by Walter Reid
Chapter 11
1. James Leutze (ed.), The London Observer, The Journal of General Raymond E. Lee, 1940–41 (London: Hutchinson, 1971), p. 10.
2. M. Soames (ed.), Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill (London: Doubleday, 1998); 6 April 1945, quotation from pbk edn, p. 523.
3. See Jacob in Wheeler-Bennett, Action this Day, p. 198.
4. Churchill papers, 20/49, quoted, Gilbert, War Papers, vol. 3, p. 38.
5. Jacob in Wheeler-Bennett, Action this Day, p. 185.
6. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 191.
7. Quoted by Alex Danchev, ‘Field-Marshall Sir John Dill’, in J. Keegan (ed.), Churchill’s Generals (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1991), pbk edn, p. 58.
8. A. Cunningham, A Sailor’s Odyssey (London: Hutchinson, 1951), p. 231.
9. Quoted Gilbert, Winston Churchill’s War Leadership, p. 55.
10. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 309.
Chapter 12
1. See, for example, Basil Liddell Hart, ‘The Military Strategist’, in Taylor et al., Churchill, Four Faces and the Man, p. 189.
2. Quoted Michael Dewar, ‘Field-Marshall Lord Wilson’, in Keegan, Churchill’s Generals, pbk edn p. 169.
3. Quoted B. Pitt, Churchill and the Generals (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1981), pbk edn p. 65.
4. Quoted, Pitt, Churchill and the Generals, pbk edn p. 66.
5. See R. Lamb, Churchill as War Leader – Right or Wrong? (London: Blooms-bury, 1991), p. 88 et seq.
6. Kennedy, The Business of War, pp. 83 and 85.
7. C. Barnett, The Desert Generals (London: Kimber, 1960), p 44.
8. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 233.
9. Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 85.
10. See Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals, p. 182 pbk edn.
11. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 3, p. 101.
12. Quoted, Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 3, p. 108–9.
13. PREM 3/288/7, Wavell to Viscount Cranborne, 31 October 1942.
14. Quoted Michael Dewar, ‘Field-Marshall Lord Wilson’, in Keegan, Churchill’s Generals, pbk edn, p. 171.
15. Churchill papers, 20/37, quoted, Gilbert, The Churchill War Papers, vol. 2, p. 426.
16. See Keegan, ‘Churchill’s Strategy’, in Blake and Louis, Churchill, p. 335.
17. See James Leasor, War at the Top: based on the experiences of General Sir Leslie Hollis (London: Joseph, 1959), p. 148 et seq. and G. von Blumentritt et al., The Fatal Decisions (London: Joseph, 1956).
18. Leasor, War at the Top, p. 151.
19. Quoted Michael Dewar, ‘Field-Marshall Lord Wilson’, in Keegan, ed, Churchill’s Generals, p. 173.
Chapter 13
1. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 240.
2. Quoted, Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pbk edn, p. 223.
3. Kennedy, The Business of War, pp. 106, 109.
4. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 517 et seq.
5. Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 165.
6. Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 115.
7. Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 146.
8. Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 115.
9. Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 356.
10. Quoted Addison, Churchill, The Unexpected Hero, p. 182.
11. Quoted Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 108.
12. Quoted Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 231.
13. Quoted, Alex Danchev, ‘Field-Marshal Sir John Dill’, in Keegan, (ed) Churchill’s Generals, pbk edn, p. 57.
14. Quoted, Alex Danchev, ‘Field-Marshal Sir John Dill’, in Keegan, (ed) Churchill’s Generals, pbk edn, p. 57.
15. Alex Danchev, ‘Field-Marshal Sir John Dill’, in Keegan, (ed) Churchill’s Generals, pbk edn, p. 58.
16. See Danchev, ‘ “Dilly-Dally”, or Having the Last Word’, p. 28.
17. Quoted Danchev, ‘Field-Marshal Sir John Dill’, in Keegan, Churchill’s Generals, pbk edn, p. 56.
18. See Lamb, Churchill as War Leader – Right or Wrong?, p. 98 et seq.
19. Hansard, 7 May 1941, quoted, Gilbert, The Churchill War Papers, vol. 3, p. 628.
20. Colville, The Fringes of Power, pp. 395, 397.
21. Harold Nicolson, Diaries, 10 June 1941.
22. See J. R. M. Butler, Grand Strategy, vol. 2 (History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series, vol. 3) (London: 1964).
