Greenglass, David, 122–23
Greenstein, Fred, xv, 119
Gruber, Helen, 12
Gruber, William, 12
Gruenther, Alfred, 49, 276, 287
Guatemala:
CIA-sponsored coup in, 148–49, 164–68, 340, 454, 488, 504, 511, 516
democratic reforms in, 161–62
land reforms in, 162–63, 164, 166
1944 revolution in, 161–62
Guevara, Ernesto “Che,” 447, 449, 450
Hagerty, James, 75, 91, 133, 138, 140, 143, 146, 227, 228, 237, 291, 299, 347, 360, 366, 430, 453
DDE peacemaking tour proposed by, 409
and DDE’s decision to run for reelection, 286
DDE’s first heart attack and, 281, 282, 283, 289
Hall, Leonard, 132, 266, 283, 286, 287, 290, 291, 491, 492
Halleck, Charles, 354
Hammarskjöld, Dag, 481
Haney, Albert, 166, 168
Hanoi, 180, 203
Harding, Warren, xvii, 293
Harlan, John Marshall, II, 230
Harlem, Castro’s visit to, 486
Harper’s, 47
Harriman, Averell, 30, 31, 73, 155, 286, 350, 404, 418
Hastings, Max, 18
Hawkins, Jack, 504
Hays, Brooks, 365, 366
Hazlett, Edward Everett, Jr. “Swede,” 7, 21, 24, 33, 49, 142, 199, 228–29, 230, 279, 286, 405
Health, Education, and Welfare Department, U.S., xvii–xviii, 218, 257–58
health insurance, national, DDE’s proposal for, xviii, 68, 259–60
Heath, Donald, 188
Heaton, Leonard, 294–95, 327, 515
Helena, USS, 92, 103, 181
Henderson, Loy, 156
Henry V (Shakespeare), 423
Herald Tribune, 42, 77
Herter, Christian A., 417, 418–19, 461, 468, 499, 502
Cuba and, 447, 448–49, 451–53
U-2 downing and, 465
Hickenlooper, Bourke, 135
Hickok, Wild Bill, 5
Hicks, James L., 487
Hidden-Hand Presidency, The (Greenstein), xv
Highway Trust Fund, xviii, 264
Hirohito, emperor of Japan, 194
Hiroshima, atomic bombing of, 94
Hiss, Alger, 72, 79, 120, 121, 126
Hitler, Adolf, 15, 20, 23–24, 194, 309, 312, 316
Hmong people, 501
Hobby, Oveta Culp, 258, 260
Ho Chi Minh, 180
Hodges, Courtney, 214
Hoffman, Paul, 77
homosexuality, hostility toward, 126–27
Honduras, 163, 164–65, 166
Hong Kong, 177
Hoover, Herbert, xvii, 42, 50, 77, 116, 254, 258, 266, 293
Hoover, Herbert, Jr., 327, 330, 335, 338
Hoover, J. Edgar, 127, 129, 509
black activists linked to communists by, 235, 236, 239
Hotel Theresa, Harlem, 486–87
House of Commons, British, 197, 320, 326, 337
House of Representatives, U.S., 34
Civil Rights Act of 1957 in, 357
Committee on Un-American Activities of, 120
Foreign Affairs Committee of, 344
Judiciary Committee of, 241
Public Works Committee of, 264
see also Congress, U.S.
