Vatikiotis, P. J. The History of Egypt. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1969.
Weybright, Victor. Spangled Banner: The Story of Francis Scott Key. New York: Farrar & Rinehart Inc., 1935.
Whipple, A. B. C. The Seafarers: Fighting Sail. Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1978.
Whipple, A. B. C. To the Shores of Tripoli: The Birth of the U.S. Navy and Marines. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1991.
Whittier, John Greenleaf. The Complete Poetical Works of John Greenleaf Whittier. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1892.
Wolf, John B. The Barbary Coast: Algiers Under the Turks, 1500—1830. New York, London: W. W Norton & Co., 1979.
Wright, Louis B.; Macleod, Julia H. The First Americans in North Africa: William Eaton’s Struggle for a Vigorous Policy against the Barbary Pirates, 1799—1805. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1945.
INDEX
Abd Allah, Sidi Muhammad ibn
Abdrahaman, ambassador
Abellino (American privateer)
abolitionists
Act to Provide a Naval Armament
Acton, John
Adams, John
argument against Barbary war
dismantles U. S. Navy
meets with Tripolitan ambassador
as minister to England
as president
relationship with Jefferson
Adams (U. S. frigate)
Admiral Duff (ship)
Aga, Selim
aground, definition
Al Qaeda
Alcayde, Hashash
Alert (British ship)
Alexandria, history of
Algiers
and English treaty of 1622,
expands naval force
frees slaves
independence from Ottoman Empire
navy destroyed
piracy
treaty with Dutch, of 1624
treaty with U. S. ratified
tribute for
U. S. negotiations with
war with France
war with Portugal
war with Tunis
war with United States
Ali, Hadji
Alien Act
Alien Enemies Act
Alleghany (U. S. ship)
Allen, Henry
Alliance (U. S. warship)
aloft, definition
Amazon (British merchant ship)
American Hotel, Leghorn
American indians
American Legion
Ames, Fisher
Anacostia (steamship)
Anacreontic Society
Andalusia
Anderson, Thomas
Arab mercenaries, on Eaton/Karamanli expedition
Argus (U. S. brig)
at Derna
stripped for supplies
Article XII,
Articles of Confederation
artillery, Naval
artillery shells, dud
Asia, trade with U. S.
Austria, pays tributes
Bacri, David Coen
Bacri, Miciah
Bacris and Busnah (banking house)
Bainbridge, Absalom
Bainbridge, Joseph
serves in War of 1812
Bainbridge, William
captains George Washington
captains Philadelphia
carreer of
communications, from prison
exonerated
in first squadron
in Quasi-War
surrender of Philadelphia
in War of 1812,
wounded
Ball, Alexander
Barbary states. See also Algiers, Morocco,
Tunis
capitals of
contested for by Rome and Ottoman Empire
de facto independence
demands of rulers
history of
Moors emigrate to
naval power
negotiation with
politics among
population of
rulers
Barbary wars. See also Algiers,
Morocco, Tunis
accomplishments of
delayed
first battle
funds for. See also Navy, United States, expanded
initiation debated
motives, of U. S.
peace treaty ratified
as training for Naval officers
United States readies for
Barclay, Thomas
Barlow, Joel
Barron, James
captains Chesapeake
court-martialed
and Stephen Decatur
Barron, James, Sr.
Barron, Samuel
assumes command of squadron
exonerated
influenced by Lear
resigns
taken ill,
withdraws support for Eaton/Karamanli expedition
Barry, John
bastinado
Bayley, Samuel
Beaussier, Citizen
becalmed, definition
Ben Unis, Hadgi Unis
Berbers
Berka
Betsey (U. S. schooner)
Bey, Hassan. See Hassan Bey
Bey, Mustifa. See Mustifa Bey
Bitchnin, Ali
Blake, John
Blake, Joshua
Blake, Robert
blockades
British
“paper”
for protection of trade
ships build for
of Tripoli
of Tunis
unsuccesful
board, definition
Board of Navy Comissioners
bomb vessel, definition
Bonaparte, Napoleon
Bonhomme Richard (ship)
Borghul, Ali
Boston (U. S. frigate)
bow, definition
Bowen, Richard
Bradley, Stephen Row
branding, as punishment
brig, definition
Britain
assists United States
attacks Algiers
attacks Tunis
buys American prisoners of war
destroys Algerian navy
encourages Barbary pirates
naval power
piracy of
relations with France
relations with United States
strengthens navy
treaty with Algiers, of 1622,
treaty with United States
and U. S. trade
war with France
British
attack Chesapeake
British Royal Navy
British West Indies
broadside, definition
burial of U. S. sailors, denied
Burr, Aaron
dueling
loses 1800 election
plan to seize Texas and Florida
tried for treason
Burrows, William
Bushah, Naphthali
cabinet, presidential
advocates Barbary war
Calder, Samuel
Caldwell, James
Campbell, Arthur
Campbell, Hugh
Canary Islands
Candioto, Reis
capital cities, of Barbary states
capital punishments.
