Undaunted Courage

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by Stephen E. Ambrose


  Brodhead, Micheal. “The Military Naturalist: A Lewis and Clark Heritage.” We Proceeded On, vol. 9, no. 4 (November 1983).

  Brodie, Fawn M. Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History. New York: W. W. Norton, 1974.

  Burroughs, Raymond Darwin. The Natural History of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1961.

  Caldwell, Norman. “The Enlisted Soldier at the Frontier Post, 1790–1814.” Mid-America: An Historical Review, vol. 37, no. 4 (October 1955).

  Carter, Clarence E., ed. The Territorial Papers of the United States, vol. XIV, The Territory of Louisiana-Missouri 1806–1814. (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1949).

  Chatters, Roy. “The Not-So-Enigmatic Lewis and Clark Airgun.” We Proceeded On, vol. 3, no. 2 (May 1977).

  Chuinard, Eldon G. “The Court-Martial of Ensign Meriwether Lewis.” We Proceeded On, vol. 8, no. 4 (Nov. 1982).

  _________. “Lewis and Clark, Master Masons.” We Proceeded On, vol. 15, no. 1 (February 1989).

  _________. Only One Man Died: The Medical Aspects of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Glendale, Calif.: Arthur Clark Company, 1980.

  _________. “Thomas Jefferson and the Corps of Discovery: Could He Have Done More?” American West, vol. 12, no. 6 (1975).

  _________. “How Did Meriwether Lewis Die? It Was Murder.” We Proceeded On, vol. 18, nos. 1 and 2 (January and May 1992).

  Coues, Elliot, ed. The History of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. New York: Dover ed., 1987; reprint of 1893 Francis P. Harper 4-vol. ed., 1893.

  Crackel, Theodore J. Mr. Jefferson’s Army: Political and Social Reform of the Military Establishment, 1801–1809. New York: New York University Press, 1987.

  Criswell, Elijah. Lewis and Clark: Linguistic Pioneers. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1940.

  Cutright, Paul Russell. “Contributions of Philadelphia to Lewis and Clark History.” We Proceeded On, special issue, July 1982.

  _________. Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Naturalists. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1969 (reprinted by University of Nebraska, 1989).

  _________. “Meriwether Lewis’s ‘Coloring of Events.’ ” We Proceeded On, vol. 11, no. 1 (February 1985).

  _________. “The Journal of Captain Meriwether Lewis.” We Proceeded On, vol. 10, no. 1 (February 1984).

  _________. A History of the Lewis and Clark Journals. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976.

  _________. “Rest, Rest, Perturbed Spirit.” We Proceeded On, vol. 12, no. 1 (March 1986).

  Davis, Richard Beale, Francis Walker Gilmer: Life and Learning in Jefferson’s Virginia. Richmond: Dietz Press, 1939.

  Deconde, Alexander. This Affair of Louisiana. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1976.

  DeVoto, Bernard. Journals of Lewis and Clark. Houghton Mifflin, 1953.

  Dillon, Richard. Meriwether Lewis: A Biography. New York: Coward-McCann, 1965.

  Fanselow, Julie. The Traveler’s Guide to the Lewis and Clark Trail. Helena, Montana: Falcon Press, 1994.

  Fisher, Vardis. Suicide or Murder? The Strange Death of Governor Meriwether Lewis. Chicago: Swallow Press, 1962.

  Foley, William. “St. Louis: The First Hundred Years.” Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society, vol. XXXIV, no. 4, pt. 1 (July 1978).

  Gass, Patrick. A Journal of the Voyages and Travels of a Corps of Discovery Under the Command of Capt. Lewis and Capt. Clark. Minneapolis: Ross and Haines, 1958.

  Holmberg, James J. “ ‘I Wish You to See & Know All’: The Recently Discovered Letters of William Clark to Jonathan Clark.” We Proceeded On, vol. 18, no. 4 (November 1992).

  Hunt, Robert. “The Blood Meal: Mosquitos and Agues on the Lewis and Clark Expedition.” We Proceeded On, vol. 18, no. 3 (May and August 1992).

  _________. “Gills and Drams of Consolation: Ardent Spirits on the Lewis and Clark Expedition.” We Proceeded On, vol. 17, no. 3 (February 1991).

  Jackson, Donald. ed., Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, with Related Documents: 1783–1854, 2nd ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978.

  _________. “Jefferson, Meriwether Lewis, and the Reduction of the United States Army.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 124, no. 2 (April 1980).

  _________. Thomas Jefferson and the Stony Mountains; Exploring the West from Monticello. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981.

  _________. “The Public Image of Lewis and Clark.” Pacific Northwest Quarterly, January 1966.

  _________. “A Footnote to the Lewis and Clark Expedition.” Manuscripts, vol. 24 (Winter 1972).

  Jefferson, Thomas. Notes on the State of Virginia. Paris, 1794.

