by Jane Goodall
www.janegoodall.ch
JGI-TAIWAN
www.goodall.org.tw
JGI-TANZANIA
JGI-UGANDA
www.jgiuganda.org
JGI-UNITED KINGDOM
www.janegoodall.org.uk
JGI-USA
www.janegoodall.org
www.rootsandshoots.org
Milestones (1960–2010)
JULY 14, 1960
Jane Goodall begins her study in Gombe Stream Chimpanzee Reserve, accompanied by her mother, Vanne.
OCTOBER 30, 1960
Chimpanzees are first seen eating meat.
NOVEMBER 1960
Jane observes David Greybeard using a grass stem to fish for termites. It is the first scientific documentation of chimpanzee tool use.
JANUARY 31, 1961
Jane first observes the chimpanzees performing a “rain dance.”
MARCH 13, 1961
Jane receives a grant of $1,400 from the National Geographic Society’s Committee for Research and Exploration. It is the first of twenty-seven grants that she will receive from NGS.
SUMMER 1961
David Greybeard is the first chimp to explore Jane’s camp.
1962
Jane enters the University of Cambridge as a Ph.D. candidate.
1962 & 1964
Jane receives the Franklin Burr Award from the National Geographic Society for her contribution to science.
AUGUST 1963
Jane’s first article, “My Life Among Wild Chimpanzees,” is published in National Geographic magazine.
MARCH 28, 1964
Jane Goodall marries wildlife filmmaker and photographer Hugo van Lawick.
MARCH 1964
Flo gives birth to Flint, whose upbringing provided a chance to observe chimpanzee parenting from its beginning.
SPRING 1964
Mike gains dominance in the community, and defeats Goliath, by charging with noisy kerosene cans and intimidating the other chimps.
SUMMER 1964
Evered is the first chimp seen using chewed leaves as a sponge to soak up water. This is another tool that is frequently used by the chimpanzees in Gombe.
SUMMER 1964
Chimpanzees are first seen using leaves to clean themselves and wipe wounds.
1965
The Gombe Stream Research Centre is founded.
1965
Jane Goodall receives her Ph.D. in ethology, the study of animal behavior, from the University of Cambridge. She is the eighth person at the university to be awarded a Ph.D. without first receiving an undergraduate degree.
DECEMBER 1965
Jane’s second article, “New Discoveries Among Africa’s Chimpanzees,” with photographs by Hugo van Lawick, appears in National Geographic magazine.
DECEMBER 1965
Miss Goodall and the Wild Chimpanzees, an hour-long program produced by the National Geographic Society, appears on national television in the United States.
1966
Fifteen Kasekela chimps are afflicted with polio. In the end, six die from the disease and the survivors have afflictions that leave them disabled for the rest of their lives.
1966
Study on Gombe’s baboons begins.
1967
The Gombe Stream Chimpanzee Reserve becomes Gombe National Park.
MARCH 4, 1967
Jane Goodall’s son, Hugo Eric Louis van Lawick, nicknamed Grub, is born.
1968
Hilali Matama, Jane’s first official field assistant, is hired at the Gombe Stream Research Centre.
1968
David Greybeard dies.
1970
Jane’s first children’s book, Grub, the Bush Baby, is published.
1971
Humphrey defeats Mike and takes over as the alpha male of the Kasekela group.
1971
Jane’s book In the Shadow of Man is published. It became an instant bestseller.
MAY 1971
Fifi, daughter of Flo, gives birth to Freud, the first of seven offspring she raised to adulthood.
1972
Humphrey’s twenty-month reign as alpha male is ended by Figan.
AUGUST 22, 1972
Flo, the fearless and loving mother, dies of old age.
SEPTEMBER 15, 1972
Flint, Flo’s eight-year-old offspring, becomes depressed and dies soon after the death of his mother.
EARLY 1974
The start of the “four-year war” at Gombe, the first record of long-term “warfare” among chimpanzees. The original Kasekela group was divided and members of the new Kahama group were systematically annihilated.
1975
Jane marries her second husband, the Hon. Derek Bryceson, a member of Tanzanian parliament and the director of Tanzanian national parks.
