28. For the fuss about the hotel, see Chicago Daily Defender, September 21, 1960; a profile of the Hotel Theresa in New York Times, September 21, 1960. Coverage of the Castro-Malcolm X meeting, which occurred late on September 19, is in New York Amsterdam News, September 24, 1960. See also New Journal and Guide, Norfolk, Va., September 24, 1960. Khrushchev’s meeting with Castro is covered in Washington Post, September 21, 1960.
29. New York Amsterdam News, September 24, 1960; New York Times and Washington Post, September 21, 1960; Sergei Khrushchev, Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower, 411.
30. Address to the General Assembly, September 22, 1960, PPP: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 707–20. Coverage of the events in New York, Los Angeles Times, September 23, 1960; Washington Post, September 22 and 23, 1960; New York Times, September 22 and 27, 1960; Chicago Tribune, September 22, 1960.
31. Kennedy speech covered in New York Times, October 7, 1960. Texts of second and third debates, Washington Post, October 8 and 14, 1960.
32. New York Times, October 19 and 21, 1960.
33. For a recent effort to get to the bottom of what Dulles told Kennedy, see Helgerson, Getting to Know the President, 29–59. Nixon’s account is in Six Crises, 351–56.
34. Text of fourth debate and commentary in Washington Post, October 22, 1960.
35. Morrow, Forty Years a Guinea Pig, 205–6; Lawson, Black Ballots, 255–58; Sorensen, Kennedy, 215–16; White, The Making of the President, 321–23; Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 73–74; Nixon, Six Crises, 362–63; Burk, The Eisenhower Administration and Black Civil Rights, 259–60.
36. Eisenhower quoted in “Biggest Gun,” Time, October 10, 1960; letter to Nixon, October 1, 1960, PDDE, 21:2109–10; Ewald, Eisenhower the President, 301–9.
37. Nixon, RN, 222; Frank, Ike and Dick, 211.
38. Speech at New York Coliseum, November 2, 1960, PPP: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 832.
39. Cleveland and Pittsburgh speeches, November 4, 1960, PPP: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 836–41, 846–51.
40. White, The Making of the President, 309–10; James Reston, New York Times, November 2, 1960.
41. John Eisenhower, Strictly Personal, 285. Ike expressed similar sentiments to Ann Whitman (Papers as President, Ann Whitman File, DDE Diary Series, box 54, DDEL).
42. Letter to Richard Nixon, November 9, 1960, PDDE, 21:2156; Slater, The Ike I Knew, 230; DDE, Waging Peace, 652.
43. Schlesinger, Journals, 93.
44. White, The Making of the President, 353.
45. For a nuanced assessment of Eisenhower’s party-building efforts that gives Ike more credit than previous scholars, see Galvin, Presidential Party Building, 41–69.
46. Ewald, Eisenhower the President, 310–11; James Reston, New York Times, November 2, 1960; Frank, Ike and Dick, 208–9.
47. Letter to George Murphy, November 20, 1960, PDDE, 21:2165–66.
48. Papers as President, Ann Whitman File, DDE Diary Series, box 54, DDEL.
49. The affair can be followed in New York Times, November 11, 12, 19, 22, 24, 26, 29, and December 2, 1960; Los Angeles Times, November 20, 22, 27, 30, 1960; Washington Post, November 19, 23, 24, 25, and December 2, 1960. Also see Kallina, Kennedy v. Nixon, 183–87, for a careful assessment.
50. Ewald, Eisenhower the President, 313. Nixon’s account is in Six Crises, 411–13. Eisenhower’s support for Morton reported in Washington Post, December 2, 1960.
CHAPTER 20: A NEW GENERATION
Epigraph: Farewell address, January 17, 1961, PPP: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1035–40.
1. New York Times, December 4, 6 and 7, 1960.
2. Schlesinger, Journals, 58; White, The Making of the President, 177, 329; “Address of Senator John F. Kennedy Accepting the Democratic Party Nomination for the Presidency of the United States,” July 15, 1960, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25966.
3. Account of meeting with Kennedy on December 6, 1960, PDDE, 21:2189–95; Papers as President, Ann Whitman File, DDE Diary Series, box 54, DDEL.
4. Sorensen, Kennedy, 231; Reeves, President Kennedy, 23; Guthman and Shulman, Robert Kennedy in His Own Words, 55.
5. Clifford, Counsel to the President, 334, 342.
6. National Intelligence Estimate, “The Outlook for Laos,” May 19, 1959, and “The Situation in Laos,” September 18, 1959, CIA Vietnam Collection, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/collection/vietnam-collection; NSC meeting, December 1, 1960; memorandum for the president, December 12, 1960; memorandum of telephone conversation with president, December 14, 1960, all in FRUS 1958–60, 16: 982, 1003–4, 1008–9.
7. NSC meeting, December 20, 1960, FRUS 1958–60, 16:1014–16.
8. Memorandum of conference with the president, December 31, 1960, and minutes of meeting on January 7, 1961, White House Office, Office of the Staff Secretary, International Series, box 9, DDEL.
