3. Eric Metaxas, Bonhoeffer: Pastor, Martyr, Prophet, Spy (Nashville, Texas: Thomas Nelson, 2010), pp. 46–47, 76, 115.
4. Larry Rasmussen, ‘Gandhis Einfluss auf Bonhoeffer’, Xerox of undated article in the E.S. Reddy Papers, NMML.
5. Letter excerpted in ibid.
6. C.F. Andrews to Gandhi, 14 May 1934, Personal Correspondence Files, Gandhi Papers, NMML.
7. Bonhoeffer to Niebuhr, 13 July 1934, copy in the E.S. Reddy Papers, NMML.
8. Bonhoeffer to Gandhi, 17 October 1934, Personal Correspondence Files, Gandhi Papers, First and Second Instalments, NMML.
9. Gandhi to Bonhoeffer, 1 November 1934, CWMG, LIX, p. 273.
10. Gandhi to Vallabhbhai Patel, c. 5 September 1934, CWMG, LVIII, pp. 403–05.
11. CWMG, LIX, pp. 3–9.
12. Lord Willingdon to Florence Brooks, 28 September 1934, in Mss Eur F 237/5, APAC/BL.
13. C. Rajagopalachari to Gandhi, 28 September 1934, in Subject File No. 3, Rajagopalachari Papers, Fourth Instalment, NMML.
14. H.S.L. Polak to V.S. Srinivasa Sastri, 31 October 1934, Sastri Papers, NMML.
15. CWMG, LIX, pp. 174–80, 220f.
16. CWMG, LIX, p. 261.
17. CWMG, LIX, pp. 348–49.
18. CWMG, LIX, pp. 355–56, 411–12, 449–53; CWMG, LX, pp. 130–31, 190–92.
19. Mira to Devadas Gandhi, 13 February 1935, Devadas Gandhi Papers, NMML.
20. CWMG, LXI, pp. 88–89.
21. Pamela Kanwar, Imperial Simla: The Political Culture of the Raj (second edition; New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 238–39.
22. Rajkumari Amrit Kaur to Gandhi, letters of 2 and 8 September 1935, Personal Correspondence Files, Gandhi Papers, NMML.
23. CWMG, LXII, pp. 11, 37.
24. ‘On Its Last Legs’, H, 26 October 1935, CWMG, LXII, pp. 64–65.
25. ‘Caste Has to Go’, H, 16 November 1935, CWMG, LXII, pp. 120–21.
26. See ToI, 30 November 1935.
27. Letter from D.D. Pinglay, Manmad, published in ToI, 5 November 1935.
28. Gandhi to Harilal Gandhi, 19 September 1934, CWMG, LIX, pp. 27–28; Gandhi to Narandas Gandhi, 19 September 1934, CWMG, LIX, p. 29.
29. Gandhi to Harilal Gandhi, 3 October 1934, CWMG, LIX, pp. 110–12.
30. Gandhi to Harilal Gandhi, 17 October 1934, CWMG, LIX, pp. 187–88; Gandhi to Devadas Gandhi, 25 November 1934, CWMG, LIX, pp. 399–400.
31. Gandhi to Harilal Gandhi, 12 April 1935, CWMG, LX, pp. 410–11.
32. Gandhi to Narandas Gandhi, 5 May 1935, CWMG, LXI, p. 37.
33. Gandhi to Narandas Gandhi, 25 June 1935, CWMG, LXI, p. 199.
34. Gandhi to Narandas Gandhi, letters of 11 and 15 July 1935, CWMG, LXI, pp. 246, 257.
35. Gandhi to Manilal Gandhi, letters of 15 August 1935 and 11 October 1935, CWMG, LXI, p. 333; CWMG, LXII, p. 21.
36. For more details, see Keith, A Constitutional History of India, Chapters IX and X.
37. Mahadev Desai to Jawaharlal Nehru, 6 September 1935, CWMG, XLI, pp. 474–75.
38. Jawaharlal Nehru to Agatha Harrison, 25 September 1935 (copy), Personal Correspondence Files, Gandhi Papers, NMML.
39. CWMG, LXII, pp. 24–26.
40. Gandhi to Tagore, letters of 13 October 1935 and 27 March 1936, CWMG, LXII, pp. 34, 290.
41. Gandhi to Jamnalal Bajaj, 19 March 1936, CWMG, LXII, p. 272.
42. CWMG, LXII, pp. 331–32, 345, 350, 358, 379.
43. ‘Weekly Letter’, H, 9 May 1936.