See also torture
captives
ransomed
Captivity and Sufferings of John Foss, Several Years a Prisoner in Algiers (Foss)
Carden, John
careen
Carhaginian Empire
Carmichael, William
Carmick, Daniel
carronade
Carthage
Roman aqueduct
casualties
Algerian
Tripolitan
United States
cat-o‘-nine-tails
Catalano, Salvador
Cathcart, James
as consul to Tripoli
disobeys orders
escorts Tunisian ambassador
Mustapha rejects
plot to overthrow Yusuf
rejected as consul
relationship with O‘Brien
ship looted
temperament
Catherine the Great
Catherine (U. S. brig)
Catholic College
cavalry
Moroccan
Tripolitan
Celia (U. S. ship)
Champlain, Lake
Charles V,
Chauncey, Isaac
Chesapeake (U. S. super frigate),
73
attacked by British
Decatur captains
returns to United States
in second squadron
unpreparedness
Christian nation, vs. Islamic. See also jihad
Christian slaves
freed by Algiers
Christians, punishment of
Claghorn, George
Clark, George Rodgers
Clinton, George
Cochran, Mr.
Coggia, Mustapha
Cogia, Ali
Columbian Centinel (newspaper)
Columbus, Christopher
Comb, Selim
communication, difficulty of
Confederation government
Congress
approves Mediterranean Fund
approves Navy funds
denies Navy funds
not consulted
ratification of Tripoli treaty
role, in declaration of war
Congress (U. S. frigate)
Constantine, Lt.
Constantinople
Constellation (U. S. frigate),
in Algiers
in fifth squadron
in second squadron
Constitution, ratification of
Constitution (U. S. frigate)
in fifth squadron
negotiation on board
in third squadron
Continental Army
Continental Navy
Convent of Saint Mathurin
conversions, religious
convoy duty
corsair
corvette
cotton gin invented
Cowdery, Jonathan
buries fireship dead
as prisoner of war
Crane, William M.
Crescent (Algerian ship)
Cromwell, Oliver
Crowninshield, Benjamin W
Crusades
cutlass
Dale, Richard
appointed squadron commodore
meets with Murad Reis
relationship with McNeill
resigns
as squadron commodore
Dan, Pierre
Danielson, Eli
killed
Danielson, Eliza
Danielson, Timothy
Darby, John
Dartmouth College
Dauphin (U. S. merchantman)
crew held captive
Davis, George
appointed consul to Tripoli
dismissed
meets with Hamet Karamanli
meets with Yusuf Karamanli
Dearborn, Henry
Decatur, James
dies
Decatur, Stephen, Jr.
in Algiers
and attack on Tripoli
avenges brother
captures Macedonian
celebrated for heroism
commands Argus
demands reparations
dueling
early career
later life of
mission to destroy Philadelphia
and mission to destroy Philadelphia
monument
plans to destroy Philadelphia
promoted to captain
serves in War of 1812,
serves on Board of Navy Comissioners
surrenders President
in War of 1812,
Decatur, Stephen, Sr.
Decatur, Susan
Declaration of Independence
Denmark
raided by pirates
piracy of
treaty with Algiers, of 1624
Dent, John
Derna. See also Eaton/Karamanli expedition
battle at
evacuation of
history of
Desert of Barca
desertion
on Eaton/Karamanli expedition
from navy
d‘Estrees, Jean
Dgies, Sidi Mahomet
diet, of sailors
discipline, shipboard
Dispatch (U. S. ship)
Dodge, James
Don Joseph
Don Juan of Austria
Donaldson, Joseph, Jr.
“Don’t give up the ship”.
