Egypt, xvii
Britain and, 306–7; see also Suez Crisis
in cease-fire agreement with Israel, 332
MiG fighters of, 331
Soviet Union and, 307, 308, 338–39
see also Suez Crisis
Eighth Army, U.S., 32, 91
Eisenhower, Anne, 117
Eisenhower, Arthur, 6
Eisenhower, David (father), 5, 6, 7
Eisenhower, David (grandson), 117, 515
Eisenhower, Doud Dwight, 10–11
Eisenhower, Dwight D.:
anticommunist ideology of, 68, 76, 81, 93–94, 110–11, 122, 128–29, 145, 147, 153, 160, 167, 246, 250, 339–40, 400, 435, 442
Army as political training ground for, 3–4, 13, 14, 22
as Army chief of staff, 31–34, 35
Army joined by, 8
attack on Bonus Army and, 14
as avid outdoorsman, 7, 117, 279–80
Battle of the Bulge and, 23–24
blacks’ minimal interactions with, 214–15
charisma of, xi–xii, 40–41, 68, 76, 83
childhood of, 5–8
Churchill eulogized by, 515
as Columbia University president, 35–36, 37–38, 53
combative campaign speeches of, 76–77, 81
complex personality of, 292–93
Conner as mentor to, 10
contradiction of American character as embodied in, 245–46
critical views of, xii–xiv
death of, 515
and decision to run for reelection, 279, 280, 285–88
in decision to seek nomination, 60–65
Denver vacation of, 159, 222, 264, 266, 279–80
desegregation as viewed by, 213–16, 220, 225, 229–30, 300
differences with Truman of, 53
discipline as core tenet of, xviii–xix
domestic policies of, xvii–xviii
“Draft Eisenhower” movement and, 36, 57–59
early education of, 7
as ETO commander, 16, 18–24
in failure to condemn McCarthy’s attacks on Marshall, 76, 80–83
farewell address of, 507–8
first heart attack of, 280–85
free-market principles of, xix, 38, 39, 45, 99
“Germany-first” plan of, 17–18
Gettysburg home of, xii, 45, 117, 279, 284–85, 295–96, 303, 429, 509, 514
as governor of occupied Germany, 29–31
Graham and, 249–50, 251, 298–99
on growth of government, 38–39
Guildhall speech by, 26–27
health of, 15, 18, 25, 31
historians’ assessments of, xv–xvi, 515–17
ileitis attacks of, 15, 281, 294
inner circle of, 41–46, 77, 87
intestinal surgery of, 295–96, 308
invasion of Italy and, 20–21
JFK’s pre-inaugural briefings by, 497–98, 502
lack of intelligence on Soviet intentions as concern of, 168–69
legacy of, xiii–xiv, xvi–xvii
London home of, 22
MacArthur and, 13–16
management style of, 17
marriage of, 10–11
Marshall and, 17
media’s treatment of, xii–xiii, 21, 68, 382, 396–97, 404, 406, 421
memoir of, 515
men-only dinner parties of, 117–18
middle America roots of, 3, 4–5
military unpreparedness as concern of, 32–33, 38, 48, 49
moral authority of, 517
Moscow visited by, 30–31
and NATO build-up, 51–52
as NATO commander, 49–50, 52–53, 56, 190
Newport vacation of, 360, 361, 363–64, 365
New York reception of, 27
in 1952 election, 59–65, 66–83, 87, 215–16
in 1956 election, 238, 242, 302–5, 331, 334
in 1960 election campaign, 491–93
1960 Republican Convention speech of, 477–78
Nixon’s strained relationship with, 73, 80, 291–92, 420–21, 476, 479–80, 491–92, 495