Chapter 14
1. Oliver Lyttelton, The Memoirs of Lord Chandos (London: Bodley Head, 1962), p. 248.
2. See Sheffield, ‘Lieutenant-General Sir Adrian Carton Wiart and Major-General Sir Louis Spears’, in Keegan, Churchill’s Generals.
3. Chicago Daily News, 27 August 1941.
4. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 2, p. 451.
5. FO 371/28545, Eden to W. Churchill, Note on C. de Gaulle, 1/9/41.
6. Harold Nicolson Diaries 20 January 1941.
7. Harold Nicolson Diaries 27 February 1941.
8. Quoted Dilks (ed.), Cadogan Diaries 1938–1945, p. 302.
Chapter 15
1. See Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 106 et seq.
2. Danchev, ‘Field-Marshal Sir John Dill’, in Keegan, Churchill’s Generals, p. 59.
3. See Brig. Bernard Fergusson, Introduction to Kennedy, The Business of War, p. xvi.
4. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 3, p. 217.
5. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 3, p. 354.
6. Communication from Auchinleck to Correlli Barnett, quoted, Barnett, The Desert Generals, p. 73.
7. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 257.
8. For example, those of Olivia Manning. Cairo in the War by Artemis Cooper (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1992), not a novel, vividly portrays the highly charged, cosmopolitan character of the capital in which so many remarkable individuals took refuge.
9. Barnett, The Desert Generals, p. 111.
10. Quoted Pitt, Churchill and the Generals, p. 99.
11. Quoted, Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pbk edn, p. 285.
Chapter 16
1. Quoted P. Warner, Auchinleck: The Lonely Soldier, (London: Buchan & Enright, 1981), pbk edn, p. 166 et seq.
2. Quoted Warner, Auchinleck: The Lonely Soldier, pbk edn, p. 172 et seq.
3. Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 226.
4. See Kennedy, The Business of War, pp. 242–4.
5. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 4 (London: Cassell, 1951), p. 306.
6. H. Ismay, The Memoirs of Lord Ismay (London: Heinemann, 1960), p. 162.
7. James, Chips, p. 334.
8. C. Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940–1965 (London: Constable, 1966), p. 42.
9. See Colville in Wheeler-Bennett, Action this Day, p. 60.
10. Personal communication to Correlli Barnett, quoted, Barnett, The Desert Generals, p. 215.
11. See A.J.P. Taylor, ‘The Statesman’, in Taylor et al., Churchill: Four Faces and the Man, p. 42.
Chapter 17
1. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 257.
2. Kennedy, The Business of War, pp. 162, 179.
3. James Leasor, War at the Top, p. 149.
4. See Danchev, ‘ “Dilly-Dally”, or Having the Last Word’, pp. 21–44.
5. Marshall to Churchill, 7 November 1944, Marshall Papers, 64/43, Marshall Research Foundation, Lexington, Virginia.
6. Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 284.
7. Quoted, Fraser, Alanbrooke (London: Collins, 1982), p. 202.
8. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 406.
9. Fraser, Alanbrooke, p. 553.
10. A. Danchev and D. Todman (eds), War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), p. 249.
11. See, e.g. A. Danchev and D. Todman (eds), War Diaries, 1939–1945: the War Diaries of Field-Marshal Lord Alanbrooke (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 2001), 13 March, 21 April and 27 O
ctober 1941.
12. Leasor, War at the Top, p. 226.
13. Leasor, War at the Top, p. 243.
14. Leasor, War at the Top, p. 168 et seq.
15. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alan-brooke.
16. Dan chev and Todman, War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alan-brooke, p. xxxiii.
17. Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 204.