1977
The Jane Goodall Institute for Wildlife Research, Education, and Conservation is established in San Francisco by Jane Goodall, Ranieri di San Faustino, and Genevieve di San Faustino.
OCTOBER 21, 1977
Melissa gives birth to twins Gyre and Gimble. Only Gimble survives.
MAY 1979
Jane reports on new discoveries in her article “Life and Death at Gombe,” for National Geographic.
1980
Jane receives the Order of the Golden Ark, the World Wildlife award for conservation, presented to her by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands.
1982
After a three-year struggle with Figan, Goblin finally gains control as alpha male.
FEBRUARY 10, 1982
Passion dies after falling ill. Passion, along with her daughter Pom, had killed between five and ten newborn chimpanzees for food.
JUNE 1982
Gremlin, daughter of Melissa, gives birth to Getty, only the second birth to be observed in twenty-two years of research.
1984
Jane’s second National Geographic special, Among the Wild Chimpanzees, airs on national television.
SPRING 1984
The ChimpanZoo project is conceived with the goals of recording behavior of captive chimpanzees and promoting stimulating environments for chimpanzees and other primates.
OCTOBER 1986
Melissa, mother of Goblin, Gremlin, and Gimble, dies.
1986
Jane publishes The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior, a comprehensive scholarly analysis of chimpanzee behavior.
NOVEMBER 1986
At a scientific conference in Chicago, Jane is shocked to learn of the widespread habitat destruction across Africa. She leaves the conference knowing she must leave Gombe behind and work to save the chimpanzees.
MARCH 1987
An outbreak of pneumonia afflicts the chimpanzees, killing nine. It is the worst epidemic since the polio outbreak in 1966.
1987
After three-year-old Mel’s mother died of pneumonia, he was “adopted” by an adolescent male, Spindle—the first time that a non-related chimp is observed to adopt an orphaned youngster.
MAY 25, 1988
JGI-UK is established in London.
SPRING 1990
Wilkie defeats Goblin, whose reign lasted nine years, to become alpha male at Gombe.
JULY 1990
JGI-Tanzania is launched in conjunction with Jane Goodall’s Gombe 30 celebration, observing thirty years since she first began her research in Tanzania.
1990
Chimps, So Like Us, an HBO documentary, is produced. The film is nominated for an Academy Award.
1990
Through a Window, Jane’s fifth book, is published.
1990
Jane receives the Kyoto Prize in basic science, the Japanese equivalent of the Nobel Prize.
FEBRUARY 1991
Jane and sixteen Tanzanian students found Jane Goodall’s Roots & Shoots in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
1992
The Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilitation Center opens. It was initially funded by Conoco Inc.
1993
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Freud, eldest son of Fifi, defeats Wilkie to become alpha male of Gombe’s Kasekela group.
FEBRUARY 14, 1993
Videographer Bill Wallauer records the first video footage of a chimpanzee birth in the wild: Gremlin giving birth to her daughter Gaia.
1994
After a Mitumba chimp joined the Kasekela group, Flossi, daughter of Fifi, suddenly begins using the Mitumba technique of catching carpenter ants with twigs. It is the first observation of technology transfer from one community of chimpanzees to another.
1994
JGI founds TACARE.
1995
Jane receives the National Geographic Society’s Hubbard Medal for distinction in exploration, discovery, and research. The award is presented to her by Vice President Al Gore.
FEBRUARY 1995
Rafiki, in Gombe’s Mitumba community, gives birth to twins, whom Jane names Roots and Shoots. They are only the second set of twins observed at Gombe.
AUGUST 1995
The Jane Goodall Institute’s Center for Primate Studies is founded at the University of Minnesota.
1996
Pneumonia strikes the Mitumba group, killing about one-third of the population. Rafiki and her young twins, Roots and Shoots, are three of the victims.
1996
Jane receives the Tanzanian Kilimanjaro Medal, presented by President Mwinyi, for her contributions to wildlife conservation.
SUMMER 1997
Mange, a skin disease, infiltrates the Kasekela community, hitting hardest on the nursing females and their infants. Fifi loses her infant son, Fred. Also affected are Freud, Prof, Goblin, and Beethoven.
OCTOBER 2, 1997
Frodo overthrows his ailing brother Freud as alpha male of the Kasekela group.
