Heather Pringle, The Mummy Congress: Science, Obsession and the Everlasting Dead, London: Fourth Estate, 2001.
Alcor Procedures, Alcor Life Extension Foundation, online at http://www.alcor.org/procedures.html
Mind/body relationship:
A. Dregan and M.C. Guilliford, ‘Leisure-Time Physical Activity over the Life Course and Cognitive Functioning in Late Mid-Adult Years: A Cohort-Based Investigation’, Psychological Medicine, vol. 43, no. 11, 2013, pp. 2447–2458.
A.J. Marcel et al., ‘Anosognosia for Plegia: Specificity, Extension, Partiality and Disunity of Bodily Unawareness’, Cortex, vol. 40, no. 1, 2004, pp. 19–40.
Michael Mosley, ‘The second brain in our stomachs’, BBC news website, 11 July 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-18779997
James Shreeve, ‘The Brain that Misplaced Its Body’, Discover Magazine, May 1995.
Sundeep Teki et al., ‘Navigating the Auditory Scene: An Expert Role for the Hippocampus’, Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 32, no. 35, pp. 12251–12257.
Katherine Woollett and Eleanor A. Maguire, ‘Acquiring “the Knowledge” of London’s Layout Drives Structural Brain Changes’, Current Biology, vol. 21, no. 24, pp. 2109–2114.
Ed Young, ‘How acquiring The Knowledge changes the brains of London cab drivers’, Discover Magazine online blog, 8 December 2011, http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience
/2011/
12/08/acqui ring-the-knowledge-changes-the-
brains-of-london-cabdrivers/#. Ussfa_Z3TIq
Organ transplantation and recipient identity:
George J. Agich, ‘Ethical Aspects of Face Transplantation’, in M.Z. Siemionow (ed.), The Know-How of Face Transplantation, London: Springer-Verlag, 2011, pp. 131–138.
B. Bunzel et al., ‘Does Changing the Heart Mean Changing Personality? A Retrospective Inquiry on 47 Heart Transplant Patients’, Quality of Life Research, vol. 1, no. 4, 1992, pp. 251–256.
Christina Godfrey et al., ‘Transforming Self – the Experience of Living With Another’s Heart: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Evidence on Adult Heart Transplantation’, JBI Library of Systematic Reviews, vol. 10, no. 56 (supplement), 2012.
Diane Perpich, ‘Vulnerability and the Ethics of Facial Tissue Transplantation’, Bioethical Inquiry, vol. 7, 2010, pp. 173–185.
Jennifer M. Poole et al., ‘“You Might Not Feel Like Yourself”: On Heart Transplants, Identity and Ethics’, in Stuart J. Murray and Dave Holmes (eds.), Critical Interventions in the Ethics of Healthcare: Challenging the Principle of Autonomy in Bioethics, Farnham: Ashgate, 2009.
Nichola Rumsey, ‘Psychological Aspects of Face Transplantation: Read the Small Print Carefully’, American Journal of Bioethics, vol. 4, no. 3, 2004, pp. 22–25.
Catherine Waldby, ‘Biomedicine, Tissue Transfer and Intercorporeality’, Feminist Theory, vol. 3, no. 3, 2002, pp. 239–254.
Conclusion
Glover, Humanity, 1999, op. cit.
Hafferty, ‘Cadaver Stories’, 1988, op. cit.
Harrison, Dark Trophies, 2012, op. cit.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Sam Alberti, Ken Arnold, Chris Gosden, Laura Peers, Alison Petch, Evelyn Tehrani and Jamie Tehrani for reading earlier drafts of this book and giving me their advice. Thomas Cucchi and Una Strand Viðarsdóttir read individual chapters for me. Ophélie Lebrasseur helped me with French translation, and Domenico Fulgione helped me with Italian translation. Ross Barnett was a mine of information.
Laura Ferguson and Joyce Cutler-Shaw talked to me about their work as artists, and Alistair Hunter generously gave his time to help me understand the world of the dissecting room.