18. Ismay, The Memoirs of Lord Ismay, p. 175.
19. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alan-brooke, p. 566.
20. Fraser, Alanbrooke, p. 211.
21. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alan-brooke, p. 544.
22. Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940–1965, p. 713.
23. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alan-brooke, p. 712 et seq.
24. Ismay, The Memoirs of Lord Ismay, p. 159.
25. Quoted Addison, Churchill, The Unexpected Hero, p. 241.
26. Gilbert, Churchill vol. 6 (London: Heinemann, 1988), p. 1232.
27. Quoted, Dilkes (ed.), Cadogan Diaries 1938–1945, p. 301.
Chapter 18
1. See Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 294, referring to Mira Wilkins, The Maturing of Multi-national Enterprise: American Business Abroad from 1914–1970, pp. 29–30.
2. R.R. James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill, His Complete Speeches, vol. 4 (New York and London: Chelsea House Publishers in association with R.R. Bowkes, 1974).
3. Cabinet Memorandum 29 June 1927, quoted, Phillips O’Brien, ‘Winston Churchill and the US Navy’, in R.A.C. Parker (ed.), Winston Churchill: Studies in Statesmanship (London: Brassey, 1998), p. 34.
4. Gilbert, Churchill, Companion vol. 5, part 1, p. 1033.
5. Gilbert, Churchill, Companion vol. 5, part 1, pp. 342, 348.
6. See John Gooch, ‘Hidden in the Rock’, in Freedman et al., War, Strategy, & International Politics, p. 157.
7. John Gooch, ‘Hidden in the Rock’, in Freedman et al., War, Strategy, & International Politics, p. 172 – and see generally.
8. R. Ingersoll, Top Secret (S.I: Partridge, 1946), p. 60.
9. Woodrow Wilson to Colonel House, 21 July 1917, quoted Arthur S. Link (ed.), The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 43 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966–94), p. 238.
Chapter 19
1. Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 31.
2. Quoted, Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 29.
3. Quoted B. McKercher, Transition of Power: Britain’s loss of Global Pre-Eminence to the United States, 1930–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 269.
4. Quoted Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 310.
5. Quoted Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 170.
6. Quoted McKercher, Transition of Power, p. 294.
7. H. Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes, vol. 3 (New York: De Capo, 1974), p. 511.
8. J. Burns, Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox, vol. 1 (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1956), pbk edn, p. 458 et seq.
9. See McKercher, Transition of Power, p. 264.
10. Colville, The Fringes of Power, 5 March 1941.
11. Quoted McKercher, Transition of Power, p. 302.
12. F. Kimball, (ed.), Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, vol. 1 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), C-22X.
13. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 113.
Chapter 20
1. Kimball, ‘Churchill and Roosevelt’, in Blake and Louis, Churchill, p. 297.
2. See D. Bercuson and H. Herwig, One Christmas in Washington: The Secret Meeting between Roosevelt and Churchill that Changed the World (Toronto, ON: McArthur, 2005), p. 49.
3. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, C–9X.
4. Dilks (ed.), Cadogan, Diaries, p. 284.
5. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, R–4x.
6. Quoted Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 200.
7. Churchill to Ismay, quoted in Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 95.
8. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, C–20x.
9. Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 6, p. 974.
10. See D. Reynolds, The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, 1937–41: A Study in Competitive Cooperation (London: Europa, 1981), p. 126.
11. Cabinet Minute, quoted in Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 95.
12. Bernard M. Baruch Papers, quoted Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 95.
13. Quoted W. Kimball, The Juggler: Franklin Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), p. 7.
Chapter 21
1. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence. Vol. 1, C-43X.
2. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, pbk edn, p. 88.
3. Quoted Gilbert, Winston Churchill’s War Leadership, p. 60.
4. Addison, Churchill, The Unexpected Hero, p. 178.
5. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, C–11x.
6. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, R–5x.
7. R. Sherwood, (ed.), The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, vol. 2 (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1948), p. 796.
8. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 3, p. 19 et seq.
9. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 160.
10. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 331.