44. M[ahadev] D[esai], ‘A Story to Make Us Think’, H, 9 May 1936.
45. As reported in BC, 4 May 1936.
46. Gandhi to Amrit Kaur, 11 May 1936, CWMG, LXII, p. 392.
47. CWMG, LXII, pp. 388–89, 463–65; H, issues of 30 May and 6 June 1936.
48. CWMG, LXII, pp. 389–90, 392, 441–42.
49. CWMG, LXIII, pp. 5–6.
50. R.K. Prabhu, editor, Sati Kasturba: A Life-Sketch (Bombay: Hind Kitabs, 1944), pp. 65–67.
51. Gandhi to Dev[a]das Gandhi, 12 November 1936, CWMG, LXIV, p. 23.
Chapter Twenty-three: From Rebels to Rulers
1. Dharmjit Singh, Lord Linlithgow in India, 1936–1943 (Jalandhar: ABS Publications, 2005).
2. B. Shiva Rao, ‘Gandhiji: Some Anecdotes’, Illustrated Weekly of India, 14 May 1961.
3. G.D. Birla, In the Shadow of the Mahatma: A Personal Memoir (Calcutta: Orient Longman, 1953), p. 207.
4. CWMG, LXIII, pp. 69, 71, 140–41.
5. Rambhau Mhaskar’s Hindi pamphlet Sevagram (published by the Sevagram Ashram, no date) provides a charming, but also fact-filled, history of how the settlement was founded and nurtured.
6. Mirabehn (Madeleine Slade), The Spirit’s Pilgrimage (London: Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd, 1960), p. 190.
7. B.R. Nanda, In Gandhi’s Footsteps: The Life and Times of Jamnalal Bajaj (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 220–21.
8. See Nehru, A Bunch of Old Letters, pp. 182ff.
9. CWMG, LXIII, pp. 127–28, 164–65.
10. B.R. Ambedkar, Annihilation of Caste, first published in 1936, reprinted in Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Writings and Speeches, Volume 1 (Bombay: Government of Maharashtra, 1979), pp. 26–80.
11. BC, 1 June 1936.
12. CWMG, LXIII, pp. 31, 33–38, 42–45.
13. CWMG, LXIII, pp. 134–36, 153–54.
14. See Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Writings and Speeches, Volume 1, pp. 86–96.
15. IAR, 1936, Volume 2, pp. 276–78.
16. CWMG, LXIII, pp. 174–75, 233–34.
17. Cf. reports in File No. 800 (40)(4) A-IV-B-II, Home (Special), MSA.
18. Report in ToI, 11 June 1936.
19. Report in BC, 8 August 1936.
20. C.F. Andrews to Amrit Kaur, Wardha, 8 November 1936, copy in SAAA.
21. CWMG, LXIV, pp. 170–72.
22. Report in Bombay Sentinel, 22 December 1936.
23. CWMG, LXIV, p. 217.
24. CWMG, LXIV, pp. 26–27, 47–48.
25. CWMG, LXIV, p. 237.
26. M[ahadev] D[esai], ‘Weekly Letter’, H, 13 February 1937.
27. CWMG, LXIV, pp. 233–37, 275–78, 297.
28. ‘Need for Tolerance’, H, 13 March 1937; CWMG, LXIV, pp. 331–33.
29. CWMG, LXIV, pp. 399–401.
30. See Bombay Sentinel, 8 February 1937.
31. C. Rajagopalachari to Devadas Gandhi, 21 January 1937, Devadas Gandhi Papers, NMML.
32. See IAR, 1937, Volume 1, pp. 28ff.
33. Quoted in John Glendevon, The Viceroy at Bay: Lord Linlithgow in India, 1936–1943 (London: Collins, 1971), p. 49.
34. CWMG, LXV, pp. 3–4, 456–57; IAR, 1937, Volume 1, pp. 190–97.
35. CWMG, LXV, pp. 37–38, 261–62.
36. CWMG, LXV, pp. 174–75.
37. ‘Congress Ministries’, H, 17 July 1937; CWMG, LXV, pp. 406–08.