  Jordan, Winthrop D. White over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968.

  Large, Arlen. “North and South of Lewis and Clark.” We Proceeded On, vol. 12, no. 4 (November 1984).

  _________. “Fort Mandan’s Dancing Longitude.” We Proceeded On, vol. 13, no. 1 (February 1987).

  _________. “Trailing Lewis and Clark: ‘The Spirit of Party.’ ” We Proceeded On, vol. 6, no. 1 (February 1990).

  _________. “ ‘Additions to the Party’: How an Expedition Grew and Grew.” We Proceeded On, vol. 16, no. 1 (February 1990).

  _________. “Lewis and Clark: Part Time Astronomers.” We Proceeded On, vol. 5, no. 1 (February 1979).

  _________. “ ‘. . . It Thundered and Lightened’: The Weather Observations of Lewis and Clark.” We Proceeded On, vol. 12, no. 2 (May 1986).

  _________. “The Empty Anchorage: Why No Ship Came for Lewis and Clark.” We Proceeded On, vol. 15, no. 1 (February 1989).

  _________. “Expedition Aftermath: The Jawbone Journals.” We Proceeded On, vol. 17, no. 1 (February 1991).

  Lavender, David. The Way to the Western Sea: Lewis and Clark Across the Continent. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.

  Lewis, Grace. “The First Home of Governor Lewis in Louisiana Territory.” Missouri Historical Society Bulletin, vol. XIV (July 1958).

  Malone, Dumas. Jefferson the Virginian. Vol. I. Boston: Little, Brown, 1948.

  _________. Jefferson the President: First Term, 1801–1805. Vol. IV. Boston: Little, Brown, 1970.

  _________. Jefferson the President: Second Term. Boston: Little, Brown, 1974.

  Marshall, Thomas Maitland. A History of the Western Boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase, 1819–1841. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1914.

  _________. The Life and Papers of Frederick Bates. St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society, 1926.

  Masson, L. R. Les Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest. New York: Antiquarian Press, 1960 reprint.

  Miller, John Chester. The Wolf by the Ears: Thomas Jefferson and Slavery. New York: Free Press, 1977.

  Moore, John Hammond. Albemarle: Jefferson’s County, 1727–1976. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1976.

  Moulton, Gary, ed. The Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1988.

  _________. “New Documents of Meriwether Lewis.” We Proceeded On, vol. 13, no. 4 (November 1987).

  Murphy, William. “John Adams: The Politics of the Additional Army, 1798–1800.” New England Quarterly, vol. 52 (June 1979).

  Nevins, Allen, ed. The Diary of John Quincy Adams, 1794–1845. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1970.

  Oglesby, Richard E. Manuel Lisa and the Opening of the Missouri Fur Trade. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963.

  Phelps, Dawson A. “The Tragic Death of Meriwether Lewis.” William and Mary Quarterly, vol. XIII, no. 3 (1956).

  Ravenholt, Reimert Thorolf. “Triumph Then Despair: The Tragic Death of Meriwether Lewis.” Epidemiology, vol. 5, no. 3 (May 1994), pp. 366–79.

  Ray, Verne F. “Lewis and Clark and the Nez Perce Indians.” The Great Western Series. No. 10. Washington, D.C.: Westerners.

  Ronda, James P. Lewis and Clark Among the Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984.

  ________
_. “A Most Perfect Harmony: Life at Fort Mandan.” We Proceeded On, vol. 14, no. 4 (November 1988).

  _________. “St. Louis Welcomes and Toasts the Lewis and Clark Expedition.” We Proceeded On, vol. 13, no. 1 (February 1987).

  _________. “A Knowledge of Distant Parts: The Shaping of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.” Montana: The Magazine of Western History, vol. 41, no. 4 (Autumn 1991).

  Ruby, Robert H., and John A. Brown. The Chinook Indians: Traders of the Lower Columbia River. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976.

  Russell, Carl. “The Guns of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.” North Dakota History, vol. 27 (Winter 1960).

  Schwantee, Carlos, ed. Encounters with a Distant Land: Exploration and the Great Northwest. Moscow: University of Idaho Press, 1994.

  Shoemaker, Floyd. “The Louisiana Purchase, 1803.” Missouri Historical Review, vol. 48 (October 1953).

  Skelton, William B. An American Profession of Arms: The Army Officer Corps, 1784–1861. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992.

  Slaughter, Thomas P. The Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

  Smithers, Jim. “Food for Mackenzie.” We Proceeded On, vol. 15, no. 1 (February 1989).

  Thomas, Samuel W. “William Clark’s 1795 and 1797 Journals and Their Significance.” Missouri Historical Society Bulletin, July 1969.

