Jefferson's War

by Joseph Wheelan

  248. “Leitensdorfer was born”: Prentiss, pp. 419—24.

  249. “Under his new”: Ibid.

  250. “His adventures with Eaton”: Ibid.

  251. “‘Convention between the’”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, pp. 367—8.

  251. “‘I cannot but’”: Ibid., p. 354.

  252. “‘We found the impediments’”: Ibid., p. 384.

  Chapter XIV: America’s Lawrence

  253. “As befitted a”: Whipple, pp. 203—4.

  253. “The army trekked”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 399.

  253. “It was the same”: Tucker, p. 376; McEvedy, vols. 1—2.

  254. “During World War II”: Edwards, p. 15.

  254. “In March and April”: Tucker, pp. 371—4.

  254. “‘General Eaton’s instincts’”: Edwards, p. 185.

  254. “‘Wherever General Eaton’”: Edwards, pp. 3, 6.

  255. “They refused to”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 405.

  255. “The Arab cavalry fired”: Ibid., p. 410.

  255. “Arabs stole all”: Edwards, pp. 1-3.

  256. “They drew water”: The Leathernecks, p. 36; Whipple, p. 200.

  256. “explored a valley”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 423.

  256. “Eaton examined scattered”: Ibid., p. 482.

  256. “‘with Greek inscriptions’”: Ibid.

  256. “The camel drivers again”: Ibid., vol. 4, pp. 433—4.

  257. “Eaton responded to the”: Ibid.

  257. “Fifty drivers returned”: Ibid., vol. 5, p. 435.

  257. “The tribesmen thought”: Ibid., pp. 444, 448, 454.

  257. “‘Despondency sat in’”: Ibid., p. 456.

  258. “‘The services of’”: Ibid., p. 459.

  258. “‘Joseph Bashaw’s forces’”: Ibid., p. 464.

  259. “‘They were astonished’”: Ibid., p. 472.

  259. “O‘Bannon was a”: Tucker, p. 356.

  259. “On the Adams”: Naval Documents, vol. 2, p. 335.

  260. “‘O’Bannon [is] one”‘: The Leathernecks, p. 36.

  260. “Eaton’s volcanic relationship”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 475.

  260. “Absent several days”: Ibid., p. 478.

  261. “The proclamation began”: Ibid., pp. 467—9.

  261. “‘He leads you’”: Ibid., pp. 469—70.

  262. “‘I shall be’”: Ibid.

  262. “By early April”: Ibid., p. 478.

  262. “‘If they preferred’”: Ibid., p. 490.

  263. “Eaton and O‘Bannon”: Ibid., pp. 490—1.

  263. “Eaton then made”: Ibid.

  263. “Eaton began to berate”: Edwards, pp. 6-8.

  264. “The standoff ended”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, pp. 490—1.

  264. “Later, O‘Bannon scolded”: Edwards, pp. 6-8.

  264. “Christians and Arabs”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 498; The Leathernecks, p. 36.

  264. “Captain Selim Comb”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 481.

  264. “Halting on April 9”: Ibid., p. 495.

  265. “the hungry Marines”: The Leathernecks, p. 37.

  265. “The women strung”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 503.

  265. “Hamet killed a”: Ibid., p. 509.

  265. “now reduced to eating”: Ibid., p. 512.

  265. “‘In an instant’”: Ibid., p. 498.

  265. “The bitter Arabs”: Ibid., p. 512.

  265. “Eaton and the Christians”: Ibid.

  266. “Hull had reached”: Ibid., p. 493.

  266. “The Argus and Hornet”: Ibid., p. 443.

  267. “Before his men”: Ibid., p. 533.

  267. “Yusuf had established”: Folayan, p. 42.

  267. “A tent was”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 389.

  268. “He returned empty-handed”: Ibid., p. 443.

  268. “‘They said that”’: Ibid., p. 505.

  268. “The increasingly flustered”: Ibid., p. 509.

  268. “Ten thousand, the”: Ibid., p. 523.

  268. “The next morning”: Ibid., p. 540.

  269. “But Barron’s squadron”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, pp. 30—1.

  270. “If he had three”: Ibid., vol. 5, p. 94.

  270. “Only Preble’s August 3”: Ibid., pp. 58—9.

  270. “He owed Tunis”: Ibid., p. 52.

  271. “Barron would blockade”: Ibid., vol. 4, p. 153.

  271. “‘without any price”’: Ibid., pp. 155—6.

  271. “Should ‘adverse events’”: Ibid., p. 153.

  271. “a Cabinet meeting”: Jan. 8, 1805, Cabinet meeting notes. Presidential Papers Microfilm: Thomas Jefferson Papers (Washington, D.C., 1974), Reel 32.