JULY 1998
Gremlin gives birth to Gombe’s newest set of twins, Golden and Glitta. Fifi gives birth to her third daughter, Flirt.
1999
Jane’s eighth book, Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey, is published and instantly becomes a New York Times bestseller.
2001
Jane is awarded the Gandhi-King Award for Non-Violence.
APRIL 16, 2002
United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan appoints Jane to serve as a United Nations Messenger of Peace. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon reappoints Jane in June 2007.
2003
Jane receives the Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research. She also receives the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science that same year.
2003
JGI begins work with Discovery Communications’ Animal Planet and produces five television movies over the course of six years.
FEBRUARY 20, 2004
Jane is made a Dame of the British Empire.
2004
Fifi disappears with daughter Furaha, born in 2002, and is assumed dead.
2004
Goblin dies after an illness.
2006
Jane receives the French Legion of Honor, presented by Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin. She also receives the UNESCO Gold Medal that same year.
2009
Jane publishes Hope for Animals and Their World: How Endangered Species Are Being Rescued from the Brink.
2010
The film Jane’s Journey opens.
2010
The Jane Goodall Institute commemorates the fiftieth anniversary of Jane’s arrival at Gombe with a worldwide celebration.
Acknowledgments
It goes without saying that it has taken the hard work of many people to assemble the material for this book. First, grateful thanks to Jennifer Lindsey, who wrote Jane Goodall: 40 Years at Gombe, the book on which this one is based. Thanks to Leslie Stoker, senior vice president and publisher at Stewart, Tabori & Chang, for accepting the challenge to revise the book and get it ready for our anniversary, and to Ann Stratton for her day-to-day dedication to the task.
Much gratitude to all the photographers who contributed their talents to help tell the Gombe story in such a compelling way.
I am also so appreciative of all the people on the JGI team—the JGI office in Arlington, Virginia; the Jane Goodall Institute’s Center for Primate Studies at the University of Minnesota; and those who made contributions or checked for accuracy from the JGI offices in Tanzania—all worked hard to ensure the information in this book was factually correct and that new data was included. Mary Paris spent countless hours researching photos and editing the images that appear on these pages. Her creative input throughout the development of this book was invaluable. And just when it seemed as if we would never be able to get everything together on time, Jackie Conciatore, who is a wonderful writer, came to our rescue, working evenings and weekends to ensure we met our deadline.
Two people in particular worked extraordinarily hard to ensure that Jane Goodall: 50 Years at Gombe was finished in a professional way and would be published in time for our fiftieth-anniversary celebrations: Christin Jones, a valued staff member of the Office of the Founder-Global, and Nona Gandelman, a true friend of JGI and now my agent. Christin worked closely with Nona, ensuring that all members of the team provided the information necessary in a timely way. Without Nona, this book might not have happened: It was she who worked closely with the publisher and ensured that the chapters flowed smoothly. And it was she who—with Christin’s help—bullied me into working on the manuscript, making the necessary additions, and writing the new introduction.
Indeed, the production of this book has been a team effort, a triumph of cooperation. Thank you all so very much.
Jane first saw La Vielle at the Pointe Noire zoo in Congo. Her cage door was broken, and she was starving, but she would not step out of her cage, even for food. Jane was able to get her moved to the Tchimpounga Sanctuary. She was so traumatized that once there it took two years before she ventured out of her night quarters onto the grass. Eventually a garden was created at Tchimpounga for her and old Gregoire. Since Gregoire’s death in 2008, La Vielle has adopted one of the newly arrived orphans. They are inseparable.
As today’s visitors to Gombe depart the park, they see this sign.