Nixon urged to drop off 1956 ticket by, 289–92
as nonpartisan, xix–xx
North African campaign and, 19–20
Operation Overlord and, 21–24
organizational skills of, 9, 14–15, 16, 22
outgoing personality of, 116
“outsider” image projected by, 66–67
in Paris, 12
in Philippines, 15
political ideology of, 38–39
politics disliked by, 56
popularity of, xi–xiii, xiv, xv, xx, 21, 58, 63, 66, 280, 334, 421, 431, 475, 477, 494, 515
postwar accolades for, 25–26
postwar reputation of, 27–29
presidential model of, xviii–xix
pressured to enter politics, 34–36, 39–40, 41, 47–48, 56–57
religious faith of, 118–19, 246, 249–50, 251–52
reputation of, xiv–xvi, 16, 18, 19–20
in resignation of NATO, 61–62, 65
respect for chain of command shown by, 53
retirement plans of, 34–35
role of government as viewed by, 303–4
rule of law as core principle of, 370
second heart attack of, 515
self-confidence of, xv, 4, 17, 22, 24
self-reliance extolled by, 83, 258
“Serenade to Ike” event and, 61
small-government ideology of, 38–39, 45, 66, 67–68, 83, 251–52, 259, 394, 406
as social conservative, 347
son’s death and, 11–12
sports played by, 8
star power of, 45–46
as states’ rights proponent, 347, 366
strokes of, 381, 382
Summersby and, 22–23
as Third Army chief of staff, 16–17
in trip to Korea, 90–92
on Truman, 49
Truman’s presidency attacked by, 67–68, 76, 81, 83
in warning about military-industrial complex, 507–8, 512
as War Plans Division chief, 17–18
at West Point, 8
work ethic of, 117
during World War II, 9–10
Eisenhower, Earl, 6
Eisenhower, Edgar, 6, 7, 128, 160, 259
Eisenhower, Ida Elizabeth Stover, 5, 6
Eisenhower, Jacob, 4–5
Eisenhower, John, 12, 25, 29, 30, 33, 117, 124, 273, 281–82, 287, 304, 382, 410, 429, 468, 493, 515
Eisenhower, Mamie Geneva Doud, 10–11, 25, 31, 35, 37, 61, 87, 273–74, 279, 287, 331, 344, 382, 390–91, 477, 509
DDE’s heart attacks and, 280, 282
1960 election and, 491–92
personality and style of, 115–16
son’s death and, 11–12
Eisenhower, Mary Jean, 117
Eisenhower, Milton, 6, 36, 58, 223, 280, 285, 287, 507
Eisenhower, Paul, 6
Eisenhower, Roy, 6
Eisenhower, Ruth, 364
Eisenhower, Susan, 117
Eisenhower Doctrine, 338–40, 351, 400
Eisenhower-for-President organization, 58–59, 60, 63
Eisenhower presidency:
accomplishments claimed by, 506
balanced budget as goal of, 254, 255–57
CIA covert operations in, see covert operations
civil rights and, see civil rights
cold war strategy of, 107–14, 434–35
continuity of JFK administration and, 509–10, 514
defense spending by, xvii, 101–2, 517
domino theory of, 179, 181, 184, 190, 192, 196–97, 201, 209, 402, 436, 442, 502
East Asia policy of, 177–79, 442
growth of military-industrial complex in, 109–10, 149, 173, 394, 508
increased role of scientific “experts” under, 174
massive buildup of nuclear arsenal by, 171, 457
> Middle East policy of, 338–40
missile program of, see missile program, U.S.