38. Choudhry Khaliquzzaman, Pathway to Pakistan (Lahore: Longmans, Green and Co., 1961), pp. 153–57.
39. See CWMG, LXV, p. 472.
40. Rani Dhavan Shankardass, Vallabhbhai Patel: Power and Organization in Indian Politics (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 1988), p. 153. Cf. also Shankerprasad S. Nanavaty, Khurshed Nariman (Bombay: Bombay Chronicle Press, 1959).
41. Gandhi to Nehru, 22 July 1937, CWMG, LXV.
42. Polak to T.R. Venkatarama Sastri, 30 April 1937, in H.S.L. Polak correspondence, T.R. Venkatarama Sastri Papers, Fourth instalment, NMML.
43. G.D. Birla to Mahadev Desai, 17 July 1937; Mahadev Desai to G.D. Birla, 1 August 1937, in Gandhi Papers, First and Second Instalment, NMML.
44. See File 54C of 1938, General Administration Department, Central Provinces, in VAN.
Chapter Twenty-four: The World Within, and Without
1. CWMG, LXVI, pp. 58–60, 78–79.
2. See P.N. Chopra, editor, Towar
ds Freedom, 1937–1947, Volume 1, Experiment with Provincial Autonomy, 1 January–December 1937 (New Delhi: Indian Council of Historical Research, 1985), pp. 821–88.
3. Matlubul Hasan Saiyid, Mohammad Ali Jinnah: A Political Study (Lahore: Shaikh Muhamad Ashraf, 1945), p. 571.
4. CWMG, LXVI, pp. 468–69, 257, 296–97.
5. See Sabyasachi Bhattacharya, Vande Mataram: The Biography of a Song (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2003).
6. Ibid., pp. 11–14.
7. Subhas Chandra Bose to Gandhi, 20 October 1937; Satis Chandra Dasgupta to Gandhi, 21 October 1937, both in Subject File No. 17, Gandhi Papers, First and Second Instalments, NMML.
8. CWMG, LXVI, pp. 296–97.
9. See Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada, editor, Quaid-e-Azam Jinnah’s Correspondence, third revised and enlarged edition (Karachi: East and West Publishing Company, 1977), pp. 88–95.
10. Iqbal’s letters are reproduced in Pirzada, editor, Quaid-e-Azam Jinnah’s Correspondence, pp. 138–42. Cf. also Bimal Prasad, ‘Congress versus the Muslim League’, in Richard Sisson and Stanley Wolpert, Congress and Indian Nationalism: The Pre-Independence Phase (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1988); V.N. Datta, ‘Iqbal, Jinnah and India’s Partition’, Economic and Political Weekly, 14 December 2002.
11. Typed excerpt from news report in Roznama-e-Khilafat, 8 June 1938, in Box 4, Harijan/Young India Files Collection, SAAA.
12. See Gandhi to Jawaharlal Nehru, 1 October 1937; Note to Vallabhbhai Patel, 1 November 1937, CWMG, LXVI, pp. 183, 285.
13. M[ahadev] D[esai], ‘Haripura Notes’, H, 18 March 1938.
14. CWMG, LXVI, pp. 413–14.
15. Untitled typescript by an unnamed visitor to Gandhi, in Box 3, Harijan /Young India Files Collection, SAAA.
16. This account is based on conversations with Narayan Desai in Sevagram, 2006, and in Ahmedabad, 2009.
17. D.G. Tendulkar, Mahatma: Life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (reprint New Delhi: Publications Division, 1990), volume 4, p. 238.
18. CWMG, LXVI, pp. 452–53, 455–56.
19. The printed version of Mahadev Desai’s expiation appeared under the title ‘A Tragedy’, in H, 9 April 1938, and is reprinted in CWMG, LXVII, pp. 445–47. The original manuscript, with Gandhi’s handwritten excisions, is in Box 3, Harijan/Young India Files Collection, SAAA.
20. ‘Notes of a conversation with Mr M.K. Gandhi, 7 April 1938’, by the Governor of Bengal, R/3/2/60, APAC/BL.
21. ‘Note of Interview between His Excellency the Viceroy and Mr. M.K. Gandhi, at New Delhi at 11.30 a.m., on Friday, 15th April, 1938’, in L/PO/6/96, APAC/BL.