Dorsey, John S.
Downes, John
Driss, Alcaid
drowning, of sailors
dry-dock, definition
dueling
Duquesne, Abraham
Eagle (U. S. merchantman)
ears, cut off
Eaton/Karamanli expediton
and ancient ruins
leaves Bomba
reaches Bomba
evacuates Derna
reaches Derna
takes Derna
provisions low
route traveled
reaches Tripoli
and theft
Eaton, William
advocates Barbary war
angers Jefferson
and Arabs, on march to Derna
attempts negotiations at Derna
attempts release of POWs
becomes ridiculous figure
castigates Lear
characteristics
as consul to Tunis
court-martialed
diatribe published
dies
diplomacy of
dismissed as consul
disobeys orders
dissatisfaction with progress of war
draws up agreement for overthrow
early career
evacuates Derna
finds Hamet Karamanli
friendship with Preble
as hero
inspires loyalty
kindness of
loan from Unis ben Unis
meets with Khorshid
plot to overthrow Yusuf
Seeks funds for
proclamation to Tripolitans
returns home
sends for Morris
tells Hamet of Barron’s orders to evacuate
testifies at Burr trial
and U. S. Navy
wounded at Derna
economy, U. S.
post-Revolutionary War
and European trade
and interstate competition
and trade with Asia
and trade embargo
Edwin (U. S. brig)
Egypt
lawlessness
embargo on foreign trade, U. S.
Empress of China (U. S. merchantman)
English ships
captured
Enterprise (U. S. schooner)
captures Paulina (Tunisian ship)
defeats Tripoli (Tripolitan ship)
in first squadron
and mission to destroy Philadelphia
in second squadron
Spain attacks
in third squadron
Epervier (sloop-of-war)
epilepsy, Yusuf suffers
Erwin, James
Essex (U. S. frigate)
in fifth squadron
in first squadron
in Quasi War
Estedio (Algerian ship)
Spanish return
Europe
naval power
negotiates with
Ottoman Empire
Exmouth, Lord, decimates Algierian navy
Expedition of Humphrey Clinker (Smollett)
extortion. See also terrorism;
tribute, monetary
Algerian
cost of
formalized as annual tribute
Fafara, Leon
Fallen Timbers
false colors
Famin, Joseph Etienne
Farfara, Leon
Farquhar, Percival
Farquhar, Richard
Farragut, David
Federalists shun Eaton
Federalists, vs. Republicans,
169
and Eaton’s campaign against Lear
and spending
felucca
Ferdinand, King of Spain
fifth squadron
ordered home
at Tunis
fireships
first squadron
Fitzsimons, Thomas
flag
flying false
Grand Union
United States cut down in Tripoli
first planted on foreign soil
flags, of captured vessels, displayed
Florida, dispute over
Fort Recovery
Foss, John
Cuptivity and Sufferings of John Foss, Several years a Prisoner in Algiers
fourth squadron
Fox, Josiah
France
attacks Algiers
demands compensation
invades Egypt
piracy of
relations with England
relations with Spain
relations with United States
and U. S. trade
war with England
war with United States
Franklin, Benjamin
Franklin (U. S. sloop)
crew held captive
offered to Tunis
Frazier, Daniel
frigate, definition
Gaither, Henry
Gallatin, Albert
galley, definition
galley slaves
galleys, Tunisian
Gaudalete
George (U. S. ship)
George Washington (U. S. frigate)
comandeered
Gerry, Elbridge
Gibraltar
raided by pirates
Richard Morris in
Gibraltar, Rock of
Gibraltar, Straits of
Giles, William
Gloria (ship)
Goodhue, Benjamin
Grand Union flag
Great Powers. See also England, France, Spain
Greeks
grog
Guerriere (British frigate)
captured
Decatur takes command
gunboat
explodes
“Hail Columbia” (song)
halyard, definition
Hamburg, pays tribute
Hamet the Great
Hamiltionian philosophy
Hamilton, Alexander
Hamilton, Henry
Hammida, Reis
Hamouda, Mustafa
hand-to-hand combat
handspike, definition
Hannah (U. S. merchantman)
Harrison, Richard
Hartt, Edmund
Hassan Barshaw (brig)
Hassan Bey
attacks Derna
soldiers balk
soldiers desert
Jefferson's War Page 41