Photo Credits
this page: Hugo van Lawick. this page: National Geographic Society/Michael Nichols. this page: Michael Neugebauer. this page: Michael Neugebauer. this page: Thomas D. Mangelsen/Images of Nature. this page: Hugo van Lawick. this page: Judy Goodall. this page: Kristin J. Mosher. this page: Hugo van Lawick. this page: Michael Wilson. this page: JGI/Bill Wallauer (top), Michael Wilson (bottom). this page: courtesy of the Goodall family. this page: JGI/Joan Travis. this page: courtesy of the Goodall family (left), Hugo van Lawick (right). this page: courtesy of the Goodall family (top), National Geographic Society/Hugo van Lawick (bottom). this page: Hugo van Lawick. this page: Jane Goodall (left), National Geographic Society (right). this page: Hugo van Lawick. this page: Judy Goodall. this page: Hugo van Lawick. this page: National Geographic Society/Vanne Morris-Goodall. this page: Hugo van Lawick. this page: Hugo van Lawick. this page: National Geographic Society/Hugo van Lawick. this page: National Geographic Society/Hugo van Lawick. this page: Hugo van Lawick. this page: courtesy of the Science Museum of Minnesota. this page: Hugo van Lawick. this page: Hugo van Lawick. this page: Hugo van Lawick. this page: National Geographic Society. this page: National Geographic Society/Hugo van Lawick. this page: JGI/Jen Croft. this page: Hugo van Lawick. this page: Anna Mosser. this page: Anna Mosser. this page: Michael Wilson. this page: Richard Koburg. this page: National Geographic Society/Hugo van Lawick. this page: Michael Neugebauer. this page: Kristin J. Mosher (top), Jane Goodall (bottom). this page: Kristin J. Mosher. this page: JGI/Fernando Turmo (left and top right), National Geographic Society/Michael Nichols (bottom right). this page: NEOS Film/Andre Zacher. this page: JGI/Bill Wallauer. this page: National Geographic Society/Michael Nichols. this page: Michael Neugebauer (top), JGI/Fernando Turmo (bottom). this page: Kristin J. Mosher. this page: JGI/Rob Sassor. this page: Andy Nelson. this
page: Kristin J. Mosher. this page: Michael Neugebauer. this page: Hugo van Lawick. this page: Hugo van Lawick (top), Jane Goodall (bottom). this page: JGI/Lilian Pintea (left), courtesy of JGI (right). this page: Keely Dinse (top), JGI/Samson Pindu (bottom). this page: Andy Nelson. this page: Andy Nelson. this page: courtesy of JGI. this page: JGI/Nathan Martin (top), JGI-Uganda (bottom). this page: JGI/Rob Sassor (left), Andy Nelson (right). this page: Andy Nelson. this page: Andy Nelson (top), JGI/Jackie Conciatore (bottom). this page: JGI/Bill Johnston (top), JGI/Jen Croft (bottom). this page: Andy Nelson. this page: JGI/Lilian Pintea. this page: JGI/George Strunden. this page: courtesy of JGI (top), JGI/Dario Merlo (bottom). this page: JGI/Rob Sassor. this page: National Geographic Society/Michael Nichols. this page: JGI/Fernando Turmo. this page: National Geographic Society/Michael Nichols. this page: JGI/Fernando Turmo. this page: JGI/ Fernando Turmo. this page: JGI/Fernando Turmo (top), JGI-Uganda (center and bottom). this page: Andy Nelson. this page: JGI/Fernando Turmo. this page: JGI/Jen Croft. this page: Lincoln Park Zoo. this page: Lincoln Park Zoo. this page: National Geographic Society/Michael Nichols. this page: Susan Farley. this page: JGI/Jen Croft. this page: JGI/Fernando Turmo (top), Chris Dickinson (bottom). this page: JGI/Mie Horiuchi. this page: JGI/Dana Kuhn (left), Chase Pickering (right). this page: JGI/Mary Lewis. this page: David Gonzales. this page: Eva Sternfield (top); Chase Pickering (bottom). this page: JGI/George Strunden. this page: Richard Koburg. this page: JGI/Christin Jones. this page: National Geographic Society/Michael Nichols. this page: Andy Nelson. this page: JGI-Uganda. this page: Michael Neugebauer. this page: Robert O’Malley. this page: Joanna Vestey (left), Michael Neugebauer (right). this page: Michael Neugebauer. this page: JGI/Fernando Turmo. this page: JGI/Fernando Turmo (left), JGI-Uganda (right). this page: Michael Neugebauer (top), JGI/Jen Croft (bottom).
Bibliography
Books
1967 My Friends the Wild Chimpanzees. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.
1971 Innocent Killers (with Hugo van Lawick). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1971 In the Shadow of Man. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1986 The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press.