nationalism viewed as threat by, 153, 434, 437
in popular memory, 514–15
public approval ratings of, 244–45
as reluctant to deal with civil rights issues, 215–16, 226, 228, 243, 268, 298–302, 345–46, 358, 370–71, 373, 374–75
secrecy of national security decision-making under, 175
South Vietnam policy of, 204, 340, 436, 438, 440–41, 442
State of the Union addresses in, see State of the Union addresses
tax policy of, 254
Third World policy of, 310, 344, 487
U.S. economy under, 517
use of nuclear weapons contemplated by, 103–4, 106, 109, 111–12, 113–14, 197, 202–3, 206, 208–9, 330, 340
Eisenhower presidency (first term):
army-McCarthy hearings and, 142–43
Asian security coalition proposal of, 189–94, 196–99, 201
Asia policy of, 204, 209
Aswan Dam and, 307–8
“Atoms for Peace” proposal of, 112–14, 134
Bermuda conference in, 110–12
Bohlen nomination and, 125–28, 135
Brown decision and, 224–33
budget cuts in, 99–102, 183, 255
cabinet of, 87–89
in cautious response to southern defiance of Supreme Court, 236–37, 240–41, 243, 298–302
“Chance for Peace” speech and, 96–98
Columbia University speech in, 144
Dartmouth College speech in, 129–30
DDE’s heart attack and, 283–85
and desegregation of Washington, 216–17, 224
executive privilege asserted by, 143, 144, 145, 227
First Taiwan Straits Crisis of, 205–10, 340
Geneva summit and, 268–78
Government Contracts Committee established by, 219, 220
health reinsurance proposal of, 259–60
housing and urban development programs of, 260–61
Hungarian Revolution and, 315–17, 321, 328
inaugural address of, 93–94
Indochina war and, 178–205, 209, 268, 340
interstate highway system and, 261–62
Korean War and, 102–7, 182, 268
Latin American policy in, 163
McCarthyism and, 119–20, 125–47
“Middle Way” policy of, 265–67
military desegregation and, 217–19, 224
mutual-inspection proposal for, 276–78
Oppenheimer case and, 145–47
right wing’s attacks of, 293–94
Rosenberg executions and, 123–25
security investigations by, 128–29, 130, 133, 134, 136–37, 140, 145–47
social security expanded by, 257–59, 268
Suez Crisis and, 306–14, 516
tax policies of, 255–57
war with China contemplated by, 103–4, 106, 184, 202–3, 205–6, 208–9
White affair and, 130–33, 137
Eisenhower presidency (second term):
anticolonial movement supported by, 344
Berlin Crisis and, 458, 459
Big Four summit and, 429, 460, 461
budget proposals of, 351
calls for resignation in, 382
civil rights agenda of, 347–48, 349, 352; see also Civil Rights Act (1957); Little Rock, Ark., school desegregation battle in
Congo crisis and, 481–84
Cuba policy of, 446–47, 448–55, 456
defense spending by, 395
defense spending increases by, 390
Democrats’ attacks on, 397, 404, 406
in diplomatic break with Cuba, 505
education initiative of, 393
J. Alsop’s attacks on, 396–97, 404, 460
Khrushchev’s Berlin ultimatum and, 412, 413, 415–16, 429
Khrushchev’s U.S. visit and, 45, 418–19, 421–22, 424–26, 456, 516
Laos and, 500–503
Lebanon affair and, 399–400
in meeting with black leaders, 373–74
Middle East policy of, 399–400
“missile gap” and, see “missile gap”
NASA created by, 393
1959 budget of, 390
1959 European trip in, 422–23
in 1959 world tour, 430
1960 Latin America tour in, 453–54
1960 UN meeting and, 487–88
and Nixon’s Moscow trip, 418, 419
Paris NATO meeting and, 389–90
and proposed visit to USSR, 421, 429, 442, 456–57, 468
in refusal to accept blame for Big Four summit collapse, 468–69
science education initiative of, 393, 395
Sputnik and, 376–79, 381–82, 383, 389, 390–91, 392, 394, 395, 397, 398, 404, 406, 516
Eisenhower Special, 75, 80
elections, U.S.:
of 1916, 60
of 1946, 34
of 1948, 36, 39
of 1950, 121
of 1952, 55, 58–65, 66–83, 87, 215–16
of 1954, 264–65
of 1956, 238, 242, 293–94, 302–5, 306, 321, 331, 334, 350
of 1958, 405–6, 407
of 1968, 515
elections, U.S., of 1960, xiii–xix, 397, 418, 420, 488–96
Big Four summit collapse as issue in, 469–70
Cuba as issue in, 484–85, 488, 489–90, 503
DDE economic policy criticized in, xx, 257