22. Copies of the letters exchanged between Jinnah and Nehru are in File No. 976 of 1939, Home (Special), MSA. See also IAR, Volume 2, pp. 362–78; and Pirzada, editor, Quaid-e-Azam Jinnah’s Correspondence, pp. 246–69.
23. CWMG, LXVII, pp. 30, 36–37.
24. Gandhi to Amritlal T. Nanavati, 2 May 1938; to Mira, 3 May 1938; to Amrit Kaur, 7 May 1938; CWMG, LXVII, pp. 58, 60–61, 69.
25. ‘How Non-Violence Works’, H, 23 July 1938, CWMG, LXVII, pp. 195–96.
26. Gandhi to Balwantsinha, 11 June 1938; to Amrit Kaur, c. 11 June 1938; CWMG, LXVII, pp. 116–18.
27. C. Rajagopalachari to Devadas Gandhi, 20 May 1938, Devadas Gandhi Papers, NMML.
28. CWMG, LXVII, p. 50.
29. Gandhi to Rajagopalachari, 21 May 1938; to Amrit Kaur, 22 May 1938, CWMG, LXVII, pp. 90, 92.
30. CWMG, LXVII, pp. 62–68, 75–76.
31. See Report of the Inquiry Committee Appointed by the Council of the All-India Muslim League to Inquire into Muslim Grievances in Congress Provinces (Lucknow: Pioneer Press, 1938).
32. See, among other works, Salil Misra, A Narrative of Communal Politics: Uttar Pradesh, 1937–39 (New Delhi: Sage Publishers, 2001); William Gould, Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005); Venkat Dhulipala, Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).
33. Gandhi to D.B. Kalelkar, 18 October 1938, CWMG, LXVIII, p. 22.
34. D.G. Tendulkar, Abdul Ghaffar Khan: Faith Is a Battle (Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1967), pp. 253–54. Cf. also Pyarelal, A Pilgrimage for Peace: Gandhi and Frontier Gandhi among N.W.F. Pathans (Ahmedabad: Navajivan, 1950).
35. Jawaharlal Nehru to Gandhi, letters of 30 August, 16 September and 10 October 1938, Personal Correspondence Files, Gandhi Papers, First and Second Instalments, NMML.
36. ‘If I Were a Czech’, H, 6 October 1938, CWMG, LXVII, pp. 404–06.
37. ‘What Are the Basic Assumptions?’, H, 22 October 1938, CWMG, LXVII, pp. 435–37.
38. CWMG, LXVII, pp. 28, 43, 47.
39. CWMG, LXVIII, pp. 244–48.
40. Letter, c. mid-January 1939, signed by eleven young women of Calcutta, all Hindus going by their names, in Box 5, Harijan/Young India Files Collection, SAAA.
41. ‘The Modern Girl’, CWMG, LXVIII, pp. 348–50.
42. ‘The Jews’, H, 20 November 1938, CWMG, LXVIII, pp. 137–39.
43. CWMG, LXVIII, pp. 189–90.
44. Martin Buber, ‘Gandhi, Politics and Us’, 1930, reprinted in Buber, Pointing the Way: Collected Essays (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1957).
45. Buber was here reflecting the widespread prejudice of cultures based on settled agriculture against cultures based on pastoralism and shifting cultivation. The historical roots and sociological implications of this prejudice have been brilliantly explored by James C. Scott. See his works, Seeing Like a State and The Art of Not Being Governed, published by Yale University Press in 1998 and 2009 respectively.
46. Two Letters to Gandhi from Martin Buber and J.L. Magnes (Jerusalem: Bond, 1939). Buber’s letter is also reprinted in Nahum N. Glatzer, editor, The Letters of Martin Buber: A Life of Dialogue (New York: Schocken Books, 1991).
47. The Buber–Magnes pamphlet was printed in Jerusalem in April 1939, and presumably posted immediately to Segaon. However, Gandhi was on the road all of April and May; he was back in Segaon between 8 and 20 June, and then out again till end-July.
48. Originally published in his magazine Jewish Frontier, this essay is reprinted in Hayim Greenberg, The Inner Eye: Selected Essays (New York: Jewish Frontier Association, Inc. 1953), pp. 230–38.