Housing Act (1954), 261
Housing and Home Finance Agency, 261
Hughes, Charles Evans, 60
Hughes, Emmet, 40, 92, 96, 299, 319, 321–22, 330, 391, 408
Hull, John, 460
Humanité, L’, 277
Humphrey, George M., 92, 99–100, 154, 186, 206, 207, 255, 256, 284, 285, 290, 333, 335, 338, 346, 417
named treasury secretary, 88–89
Humphrey, Hubert, 350, 404, 412, 418
Hungarian Revolution (1956), 313–17, 320–21, 323, 328–29, 331, 431, 454
Hunt, Lester, 135
hydrogen bomb, 94, 114, 146, 168, 197, 271
Hyland, Lawrence A., 459
Inchon, 48, 53
India, 180, 184, 430
Indochina, xvii, 178, 340
in creation of French colonialism, 179–80
Japanese conquest of, 180
Indochina War, First, 176–77, 268, 340, 489, 516
China’s possible military intervention in, 191, 195–96
Chinese aid in, 176, 180, 184, 190, 194
Chinese and Soviet desire for end to, 202
DDE’s proposed Asia security coalition in, 189–94, 196–99, 201
DDE’s refusal to commit U.S. troops to, 189
DDE’s rejection of unilateral military intervention in, 185–86, 196, 199, 202, 209
Dien Bien Phu battle in, 187–88, 193, 195, 198, 199, 200, 209
growing French public opposition to, 182, 186, 188
Navarre and, 182–83, 184–85, 198
U.S. aid in, 176, 180–81, 182–84
U.S. technicians in, 186
Indonesia, 178, 184, 443
CIA-backed coup attempted in, 435–38, 516
inflation, 50
infrastructure, 517
Insurrection Act (1807), 369
intelligence agencies, U.S.:
DDE’s expansion of, xvii, 109
Truman and buildup of, 150, 151
see also specific agencies
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), 170, 171, 174, 378, 380, 384, 385, 386–87, 388, 398, 460
intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs), 380, 387, 390
Internal Revenue Act (1954), 256
Internal Security Act (1950), 137
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 131, 333, 336
“interposition” thesis, 296–97
Interstate Highway Act (1956), 264
interstate highway system, xviii, 261–62
Iran, 307, 430
CIA-sponsored coup in, 148–49, 157–61, 164, 167–68, 340, 516
nationalization of oil industry in, 155
oil reserves of, 154–56, 157
supposed communist threat in, 153–54, 155, 156
Iraq, 307
isolationism, 50–51, 55–56
Israel:
in cease-fire agreement with Egypt, 332
Nasser viewed as threat by, 309
Sinai invasion of, 317–18, 327
U.S. suspension of military aid to, 324
Italy, 22, 25
Allied invasion of, 20–21
Iwo Jima, 91
Jackson, Andrew, 371
Jackson, C. D., 92, 96–97, 134
Jackson, Henry, 377
Jackson, Miss., 371
Jackson, Robert, 223
Japan, 17, 31, 54, 178, 180, 204
Jenner, William, 75–76, 82, 83, 135, 138
Jet, 212
Jim Crow, see segregation
Jodl, Alfred, 24
Johnson, Andrew, xiii
Johnson, Jim, 362
Johnson, Louis, 48
Johnson, Lyndon B., xiv, 200, 377–78, 379, 397, 513
Civil Rights Act of 1957 and, 350–51, 352, 355, 356, 357–58, 359, 383
“missile gap” hearings of, 382–83, 385–86
in 1960 election, 476, 493–94
Johnson, Robert H., 482
Joint Chiefs of Staff, 91, 92, 104, 106, 181, 183, 331, 383, 401–2, 511
Jones, Bobby, 43, 44
Jones, Fanni, 274
Jones, Howard P., 437, 438
Jones, Joseph W., 44
Jones, W. Alton, 43
July 26 Movement, 443
Jupiter-C missile, 386, 387, 388, 390, 392
Justice Department, U.S., 222, 284
Civil Rights Division of, 239, 349, 360
Kashani, Abul-Qasim, 156
Kaufman, Irving, 123
Keating, Kenneth, 241
Kefauver, Estes, 62, 63, 64, 73, 286
Kempton, Murray, xiv
Kennan, George, 509
Kennedy, Jacqueline, 115
Kennedy, John F., xii, xiii–xix, xx, 4, 257, 323, 350, 370, 381, 404, 420, 439, 455
assassination of, 514
briefed on anti-Castro plots, 504
DDE’s policies attacked by, 397–98, 461, 471–72, 480, 488–89, 498
DDE’s policies cribbed by, 472
DDE’s pre-inauguraal briefings for, 497–98, 502
F. Dulles’s meetings with, 490
inauguration of, 509–10
King arrest and, 490–91
in 1960 election, 469–70, 471, 473, 476, 484, 488–94
Kennedy, Robert F., 490–91, 499–500