Wendy Moore sparked a chain of events that led to this book, for which I will always be grateful. Patrick Walsh has been its champion and my mentor. I would like to thank Philip Gwyn Jones, Max Porter, Anne Meadows and the team at Granta, and Bob Weil and the team at W.W. Norton, for their help, support and advice at every stage.
Rachael Tufano has gone beyond the call of duty, and always with a smile, to open up a space for me to work. My parents have given their energies to this project in more ways than can be mentioned. This book is dedicated to my husband, Greger, with my love and thanks.
Index
Abu Ghraib, 1
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1
Achuar people, 1
Afghanistan, 1
Africa, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
African Americans, 1
Agassiz, Louis, 1
Agnes, St, 1
Alberti, Samuel J.M.M., 1
Alcor Life Extension Foundation, Arizona, 1, 2, 3, 4
Aldini, Giovanni, 1, 2
Allori, Cristofano, 1
American Indian Wars, 1
American Museum of Natural History, 1
anatomical drawing, 1, 2
anatomy see dissection
Andaman Islands, 1
anosognosia, 1
anthropology, and headhunting, 1, 2
apothecaries, 1, 2, 3
Arasse, Daniel, 1, 2, 3
Argentina, 1
Army Medical Museum, UK, 1;
see also US Army Medical Museum
American Museum of Natural History, 1
art, 1;
anatomical drawing, 1, 2;
biblical decapitations in, 1;
death masks, 1, 2;
death sculptures and portraits, 1, 2, 3, 4;
technical challenges of drawing the dead, 1;
waxworks, 1
Asseline, Louis, 1
Atholl, John of Strathbogie, Earl of, 1
Auckland Museum, 1, 2
Australia and Australians, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
autopsies, 1
Bacon, Francis, 1
Bambata, Zulu chief, 1
Banks, Joseph, 1, 2, 3
Barnard Davis, Joseph: attitude to race, 1;
on the human cranium, 1;
research results, 1, 2;
skull collection, 1, 2;
skull cleaning techniques, 1, 2;
skull extraction method, 1
Barry, Madame du, 1
Barttelot, Edmund, 1
Bataille, Georges, 1
battlefield rituals, 1
Becket, Thomas, 1
Beddoe, John, 1
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 1
beheading see decapitation
Belgium, 1
Bell, Charles, engravings by, 1
Berg, Nick, 1, 2
Bethea, Rainey, 1
Biak, 1
Bible: biblical decapitations in art, 1
Bigley, Kenneth, 1
Birmingham, 1
Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 1, 2
Boas, Dr Franz, 1
bodies: brain’s relationship with, 1;
donating to science, 1, 2;
historical trade in, 1
body snatchers see grave robbers
Body Worlds exhibition, 1, 2
bog bodies, 1
Boisguyon, Adjutant General, 1
Boleyn, Anne, 1
bones: decorating, 1;
as gifts, 1;
objects made from, 1
Borneo, 1, 2, 3, 4
Bouchard, Nicole, 1
Bougainville, 1
Bourges, 1
Bourke, Joanna, 1
brain death, 1
brains: brain clubs, 1;
brain in a jar image, 1, 2;
brain surgery, 1;
collections, 1;
and cryonics, 1;
dissection and research, 1, 2, 3;
plastinated, 1;
removing from skulls, 1;
role in human personality, 1
Brascassat, Jacques-Raymond, 1
Brian Boru, 1
Bridge, Steve, 1
Britain: Madame Tussaud’s first exhibition, 1;
return of human remains to native countries, 1, 2;
state executions, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
trophy-taking by British Arm
y, 1, 2;
use of criminals’ heads in medicine, 1
Broca, Paul, 1, 2
Brown University, 1
Browne, Thomas, 1, 2
Browning, John Gaitha, 1
Bullock, William, 1
Burke, Edmund, 1