11. D. Stafford, Roosevelt & Churchill, Men of Secrets (London: Little, Brown, 1999), quotation from pbk edn, p. 54.
12. D. Hart-Davis, King’s Counsellor: Abdication and War: the Diaries of Sir Alan Lascelles (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson 2006), p. 251.
13. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 345.
14. Eric Seal, quoted in M. Gilbert, Churchill: A Life (London: Heinemann, 1991), p. 689.
15. Quoted Addison, Churchill: The Unexpected Hero, p. 178.
16. Stafford, Roosevelt & Churchill, Men of Secrets, pbk edn, p. 59.
17. See Kathleen Burk, ‘American Foreign Economic Policy & Lend-Lease’ in A. Lane and H. Temperley, The Rise & Fall of the Grand Alliance, 1941–45, (London: Macmillan Press; St Martin’s Press, 1995), p. 52 et seq.
18. C. Ponting, 1940: Myth & Reality (London: Hamilton, 1990), p. 212.
19. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, pbk edn, Vol 1, p. 88.
20. Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 6, p. 972 et seq.
21. R. Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Britain, 1937–1946 (London: Macmillan, 2000), p. 103.
22. See A.J.P. Taylor, ‘The Statesman’, in Taylor et al., Churchill: Four Faces and the Man, p. 44.
23. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 229.
24. See Kathleen Burk, ‘American Foreign Economic Policy & Lend-Lease’ in Lane & Temperley, Rise & Fall of the Grand Alliance, p. 43 et seq.
25. Colville in Wheeler-Bennett, Action this Day, p. 96.
26. PREM, WSC to Halifax, 10 January 1942, fo. 364; quoted, J. Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship 1940–57 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1995), p. 49.
27. PREM 4/17/1, Cherwell to WSC, December 1940, fos. 82/85; quoted, Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance, p. 23.
28. Quoted Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance, p. 49.
29. Sayers, Financial Policy, Table 5, quoted Burk, ‘American Foreign Economic Policy & Lend-Lease’ in Lane & Temperley, Rise & Fall of the Grand Alliance, p. 57 et seq.
30. See Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance, p. 135.
Chapter 22
1. W. Harriman and E. Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 (New York: Random House, 1975), p. 75.
2. Quoted Gilbert, Churchill. A Life, p. 705.
3. Elliot Roosevelt, As He Saw It (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1946), p. 44.
4. Quoted Reynolds
, In Command of History, p. 260.
5. Roosevelt, As He Saw It, pp. 36, 38.
6. Quoted Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940–1965, pp. 742–3.
7. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 260.
8. See Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 6, p. 1161.
9. Quoted, Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 6, p. 1163.
10. Quoted Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 261.
11. See Gilbert, Churchill. A Life, pp. 705, 706.
12. Quoted Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 6, p. 1167.
13. H. Macmillan, The Blast of War 1939–1945 (London: Macmillan, 1967), p. 415.
14. Sherwood, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, vol. 2, p. 364.
15. Bercuson & Herwig, One Christmas in Washington, p. 29 et seq.
16. Sherwood, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, vol. 2, p. 374.
Chapter 23
1. Danchev and Todman (eds), Alanbrooke, War Diaries 1939–1945, p. 209.
2. 30 November 1941. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, C–135x.
3. Quoted, Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals, pbk edn, p. 126.
4. See Attlee to Churchill, 20 December 1941, Churchill papers, 20/23, quoted, Gilbert, War Papers, vol. 3, p. 1654.
5. See Reynolds, The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, 1937–1941, p. 54 et seq.
6. Quoted Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 6, p. 1177.
7. Quoted Reynolds, The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, 1937–41, p. 56 et seq.
8. H. Stimson and M. Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948), 18 November 1940.
9. See Reynolds, The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, 1937–41, p. 218.
10. Quoted, Reynolds, The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, 1937–41, p. 219.
Chapter 24
1. Gilbert, Winston Churchill’s War Leadership, p. 18.
2. Fraser, ‘Field-Marshal Viscount Alanbrooke’, in Keegan, Churchill’s Generals, p. 93.