49. CWMG, LXIX, pp. 289–90.
50. Interestingly, in January 1944, when Bonhoeffer was in jail, he was reminded once more of Gandhi, when his fiancée Maria wrote to him: ‘Ina [her sister] came in from school and said she had learnt about Gandhi in geography class, that he always did hunger strike in prison and asked whether you cannot do the same. I am not in agreement with this suggestion.’ Letter dated 19 January 1944, in Brautbriefe Zelle 92: Dietrich Bonhoeffer Maria von Wedemeyer, 1943–1945 (Munich: C.H. Beck, 1994), p. 123.
Chapter Twenty-five: (Re)capturing the Congress
1. ‘The States and Responsibility’, H, 17 September 1938, CWMG, LXVII, p. 350.
2. ‘States and their People’, H, 3 December 1938, CWMG, LXVIII, pp. 151–53.
3. ‘“Kicks and Kisses”’, H, 4 February 1939, CWMG, LXVIII, pp. 354–56.
4. ‘The Incredible Mr. Gandhi’, Reader’s Digest, December 1938.
5. See Gandhi to Jawaharlal Nehru, 21 December 1938, CWMG, LXVIII, p. 227.
6. See ‘Kangress ké Kharabiyan aur Unké Dur Karné ké Upay’ (The Defects in the Congress and the Means to Remove Them), Hindi pamphlet (undated, but probably published in November or December 1938) in Subject File No. 63, Gandhi Papers, First and Second Instalments, NMML.
7. Rabindranath Tagore to Gandhi, 22 November 1938, Gandhi Papers, First and Second Instalments, NMML.
8. James C. Wilson, ‘Bose vs. Gandhi: Tripuri and After’, in Jagdish P. Sharma, editor, Individuals and Ideals in Modern India: Nine Interpretative Studies (Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Limited, 19
82), pp. 148–196 (the Chaudhuri quote is on p. 164).
9. CWMG, LXVIII, pp. 359–60, 487–88; Rudrangshu Mukherjee, Nehru and Bose: Parallel Lives (New Delhi: Viking, 2014), Chapter 6.
10. Leonard A. Gordon, Brothers against the Raj: A Biography of Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose (New Delhi: Viking, 1989), p. 375.
11. These paragraphs are based on John R. Wood, ‘Rajkot: Indian Nationalism in the Princely Context: the Rajkot Satyagraha of 1938–9’, in Robin Jeffery, editor, People, Princes, and Paramount Power: Society and Politics in the Indian Princely States (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1980). Cf. also the correspondence printed in H, 4 February 1939.
12. See IOR, L/P&S/13/1500, APAC/BL.
13. The press clippings quoted in the preceding paragraph are contained in Mss Eur F 138/22, APAC/BL.
14. ‘Note on Discussion on General Topics between H.E. the Viceroy and Mr. Gandhi on 15th March 1939’, in Mss Eur F 138/22, APAC/BL.
15. CWMG, LXIX, pp. 80, 90, 96–97, 448–54.
16. Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel: A Life (Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House, 1991), pp. 236–38, 264, 277–81.
17. Bose to Gandhi, letters of 29 and 31 March 1939, Gandhi to Bose, 2 April 1939, CWMG, LXIX, pp. 448–54, 96–97.
18. Subhas Chandra Bose, The Indian Struggle, as edited by Sisir K. Bose and Sugata Bose (first published in 1935; new edition Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 126, 326–33, etc.
19. Gordon, Brothers against the Raj, pp. 287–88.
20. The Indian Struggle, p. 351.
21. Letter to Gandhi, c. 20 March 1939, signed by members of the Bengal Provincial Youth Association, in Subject File No. 68, Gandhi Papers, First and Second Instalments, NMML.
22. CWMG, LXIX, p. 99.
23. Bose to Gandhi, 6 April 1939; Gandhi to Bose, 10 April 1939, CWMG, LXIX, pp. 455–60, 125–27.
24. Mahadev Desai to V.S. Srinivasa Sastri, 15 April 1939, Srinivasa Sastri Papers, Last Instalment, NMML.
25. Clipping from the National Call, 20 April 1938, in L/P&S/13/1500, APAC/BL.
26. MG, 9 May 1939.
27. News report in Hindustan Times (hereafter HT), 5 May 1939.
28. Report in the National Call, 17 April 1939, in IOR, L/P&S/13/1500, APAC/BL.
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