assassination of, 514
named attorney general, 509
Kennedy presidency:
Bay of Pigs invasion and, 511–13
civil rights and, 510
cold war and, 510, 513
continuity of Eisenhower administration and, 509–10, 514
Laos and, 501, 502–3
1961 State of the Union address of, 506–7
South Vietnam and, 513
Kennon, Robert, 224
Key West, Fla., 285, 286
Khrushchev, Nikita, xvii, 98, 379
Berlin ultimatum of, 411–16, 422, 423–24, 429, 430
Big Four summit and, 429
Castro’s Harlem meeting with, 487
Eastern European protests and, 314–15
at Geneva summit, 275, 276, 277
Humphrey’s meeting with, 412
Hungarian Revolution and, 328
in “kitchen debate” with Nixon, 419–20
as leader of communist world, 411–12
Macmillan’s meetings with, 414–15
at 1960 UN meeting, 486–87
peace gestures of, 269
personality of, 411, 412–13, 414, 420
and proposed foreign ministers’ meeting, 414
as Soviet leader, 268–69
Stalinism attacked by, 314
U-2 downing and, 462, 463–64
UN disarmament speech of, 427
U.S. visit of, 418–19, 421–22, 424–26, 456, 459, 516
Khrushchev, Sergei, 419, 424, 463, 464
Killian, James R., 169–73, 278, 381, 392–93, 394
Killian Report, 170–71, 386
Kilpatrick, James J., 296–97
Kim Il-sung, 105
King, Coretta Scott, 489
King, J. C., 451
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 236, 237, 242, 373–74
assassination of, 514
Atlanta arrest of, 490
on Civil Rights Act, 360
DDE’s ignoring of pleas from, 345–46
DDE’s Little Rock intervention praised by, 371
Montgomery arrest of, 374
Nixon’s meeting with, 345
Kirkuk, Iraq, 326, 346
Kistiakowsky, George, 474
Knowland, William, 71, 78, 135, 139, 144, 192, 200, 203, 285, 349, 352, 358
Kohler, Walter J., 80, 81
Korea, xvii, 178, 187
DDE’s trip to, 90–92
Korean War, xi, xv, 47–49, 50, 53–55, 63, 68, 82, 96, 99, 101, 121, 152, 157, 180, 255, 268, 516
armistice in, 105–7, 182
China in, 48, 53–54, 68, 104, 195
DDE and, 90–93, 102–7
nuclear option in, 92, 103–4, 105, 106
Soviet Union and, 104
Kozlov, Frol, 419
Krock, Arthur, 34, 41, 266, 378, 392
Ku Klux Klan, 242
La Guardia, Fiorello, 27
Lake, I. Beverly, 231
Land, Edwin, 171, 172–73, 393, 394
Langer, William, 135, 190
Langlie, Arthur, 70
Laniel, Joseph, 110, 183, 195
Lansdale, Edward, 439–40, 504, 505
Lansing, Robert, 149
Lansky, Meyer, 443
Laos, 179, 185, 187, 203, 204, 436, 500–503, 516
JFK and, 510
Phoumi coup in, 501
U.S. aid to, 501
Larmon, Sigurd, 59
Larson, Arthur, 300, 304, 370, 381
Latin America, Nixon’s 1958 tour of, 418
Lausche, Frank, 290
League of Nations, 150, 274
Lebanon, U.S. troops sent to, 399, 401
Lee, George W., 213, 234
Lee, Thomas, 432
LeMay, Curtis, 379
Lemnitzer, Lyman, 511
Lennox-Boyd, Alan, 309
Leviero, Anthony, 140
Lewis, Anthony, 242, 361
Life, 59, 103, 301, 302–3, 305, 376, 444, 445, 446, 450
Lincoln, Abraham, 371, 477, 516
Link, Arthur, 516
Lippmann, Walter, 63–64, 139, 322, 378, 381, 420
Little, Lou, 37
Little Rock, Ark., school desegregation battle in, xviii, 348, 360–61, 376, 404
Arkansas National Guard in, 362–63, 365, 366–67
Brownell and, 365, 366, 367, 368, 372–73
DDE’s equivocation on, 361, 364–65
Faubus and, 361–63, 364–68, 369, 371, 373
federalizing of National Guard in, 369–70, 372
media and, 363, 367, 368
mob attack on black reporters in, 368
101st Airborne in, 369–70, 371, 372
Little Rock Nine, 370, 372, 374
Lloyd, Selwyn, 313, 332, 337
Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr., 56–58, 70, 71, 72, 142, 316, 319, 328, 427–28, 478
Logevall, Fredrik, 179
London, 22, 26–27
DDE’s 1959 trip to, 422–23
Long, Russell, 297
Los Alamos, 122–23
Los Angeles, Calif., Khrushchev’s visit to, 427–28
Los Angeles Times, 79–80, 182, 322, 388, 392, 400
Louisiana, 233
Lovett, Robert A., 90, 91, 94
Lowry Air Force Base, 279
Luce, Clare Boothe, 39–40, 328–29
Luce, Henry R., 40, 59, 439, 444
Luciano, Lucky, 443