DDE’s campaigning in, 491–93
DDE’s national security policies as issue in, xx, 100, 396–97, 398, 469–74, 480, 488–89, 498
fraud allegations in, 495–96
Nixon-Kennedy debates in, 488–89, 490
postmortems on, 494–95
Elizabeth II, Queen of England, DDE’s visit with, 422–23
El Salvador, 164–65, 166
Elson, Edward, 118, 248, 251
Ély, Paul, 188–89, 195
Emancipation Proclamation, 226
Emerson, Faye, 60
Emory University, 45
“Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government” (Senate report), 127
Episcopal Church News, 249
Esquire, xiii
Esterline, Jacob D., 452, 504
Europe, 430
oil imports of, 326, 335–36, 338, 339
Soviet disarmament proposals for, 270–71, 274
European Theater of Operations (ETO), 16, 18–24
Ewald, William, 491, 495, 496
Executive Order 9835, 120
Executive Order 10450, 128
Executive Order 10479, 219
executive privilege, 143, 144, 145, 227
Explorer rocket, 392
Express, L’, 182
Face the Nation (news program), 445
Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), 215, 219
“Faith in Our Times” (Graham sermon), 251
Falkenburg, Jinx, 60
Fallon, George, 264
Farben, I. G., 29
Faubus, Orval, 348, 361–63, 364–68, 369, 371, 373, 374
Faure, Edgar, 274
Federal-Aid Highway Act (1944), 262
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 126–27, 129, 137, 146, 509
Federal Housing Administration, 261
Federation for Constitutional Government, 233
Ferguson, Homer, 126, 135
Fifteenth Amendment, 349, 352, 356
filibusters, 350
Finder, Leonard V., 36
First Baptist Church, Montgomery, 238
5412 Committee, 435, 452–53, 454, 482, 503, 504
Flanders, Ralph, 144
Flemming, Arthur, 321, 338
Folliard, Edward, 302
Folsom, Marion, 239, 241
Foreign Affairs, 95, 113–14
Formosa, see Taiwan (Formosa)
Formosa Resolution (1955), 401
> Forrestal, James V., 38, 41
Fort Worth Star-Telegram, 39
Foster, John W., 149
Fourteenth Amendment, 220–21, 222, 225, 347, 349, 355
France, xvii, 19, 25, 336, 516
in Algerian War, 309
Allied invasion of, 21–24
Egypt and, 306; see also Suez Canal
Geneva summit and, 268, 274
see also Indochina War, First
Frankfurt, 31
Frankfurter, Felix, 223
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 53
free-market economics, xix, 38, 39, 45, 89, 99
Fuchs, Klaus, 120, 122
Fulbright, William, 297, 404, 470–71
Gable, Clark, 40, 60
Gaither, H. Rowan, 379
Gaither Report, 379–80, 385
Gaitskell, Hugh, 326
Gallup, George, 244
Gallup poll, 421
Gandhi, Indira, 344
Gates, Thomas S., Jr., 461, 462, 499
Gathings, E. C., 371
Gault, James, 61
Gavin, James, 383–84
General Electric, 50, 387
General Motors Company, 88, 263
Geneva Accords (1954), 204, 439
Geneva summit (1954), 186–87, 198, 199, 202, 204, 268–78
DDE’s mutual-inspection proposal unveiled at, 276–78
George, Walter F., 240, 297
George VI, King of England, 25, 61
Georgia, 233, 297
German Democratic Republic, see East Germany
Germany, 9, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 25
Allied zones in, 401
Big Four summit on, see Big Four summit
NATO and, 53
occupied, 29–34
reunification of, 96, 110, 269, 270, 274
Germany, Federal Republic of, see West Germany
Germany, Nazi, 150
Gerow, Leonard T. “Gee,” 17, 214
Ghana, 343–45, 346
Ghana, University College of, 345
Gold, Harry, 120, 122
Goldfine, Bernard, 405
Goldwater, Barry, 472–73, 476, 479, 515
Goodpaster, Andrew, 335, 422, 461, 462, 463, 482
Gosden, Freeman, 428
Government Contracts Committee, 219, 220
Graham, Billy, 118, 241, 273, 274
DDE and, 249–50, 251, 298–99
Granger, Lester, 234, 345, 364, 374
Gray, Gordon, 146, 452, 453, 482, 485, 503
Great Britain, xvii, 516
American opinion of, 18–19
dollar reserves of, 321, 332–33, 336, 337
Egypt and, 306–7; see also Suez Crisis
Geneva summit and, 268, 270, 274
Iran and, 154–57
Middle East and, 307, 311–12
oil imports of, 321, 326, 332–33, 336
post-Suez U.S. aid to, 337–38
and proposed Asia security coalition, 193–94, 197–99, 201
U.S. intervention in Indochina opposed by, 179
Great Depression, 43, 254
Green, Theodore Francis, 404
The Age of Eisenhower Page 87