9. Notes dictated by John Kennedy of a meeting with Eisenhower, January 19, 1961, FRUS 1961–63, 24:19–20. Gen. Wilton Persons also prepared a summary of the discussion, as did Secretary Herter (FRUS 1961–63, 24:20–25). See also DDE, Waging Peace, 618–19, Greenstein and Immerman, “What Did Eisenhower Tell Kennedy About Indochina?”
10. Clifford, Counsel to the President, 342–44.
11. “Support for Covert Paramilitary Operations,” November 2, 1960, U.S. National Security Council Presidential Records, Intelligence Files, box 2, DDEL. See also Gleijeses, “Ships in the Night,” on the evolution of the plan.
12. Minutes of Special Group (5412 Committee), November 3, 1960, U.S. National Security Council Presidential Records, Intelligence Files, box 1, DDEL.
13. Minutes of Special Group (5412 Committee), November 19, 1960, U.S. National Security Council Presidential Records, Intelligence Files, box 1, DDEL.
14. Memorandum of a meeting with the president, November 29, 1960, FRUS 1958–60, 6:1126–31; CIA, Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation, 3:165–73.
15. Minutes of Special Group (5412 Committee), December 8, 1960, U.S. National Security Council Presidential Records, Intelligence Files, box 1, DDEL. Lansdale was right. The New York Times printed a front-page story on January 10, 1961, breaking the news about the band of Cuban exiles training in Guatemala.
16. Memorandum of conversation, December 29, 1960, FRUS 1958–60, 6:1188–89. For discussion of the decisions yet to be made, see Hawkins to Esterline, January 4, 1961, FRUS 1961–63, 10:10–16.
17. New York Times, January 31, 1961.
18. Moos, memorandum for the record, May 20, 1959, Arthur Larson and Malcolm Moos Records, box 16, DDEL; Eisenhower letter to Milton, May 25, 1959, Arthur Larson and Malcolm Moos Records, box 17, DDEL.
19. Frederic Fox to Malcolm Moos, April 5, 1960, Arthur Larson and Malcolm Moos Records, box 16, DDEL; memorandum by Williams, October 31, 1960, Ralph E. Williams Papers, box 1, DDEL. For details about the origins of the speech, see Griffin, “New Light on Eisenhower’s Farewell Address”; Newton, Eisenhower, 336–45; and the oral histories of Ralph E. Williams, OH-503, and Malcolm Moos, OH-260, DDEL.
20. Farewell address, January 17, 1961, PPP: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1035–40.
21. David Eisenhower, Going Home to Glory, 3–4.
22. Dallek, An Unfinished Life, 351–52.
23. Editorial note; memorandum of conversation, January 25, 1961; “Memorandum of Discussion on Cuba,” January 28, 1961; Bundy to Kennedy, February 8, 1961, all in FRUS 1961–63, 10:44, 54–55, 61–62, 89.
24. Editorial note, FRUS 1961–63, 10:143; Dallek, An Unfinished Life, 358–62; Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 256; Reeves, President Kennedy, 73. Eisenhower later insisted that the Cuba plan was still in its infancy when Kennedy took office and that Kennedy could have canceled it if he wanted. The attempts of Sorensen and Schlesinger to saddle Ike with the failed planned rankled, as it seemed to suggest Kennedy was imprisoned by Eisenhower’s plan. “At no time did I put before anybody anything that could be called a plan,” Eisenhower told journalist Earl Mazo
in 1965—a remarkable untruth. Earl Mazo, “Ike Speaks Out: Bay of Pigs Was All JFK’s,” Newsday, September 10, 1965.
25. The details are in the excellent chronology in Kornbluh, Bay of Pigs Declassified; Dallek, An Unfinished Life, 363–72; Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 267–96.
26. David Eisenhower, Going Home to Glory, 31. The exchange with Kennedy was reported by Eisenhower in an interview later conducted by Malcolm Moos. Ike also made a record of the meeting in his diary (Ferrell, The Eisenhower Diaries, 386–89, and for the acid remark about indecision, see 390).
27. Reeves, President Kennedy, 98–99, 116–18.
28. General Lansdale, “Review of Operation Mongoose,” July 25, 1962, National Security Archive, http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/620725%20Review%20of%20Op.%20Mongoose.pdf.
29. Schlesinger, Journals, July 13 and August 23, 1962, 161, 164.
30. David Eisenhower, Going Home to Glory, 57–99.
31. On Nixon visiting Ike, see Nixon, RN, 335, and see his portrait of Eisenhower in his final days, 375–80; David Eisenhower, Going Home to Glory, 276.
32. New York Times, March 29, 1969; Time, cover story, April 4 1969: “A First Verdict” and “Eisenhower: Soldier of Peace.”
33. CSPAN, “Presidential Historians Survey 2017,” https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/?page=overall.
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