  Thwaites, Reuben Gold, ed. Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. New York: Arno Press reprint, 1969.

  Van Wormer, Joe. The World of the Pronghorn. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1969.

  Weber, David J. The Spanish Frontier in North America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.

  Wheeler, Olin D. The Trail of Lewis and Clark, 1804–1806. New York, 1904. Two volumes.

  Wilson, Alexander. American Omithology. Philadelphia: Bradford & Inskeep, 1808–1814.

  Wish, Harvey. “The French of the Old Missouri (1801–1821): A Study in Assimilation.” Mid-America: An Historical Review, vol. XII, no. 3 (July 1941).

  Woods, Edgar. Albemarle County in Virginia. Bridgewater, Va.: Green Bookman, 1932.

  MANUSCRIPTS

  Meriwether Lewis Anderson Papers, Missouri State Historical Society.

  William Clark Papers, Missouri State Historical Society.

  Meriwether Lewis Papers, Missouri State Historical Society.

  Grace Lewis Miller Papers, National Park Service, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Archives, St. Louis.

  Index

  Adams, Abigail, 34, 62, 63

  Adams, Henry, 52–54, 57, 58, 64, 101, 410

  Adams, John, 39, 48–50, 61, 62, 65

  Adams, John Quincy, 34, 102, 410, 423, 425, 481

  Adams, Samuel, 39

  Aird, James, 401

  Alabama, 35

  Alaska, 75

  Albemarle County, Va., 19–29, 46–48, 64

  Alien Act, 48, 65

  Allen, John Logan, 75, 76, 91–92, 266, 331–33

  Allen, Paul, 479, 480–81

  Alston, Willis, Jr., 422, 424

  American Ornithology (Wilson), 434

  American Philosophical Society, 37, 64, 70, 89, 91, 118, 206, 207, 350, 435

  ML’s election to, 126–27, 409–10

  natural-history specimens sent to, 206, 350, 418

  American Profession of Arms, An: The Army Officer Corps, 1784–1861 (Skelton), 43

  American Revolution, 22, 24, 39–40, 46, 56–57, 68, 121, 125, 146, 184, 223, 344

  Conway Cabal and, 344

  cultural and social life after, 30–37

  political background of, 19–20, 38, 39

  veterans of, 40, 42, 46, 49, 73, 98–99, 105

  Anderson, Edmund, 26, 454

  Anderson, Jane Lewis, 21–22, 26, 27, 28

  Anderson, Miss, 449

  Appalachian Mountains, 43, 51, 52, 55, 56, 61, 68, 75, 84, 333, 408

  Appleman, Roy, 125

  Arapaho Indians, 182

  Arcawechar (chief), 164

  Arctic Ocean, 73

  Arikara Indians, 178–85, 189–90, 193, 200, 204, 398, 399–400, 451, 454, 460–61, 463–64

  Arkansas River, 402

  Armstrong, John, 69–70

  Army, U.S., 42–48, 92, 122, 139, 363

  Chosen Rifle Company of, 46

  Corps of Artillerists of, 134–35

  Corps of Engineers of, 134

  discipline problems and desertion in, 43–47

  duels in, 44–46

  expansion and reduction of, 48–49, 60–62

  Federalist officers in, 49, 61–62, 429

  First Infantry Regiment of, 46, 50, 129, 351

  frontier defense by, 38–39, 43, 321, 347, 443–44

  Indian wars of, 358

  ML’s career in, 43, 45–48, 49–50, 59–61, 97

  officers vs. enlisted men in, 40, 44

  politics and, 48–49, 60–62, 66

  Second Sub-Legion of, 45

  Spanish spying within, 344–45

  WC’s career in, 46, 97, 98, 113, 134–136

  see also Corps of Discovery

  Assiniboine Indians, 182

  Assiniboine River, 185

  Astor, John Jacob, 345n, 481

  Atlantic Ocean, 51, 52, 73, 75, 473

  Atsina Indians, 274, 387, 388

  Audubon, John James, 152

  Austin, Moses, 456

  Australia, 69

  Bache, William, 64

  Badlands, 55

  Bakeless, John, 439

  Bald Mountain, 374

  Barlow, Joel, 64, 422–23

  Barralet, John James, 433

  Barton, Benjamin Smith, 90–91, 432, 479

  Bates, Frederick, 429, 436, 440, 445–47, 449, 472

  ML’s relations with, 453, 456–57, 460–66, 468–69, 483

  political background of, 447

  Bates, Tarleton, 449n

  Benoit, Francis, 134

  Bent, Silas, 413

  Bering Sea, 69

  Biddle, Nicholas, 135–36, 249, 479–80

  Big Horse (chief), 159–60

  Big White (chief), 183–84, 187, 398–99, 403, 409, 468

  Washington, D.C., visit of, 416, 420, 425–26, 451–52, 454, 456, 459, 461

  Bismarck, N. Dak., 80, 182

  Bissell, Russell, 100, 122

  Bissonnette, Antoine, 446

  Bitterroot Mountains, 271–74, 291–93, 303, 311, 315, 333, 353–54, 360, 365–66, 474