  271. “Jefferson, however, confided”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 465.

  272. “On November 14”: Ibid., p. 141.

  272. “By December 27”: Ibid., p. 221.

  272. “April found him”: Ibid., p. 536.

  273. “‘... I should place’”: Ibid., p. 116.

  273. “he appears as”: Ray Brighton, The Checkered Career of Tobias Lear (Portsmouth: Portsmouth Marine Society, 1985), p. 2.

  273. “Lear often signed”: Ibid., p. 152.

  273. “In May 1786”: Ibid., pp. 96, 121—3.

  274. “In December 1799”: Ibid., pp. 161—3.

  275. “But unfortunately, Jefferson,”: Schachner, p. 578.

  275. “Washington expressed outrage”: James Flexner, Washington: The Indispensable Man (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1974), p. 346.

  275. “John Marshall, the”: Brighton, pp. 171-3.

  276. “Historian Ray Brighton”: Ibid., p. 175.

  276. “Lear and Jefferson”: Ibid., p. 172.

  276. “his unlucky business speculation”: Ibid., pp. 169—73.

  276. “Jefferson and Madison made”: Ibid., pp. 32, 329—30.

  276. “Two years later”: Ibid., p. 193.

  276. “Within weeks of”: Ibid., p. 181.

  277. “He also systematically”: Edwards, p. 144; Brighton, p. 237.

  277. “So he took cover”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 182.

  277. “poor effeminate refugee”‘: Ibid., pp. 136—7.

  277. “America had three”: Ibid., p. 83.

  278. “‘He writes to the’”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 1.

  278. “‘I confess that’”: Ibid., vol. 5, p. 486.

  278. “Barron confessed to Lear”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 22.

  278. “An attack was”: Ibid.

  Chapter XV: Derna and Peace

  280. “Bananas, dates, grapes”: Tucker, p. 397.

  280. “whose cultivation dated”: Richard Carrington, East From Tunis (London: Chatto and Windus, 1957), pp. 209—10.

  280. “Derna was the administrative”: Magali Morsy, North Africa 1800-1900 (London, New York: Longman Group Limited, 1984), p. 100.

  281. “What he learned”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, pp. 540—1.

  281. “‘I thought the Bashaw’”: Ibid., p. 528.

  281. “Before boating ashore”: Ibid.

  282. “They were landed”: Ibid., p. 542.

  282. “Eaton had offered”: Ibid.

  283. “The Argus, Hornet”: Ibid., pp. 547, 553—5.

  283. “O‘Bannon took charge”: Ibid., p. 528.

  284. “The assault force”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 121.

  284. “O‘Bannon and his”: Schuon, p. 38.

  284. “The Americans turned”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, pp. 547—8.

  284. “A little after”: Ibid., pp. 553—5.

  284. “just two dead”: Ibid., p. 548; Schuon, pp. 35, 38.

  284. “In years to come”: Moskin, pp. 36, 87.

  284. “O‘Bannon later accepted”: Merrill L. Bartlett and Jack Sweetman, The U.S. Marine Corps: An Illustrated History (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2001), p. 31; Karl Schuon. U.S. Marine Corps Biographical Dictionary (New York: Franklin Watts Inc., 1963), p. 163.

  284. “O‘Bannon resign
ed his”: Moskin, p. 62.

  285. “He moved to Kentucky”: Whipple, p. 274.

  285. “He died on”: Schuon, p. 163.

  285. “The headstone over”: U.S. Marine Corps Web archive.

  285. “The sheik said”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, pp. 4—5.

  285. “Eaton threatened him”: Ibid., pp. 10—1.

  285. “‘Neither persuasion, bribes’”: Ibid., vol. 5, pp. 553—5.

  285. “But Mustifa managed”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 14.

  286. “He had sent spies”: Allen, p. 241.

  286. “On May 13, Hassan’s troops”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, pp. 12—3.

  286. “a well-aimed shot”: Ibid., p. 14.

  287. “A humiliating traffic‘”: Ibid., p. 29.

  287. “Hamet implored Hull”: Ibid., p. 28.

  287. “They complained of”: Ibid., p. 59.

  288. “Hassan tried to motivate”: Ibid., p. 45.

  288. “Hassan’s officers began”: Ibid., p. 15.

  288. “‘Everything assures us’”: Ibid., pp. 28—9.

  288. “Eaton himself was”: Ibid., p. 15.

  288. “‘Heated dust, which’”: Ibid., p. 29.

  288. “The searing desert”: Ibid., p. 47.

  289. “Hull noted that”: Ibid., p. 29.

  289. “‘He swore by’”: Ibid., p. 14.

  289. “The bashaw communicated”: Ibid., vol. 5, p. 505.

  289. “‘the greatest terror’”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 373.