Lucy, Autherine, 237, 297
Lumumba, Patrice, 480, 481
overthrow and murder of, 483–84
Lunik II moonshot, 424, 425
Lusitania, 9
M16, 156
MacArthur, Douglas, 13–16, 17, 23, 26, 32, 34, 48, 53–54, 71, 92, 181, 213
address to Congress of, 54–55
Bonus Army attacked by, 14
relieved of command, 54
MacArthur, Douglas, II, 193
McCarran, Pat, 121, 126, 127
McCarran Act, 121
McCarthy, Joseph, 34, 54, 68, 119, 129, 227, 268
army dossier on, 140–41, 144, 145
army investigated by, 120, 137–38
Bohlen attacked by, 125–28
DDE and, 76, 80–83
F. Dulles’s denunciation of, 134
Flanders’s denunciation of, 144
Marshall attacked by, 75–76, 80
Nixon’s condemnation of, 140
Senate allies of, 135–36
Senate’s censure of, 144–45
State Department attacked by, 121–22, 125, 126–27
McCarthyism, 430, 431
DDE’s response to, 119–20, 125–47
McCormack, John, 192, 193
McCrary, John “Tex,” 60
McElroy, Neil, 388, 394, 397, 403, 458, 459, 461
McGrory, Mary, 74
McLaurin, George, 221
Macmillan, Harold, 274, 275, 276, 309, 311, 332, 333, 336, 400, 402, 418, 422–23
Berlin issue and, 413–16
Big Four summit and, 423, 467
McNamara, Robert, 509
McPherson, Harry, 135
Mafia, in Castro assassination plot, 485
Mahon, George H., 100
Mailer, Norman, xiii
“Main Trends in Soviet Capabilities and Politics, 1957–1962” (National Intelligence Estimate), 380
Malaya, 178, 180, 436
Malcolm X,
486
Malenkov, Georgy, 96, 98
Manchester Union Leader, 36, 63
Mann, Woodrow Wilson, 368
Mansfield, Mike, 404, 439, 470
Mansfield, Tex., 300–301
Mao Zedong, 180, 205, 207, 379, 400–401
Marshall, George C., 12, 16–18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 29, 31, 34, 48, 122, 125, 213
as DDE’s mentor, 83
McCarthy’s attacks on, 75–76, 80
Marshall, Thurgood, 217, 221, 226, 231, 232, 234, 367
Marshall Plan, 50, 55
Martin, Joseph W., Jr., 54, 192
Matsu, 205, 206, 207, 208, 403
Matthews, Herbert L., 444
Mattingly, Thomas, 281
media:
Castro as viewed by, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 450
civil rights movement and, 346
DDE’s Indochina inaction criticized by, 200, 201
DDE’s treatment by, xii–xiii, xiv, 21, 68, 382, 396–97, 404, 406, 421
Little Rock desegregation battle and, 363, 367, 368
Mediterranean, U-2 overflights of, 317
“Meeting the Threat of a Surprise Attack” (Killian Report), 170–71
Meet the Press (news program), 298
Mendès-France, Pierre, 182, 183, 203
Merchant, Livingston, 503, 505
Meredith, James, 510
Michigan, University of, 7
middle class, 1950s prosperity of, 252–54
Middle East:
Britain and, 307, 311–12
Nasser’s influence in, 399
oil reserve of, 154, 157, 160, 307, 309, 339
Soviet influence in, 310, 336–40, 377, 473
Suez Crisis as contest between U.S. and Europe for influence in, 338
U.S. policy on, 338–40, 399
Middleton, Drew, 278
Middle Way, 265–67
MiG fighters, 331
Milam, J. W., 212–13
military, U.S.:
appropriations for, xvii, 48, 49–50, 99–102
desegregation of, 213–14, 215, 216, 217–18, 224, 234
interservice rivalry in, 32, 383, 384, 387, 391, 394, 395
Military Academy, U.S. (West Point), 8
military-industrial complex:
DDE’s farewell address warning about, 507–8, 512
Eisenhower presidency in creation of, 109–10, 149, 173, 394, 508
Miller, William “Fishbait,” 391
Miller, William Lee, 245
Millikin, Eugene, 192
Mills, C. Wright, 89
Minton, Sherman, 223
Minuteman missile, 388
“missile gap,” 378, 379–81, 396, 397, 406, 458, 460, 461
Senate hearings on, 382–83, 385–86, 404
missile program, Soviet, 431
A. Dulles’s congressional testimony on, 461
ICBMs in, 378, 380, 398–99, 460
intermediate-range missiles in, 380, 399
Khrushchev’s claims in, 459–60
Lunik II moonshot in, 424, 425
Sputnik launched by, 373, 376–79, 381–82, 383, 384, 389, 390–91, 392, 394, 397, 398, 404, 406, 411, 516
U-2 intelligence on, 384
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