid., p. 63.
62. Paradis and Williams, pp. 204–5, quoted in Stove, p. 56.
63. Stove, p. 3
64. Ibid., p. 56.
65. Ibid., p. 19.
66. Bertrand Russell, p. 697.
67. Secord, p. 236.
68. C. 17. xix.
69. Gruber, p. 172.
70. Mivart, Genesis, pp. 2–3.
71. Browne, Power, p. 354.
72. Gruber, p. 92.
73. Baden Powell, a clergyman-mathematician who died two weeks before the Oxford debate, aged thirty-three. He was an enthusiastic supporter of Darwin’s book, but asked Darwin why the Origin, having borrowed ideas from himself, Baden Powell, made no acknowledgement of the fact. Darwin’s excuse, ‘My health was so poor’, lacks conviction.
74. Leonard Huxley, The Life and Letters of T. H. Huxley, vol. 2, p. 128.
75. C. 19. 591.
76. Descent. 2. 403.
77. Stove, p. 8.
78. Quoted ibid., p. 16.
79. Browne, Power, p. 357.
80. Hudson, p. 298.
81. Raverat, p. 119.
82. Ibid., pp. 125–6.
83. Ruth Schwartz Cowan, ‘Sir Francis Galton’, ODNB, vol. 21, p. 348.
84. C. 22. 389.
85. C. 22. 389.
86. C. 22. xxi.
87. Desmond, Moore and Browne, p. 117.
88. Descent. 2. 439.
89. Bland and Hall, pp. 214–15.
90. Ibid., p. 214.
91. Ibid.
92. Foucault, p. 149.
93. C. 22. 467.
94. C. 22. 517.
95. Weindling, pp. 316–17.
96. Kragh, ‘From Here to Eternity’, pp. 246–7.
97. Ruse, ‘A Reappraisal of Ernst Haeckel’, pp. 711–12.
98. Richards, The Romantic Conception of Life, p. 172.
99. Ibid., p. 174.
100. lbid.
101. Haeckel, p. 5.
102. Richards, The Romantic Conception of Life, p. 97.
103. Ibid., p. 254.
104. Goldschmidt, p. 35.
105. Richards, The Romantic Conception of Life, p. 351.
106. Ibid.
Chapter 15: Immense Generalizations
1. Roberts, p. 119.
2. Browne, Power, p. 338.
3. C. 20. 41.
4. Expression, p. 45.
5. Ibid., p. 51.
6. Ibid., p. 73.
7. Ibid., p. 155.
8. LLD. 1. 33.
9. Expression, p. 364.
10. Wallace, quoted Browne, Power, p. 318.
11. Ibid.
12. Blum, p. 59.
13. Ibid., p. 72.
14. Ibid., pp. 68–9.
15. C. 22. 25–
6.
16. Raverat, p. 219.
17. Ibid., p. 209.
18. Browne, Power, p. 344.
19. Wheen, p. 363.
20. Browne, Power, p. 403.
21. Wheen, p. 364.
22. Hunt, p. 328.
23. Ibid., p. 331.
24. Ruskin, p. 310.
25. Mill, A System of Logic, vol. 2, p. 18.
26. LLD. 1. 309.
27. Roberts, p. 595.
Chapter 16: Evolution Old and New
1. Wedgwood and Wedgwood, p. 263.
2. Ibid.
3. Browne, Power, p. 447.
4. Ibid., p. 446.
5. Ibid., p. 400.
6. See Joel Schwartz, pp. 1–9, and C. 22. xxviii ff.
7. Joel Schwartz, p. 9.
8. Ibid., p. 260.
9. Ibid., p. 131.
10. Ibid., p. 3.
11. Di Gregorio, From Here to Eternity, p. 555.
12. Butler, The Way of All Flesh, p. 405.
13. Muggeridge, p. 242.
14. Thanks to Dr Pearn, of the Darwin Correspondence Project, for showing me this lecture.
15. C. 20. 231.
16. Pearn’s lecture, Philadelphia, 2012.
17. DAR 258: 572.
18. Litchfield, vol. 2, p. 237.
19. Proof sheets are in CUL, quoted Browne, Power, p. 471.
20. DNB Supplement, 1901–11, p. 285.
21. Autobiography, pp. 134–5.
22. Butler, Life and Habit, pp. 275–6.
23. Quoted Løvtrup, p. 273.
24. Ibid., p. 274.
25. See Le Fanu, pp. 94–5.
26. Heilbron, p. 283.
27. Hitler, p. 262.
28. Ibid., p. 141.
29. Weil, p. 227.
30. Quoted Løvtrup, p. 423.
31. Le Fanu, p. 262.
32. Browne, Power, p. 489.
33. Ibid., p. 490.
34. Wulf, p. 282.
35. LLD. 1. 101.
36. Browne, Power, p. 495.
Chapter 17: Mutual Aid
1. Bonham’s sale catalogue, 21 September 2015, New York.
2. Isaacson, p. 388.
3. Hands, p. 267.
4. Kropotkin, Mutual Aid, Conclusion.
5. Gould, ‘Kropotkin was No Crackpot’, pp. 12–21.
6. Dawkins, ‘The Descent of Edward Wilson’.
7. In Prospect, July 2012, Issue 196.
8. Hands, p. 278.
9. Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, p. 201.
10. Wallace, The Wonderful Century, pp. 140–1.
11. Hodge and Radick, p. 297.
12. Nagel, p. 127.
13. Fothergill, p. 111.
14. Keats, p. 72.
15. Weikart, p. 210.
16. Spikins, pp. 32–3.
17. Ibid., p. 33.
18. Ibid., p. 52.
19. See Jane Goodall, Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe (1990).
20. Hawks, pp. 77–9.
21. Leonard Huxley, vol. 1, p. 189.
Bibliography
Ackerman, S., Discovering the Brain, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1992
Allman, W. F., The Stone Age Present: How Evolution Has Shaped Modern Life: From Sex, Violence and Language to Emotions, Morals, and Communities, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994