  289. “Yusuf convened the”: Ibid., p. 43.

  289. At the height“: Ibid., p. 45.

  290. “‘The Bashaw and”’: Ibid., p. 27.

  290. “Yusuf confided to Cowdery”: Ibid., p. 46.

  290. “or perhaps Lear”: Ibid., p. 377; Brighton, pp. 242-3.

  291. “‘I must withhold’”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, pp. 438-40.

  291. “Barron added that”: Ibid., p. 441.

  291. “‘the Enemy will propose”‘: Ibid., p. 553.

  292. “He accused Barron”: Ibid., p. 550.

  292. “‘This is a circumstance”’: Ibid., pp. 550-3.

  293. “Act quickly, Nissen warned”: Ibid., pp. 421-2.

  293. “Within days of”: Ibid., p. 438.

  293. “In March, with Eaton”: Ibid., vol. 6, pp. 159-63.

  293. “Don Joseph sent on”: Ibid., p. 1.

  293. “he was unwilling”: Ibid., vol. 5, pp. 462-3.

  293. “The captain once”: Ibid., vol. 6, pp. 145-6.

  294. “Lear told Rodgers”: Ibid., p. 1.

  294. “In mid-May, Algiers’s dey”: Ibid., pp. 17-8.

  294. “Tunis’s sapitapa offered”: Ibid., p. 7.

  294. “‘I must contend”’: Ibid., pp. 22-3.

  295. “‘I conceive it”’: Ibid., p. 24.

  295. “‘By our resources”’: Ibid., pp. 24-6.

  295. “It was ‘a duty”’: Ibid., p. 32.

  296. “Barron ensured that Rodgers”: Ibid., pp. 31-2.

  296. “The long-awaited gunboats”: Ibid., vol. 5, p. 395.

  296. “who professed the bizarre”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 98.

  296. “swollen to more”: Ibid., p. 107.

  296. “Hull and Eaton”: Ibid., vol. 5, pp. 555-6.

  297. “To leave Hamet”: Ibid., vol. 6, pp. 59-61.

  297. “Three frigates from”: Ibid., pp. 50—2.

  298. “On May 29, Yusuf”: Ibid., pp. 159-63.

  298. “Tell Captain Bainbridge”: Ibid., p. 69.

  298. “A snag developed”: Ibid., p. 104.

  299. “The captives’ flinty”: Ibid., p. 71.

  299. “‘The sight of them”’: Brighton, p. 254.

  299. “With little ceremony”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 80.

  299. “After they sobered”: Ibid., p. 82.

  299. “Two crewmen, however,”: Ibid., p. 93.

  300. “‘I bid the Bashaw”’: Ibid., p. 96.

  300. “Instead of being”: Allen, p. 157.

  300. “‘In sullen wrath’”: The Complete Poetical Works of John Greenleaf Whittier, p. 412.

  301. “‘I cannot reconcile’”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, pp. 84, 89.

  301. “So many troops”: Ibid., p. 59.

  301. “During the prelude”: Ibid., p. 61.

  301. “Bainbridge was allowed”: Dearborn, pp. 83—4.

  301. “When the Divan deadlocked”: Ibid.

  302. “A swirling battle”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 62.

  302. “‘The Bashaw deserves”’: Ibid., p. 122.

  302. “A none compliance”‘: Ibid., p. 83.

  303. “Before the frigate”: Ibid., pp. 87, 91.

  303. “‘I found that”’: Ibid., p. 22.

  303. “It was ‘all that”’: Ibid., p. 92.

  303. “‘He answers that”’: Ibid., p. 63.

  304. “He made everyone”: Ibid., pp. 116—7.

  304. “As the last boats”: Ibid.

  305. “The bashaw’s envoy”: Ibid., p. 117.

  305. “Hamet, he noted glumly”: Ibid.

  305. ‘“Our peace with”’: Ibid.

  Chapter XVI: Aftermath

  306. “The impatient bey”: Naval Documents,. vol. 6, p. 185.

  306. “‘If War is his”’: Ibid., p. 143.

  306. “The bey responded”: Ibid., pp. 146, 194.

  307. “Tensions reached the”: Ibid., p. 196.

  307. “‘All Europe is”’: Ibid., p. 284.

  307. ‘“Our own good folk’”: Ibid.

  307. “privately he lamented”: Ibid., p. 364.

  307. “Smith said all”: Ibid., p. 284.

  308. “Every U.S. warship”: Ibid., pp. 198-9.

  308. “Ten gunboats in all”: Ibid., p. 330.

  308. “but Gunboat 1”: Ibid., p. 39.

  308. “Rodgers sent Hamouda Pacha”: Ibid., p. 202.

  309. “Davis piped up”: Ibid., pp. 204-5.