  Bitterroot River, 289–94, 373, 378, 379

  Black Buffalo (chief), 169, 171–75

  Black Cat (chief), 183, 184–85, 187, 200, 211, 212, 398–99

  Blackfeet Indians, 232, 284, 363, 366, 367, 385, 443

  hostile nature of, 188, 252, 256, 264, 269, 273–76, 282, 285, 300, 376–378, 397

  ML’s fight with, 387–92, 414

  Blackfoot River, 380

  Black Hills, 205

  Black Moccasin (chief), 183

  Blue Ridge Mountains, 19, 54–55

  Boilvin, Nicholas, 450, 451, 454–56

  Boley, John, 129

  Boone, Daniel, 19, 144, 456, 481

  Boone’s Settlement, 144, 397

  Boston, Mass., 52, 343

  Boston Tea Party, 19

  Botany Bay, 69

  Braddock, Edward, 21

  Bradford and Inskeep, 479–80

  Bratton, William, 105, 161, 224, 357, 364

  Breckenridge, Elizabeth, 440

  Breckenridge, James, 440

  Breckenridge, Letitia, 440, 441, 449, 483

  Broad River, 24

  Brodhead, Michael, 127

  Broken Arm (chief), 362–63

  Broughton, William, 308n, 316

  Bruff, James, 343–44, 345–46

  Buffalo Medicine (chief), 169

  Burke, Edmund, 34

  Burr, Aaron, 413, 428, 468

  conspiracy charges against, 439, 446, 457

  Hamilton’s fatal duel with, 342, 401

  vice-preside
ncy of, 50

  Burroughs, Raymond, 177n

  Cahokia, III., 122, 125, 133, 405

  California, 68

  Callender, James Thomson, 65–66

  Cameahwait (chief), 269–82, 284–87, 290, 302, 414, 433, 474

  Camp Disappointment, 388

  Camp Fortunate, 277–80, 284

  Canada, 73–74, 94, 116, 170, 185, 206, 222, 300, 376, 442

  C. and A. Conrad, 479

  Canton, 407–8

  Cape Girardeau, 121–22, 457

  Cape of Good Hope, 408

  Cascade Mountains, 304, 355

  Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia, 69

  Charbonneau, Jean Baptiste “Pomp,” 197, 198, 204, 211, 213, 241, 319, 364, 376

  WC’s sponsorship of, 399n, 448

  Charbonneau, Lizette, 448

  Charbonneau, Toussaint, 188, 203–4, 220, 223, 225, 228, 255–56, 260, 261, 264, 361

  as interpreter, 203–4, 277, 281, 358–359, 424

  Sacagawea and, 187, 197–98, 211–12, 222, 241, 243, 277, 279, 280, 281, 285, 319, 376, 399

  Charles, Joseph, 453

  Charlottesville, Va., 21, 46, 49, 68, 411, 417–19, 441

  Chase, Samuel, 65

  Cherokee Indians, 22

  Chesapeake, 442

  Cheyenne Indians, 182

  Chickasaw Agency, 473

  Chinook Indians, 305–7, 313–15, 324–326, 334–36, 353–58, 362, 370, 377

  customs and interrelations of, 337–41

  demeanor of, 338, 339

  hunting and trapping of, 338

  physical appearance and clothing of, 338–39, 341

  trading of, 337, 340

  Chouteau, Auguste, Sr., 125–26, 128, 136–38, 401–2, 454, 469

  Chouteau, Lorimier, 136

  Chouteau, Pierre, 125–26, 127, 128, 130, 342–43, 345–46, 352, 401, 405, 412, 417, 422, 448, 454, 457, 460, 461, 463–65

  Christy, William, 412, 413

  Chuinard, Eldon G. “Frenchy,” 196, 223, 241n, 242, 364n, 477

  Cincinnati, Ohio, 114, 115

  Civil War, U.S., 38

  Claiborne, Ferdinand, 48, 49, 59–60

  Clark, George Rogers, 46, 68, 98, 117, 118, 121, 125, 139, 146, 344, 412, 417, 468

  Clark, Jonathan, 458, 470, 476, 478

  Clark, Julia Hancock, 227, 417, 422, 429, 448, 460

  Clark, Meriwether Lewis, 460

  Clark, William:

  Army career of, 46, 97, 98, 113, 134–136

  birth of, 97

 

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