  309. “The Constitution fired”: Ibid., p. 36.

  309. “In an extemporaneous”: Ibid., p. 211.

  309. “It perplexed him”: Ibid., pp. 206—7.

  310. “Hamouda responded by”: Ibid., p. 257.

  310. “‘After such a”’: Ibid., p. 308.

  310. “Rodgers appointed another”: Ibid., p. 234.

  310. “‘... I feel satisfied”’: Ibid., p. 240.

  311. “‘holding out the”’: Ibid., vol. 1, p. 620.

  311. “Hamouda later insisted”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 256.

  311. “Before leaving Syracuse”: Ibid., p. 153.

  311. “‘I fear we”’: Ibid., p. 122.

  311. “‘Everything changed, he”: Ibid., pp. 213—4.

  312. “Eaton, Rodgers, and Preble”: Ibid., p. 146.

  312. “But Barron’s illness”: Ibid., pp. 213-8.

  313. “Normally convivial, Eaton”: Edwards, p. 236.

  313. “Bainbridge had returned”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 275.

  314. “At a testimonial”: Wright-Macleod, pp. 188-9.

  314. “‘General Eaton is”’: Edwards, p. 191.

  314. “‘astonished not only”’: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 296.

  314. “A Senate resolution”: Ibid., vol. 5, p. 545.

  314. “Massachusetts awarded Eaton”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 376.

  315. “‘Eaton, a glorious”’: Allison, p. 200.

  315. “Federalist newspapers already”: Ibid., pp. 197-8.

  315. “Pickering deplored Lear‘s”: Brighton, p. 271, Letter to Fisher Ames.

  316. “He burned the last”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 398.

  316. “‘The effect has”’: Ibid.

  316. “There were none”: Ibid., p. 315.

  316. “‘On entering the”’: Ibid.

  316. “Federalist senators went”: Ibid., p. 343.

  316. “Jefferson personally supervised”: Presidential Papers Microfilm: Thomas Jefferson Papers (Washington, D.C., 1974), Reel 35. Jefferson notes.

  317. “He compose
d a message”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, pp. 344—5.

  317. “‘The present moment”’: Ibid., p. 349.

  317. “The committee’s 472-page”: Ibid., pp. 391-3.

  318. “Lieutenant John Dent, who said”: Ibid., p. 377.

  318. “Marine Second Lieutenant Wallace W Wormeley‘s”: Ibid., pp. 373—4.

  319. “The withering criticism”: Ibid., pp. 436, 512—3.

  319. “The Tunisian ambassador”: Ibid., p. 36.

  319. “His seriocomic diplomatic”: Ibid., p. 308; Wright—Macleod, p. 187.

  319. “Madison sent Melli Melli”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 428.

  319. “They decided upon”: Ibid., pp. 441, 448.

  320. “As Melli Melli correctly”: Ibid., p. 462.

  320. “‘a very mean”’: Ibid., p. 457.

  320. “the profusion of gifts”: Ibid., pp. 498-9.

  320. “Satisfied with Melli Melli‘s”: Ibid., p. 508.

  321. “The upheaval had begun”: Wright—Macleod, p. 187.

  321. “Turkish soldiers assassinated”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 298.

  321. “On Christmas Day”: Ibid., p. 326.

  321. “So highly was Lear”: Ibid., p. 432.

  321. “The frigates, brigs”: Ibid., p. 431.

  322. “The Tripolitan war”: Ibid., pp. 30-1.

  322. “For nine straight”: Ferguson, ed. Selected Writings of Albert Gallatin, pp. 208—9.

  322. “Even with revenues”: Adams, History of the United States, vol. 3, p. 345.

  322. “Jefferson, who had”: Ibid., p. 355.

  322. “In December 1806”: Ibid., p. 347.

  322. “After protesting that”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, pp. 430, 433, 465.

  Chapter XVII: Full Circle

  324. “George Davis reembarked”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 482.

  324. “The consul’s devotion”: Ibid., p. 79.

  325. “Now Nissen was retiring”: Ibid., pp. 103—4.

  325. “The treaty, he told”: Ibid., p. 496.

  325. “The treaty that had”: Ibid., pp. 81-2.

  325. “‘that I had not”’: Ibid., p. 105.

  326. “The clause was attached”: Ibid., pp. 81-2.

  326. “In his report”: Ibid., p. 161.

  326. “‘We will not incline”’: Presidential Papers Microfilm: Thomas Jefferson Papers, Reel 35.

  326. “The commodore had suggested”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 246.

  327. “‘... the weight of”’: Ibid., pp. 209-10, 350.

  327. “‘I have lost”’: Ibid., pp. 575-6.

  327. “According to Eaton”: Ibid., p. 178.