Burma, 1
Cabanis, Pierre Jean George, 1
Cade’s rebellion (1451), 1
Cadel, Colonel, 1
Cambridge University: Duckworth Collection, 1;
Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 1;
Sidney Sussex College, 1
Cameron, David, 1
cannibalism, 1, 2, 3, 4
Canterbury, 1
capital punishment see executions
Caravaggio, 1, 2, 3, 4
Carlyle, Thomas, 1
Carrel, Alexis, 1
Catherine of Siena, St, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Catholic Church: saints’ heads as relics, 1, 2;
sixteenth-century defacement of martyrs’ corpses, 1;
use of ossuaries and charnel houses, 1
Cato Street conspiracy (1820), 1
Champmartin, Charles-Emile, 1
Charles I, King of Great Britain and Ireland, 1, 2
Charles II, King of Great Britain and Ireland, 1
charnel houses, 1
China, 1
Christian IV, King of Denmark, 1
Clark University, 1
class issues, 1, 2, 3
Clement, Charles, 1
Colin, Alexandre, 1
Collins, Harry, 1
Columbia University, 1, 2
Combe, George, 1, 2, 3, 4
Congo, 1, 2
Cook, James, 1
Cooter, Roger, 1
Corday d’Armont, Charlotte, 1
Cornell Brain Society, 1
Courvoisier, François Benjamin, 1, 2
Cox, James, 1
Cranach, Lucas, 1
CRANID, 1
craniology and craniometry, 1;
cleaning skulls, 1;
depersonalization of collected
skulls, 1;
in digital age, 1;
invisible extraction of skulls, 1;
measurement types, 1;
measuring devices and techniques, 1, 2, 3, 4;
and racism, 1, 2, 3, 4;
research results, 1;
skull collections and collectors, 1, 2, 3, 4;
skull suitability as object of research, 1;
skulls’ return to native country, 1;
sources for skulls, 1, 2
Creagh, C.V., 1
Cromwell, Oliver, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Crowther, Bingham, 1
Crowther, William, 1
cryonics, 1
Crystal Palace, 1
Cutler-Shaw, Joyce, 1, 2;
drawings by, 1
Cuvier, Georges, 1
Dafydd ap Gruffydd, 1, 2
Dahl, Roald, 1
Damiens, Robert-François (executed person), 1
Darling, Ralph, 1
Darwin, Charles, 1
Darwin, Mike, 1
David, Jacques-Louis, 1, 2
Dean, James, 1
death: brain death, 1;
‘brain in a jar’ image, 1, 2;
bringing back from the dead, 1;
consciousness after decapitation, 1;
cryonics, 1;
dead bodies’ fascination, 1;
death masks, 1, 2;
establishing, 1;
sculptures and portraits, 1, 2, 3, 4;
technical challenges of drawing the dead, 1
decapitation: consciousness after, 1;
as erotic act, 1; as
execution method, 1, 2;
metaphors and similes, 1;
process and pain, 1, 2, 3, 4;
and social detachment, 1
deep hypothermia, 1
Deibler, Anatole (executioner), 1
Delacroix, Eugène, 1
Delécluze, Etienne-Jean, 1
Demikhov, Vladimir, 1
Denis, St, 1
Denis, Michael, 1
Denmark, 1, 2
Despard, Edward, 1, 2
Dewan, Ted, 1, 2
Dewars, 1, 2
Dickens, Charles, 1, 2
dissection, 1;
body parts donors, 1, 2;
brains, 1, 2;
class issues, 1;
dissectors’ emotional responses, 1;
drawing dissected bodies, 1, 2;
of family members, 1;
function, 1, 2;
historical process and attitudes, 1;
modern dissection process, 1;
most emotionally challenging body parts to dissect, 1;
removing flesh from bones, 1;
specimen preparation, 1;
students’ relationship with cadavers, 1
Donatello, 1
Dorchester, 1
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 1
drawing see art
Drogheda, 1
Dyak people, 1
Ecuador, 1, 2, 3
Edinburgh, 1
Edmund, St, 1
Edward I, King of England, 1
Egypt, 1
Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, 1, 2, 3
Equatoria, 1
Erasmus, Desiderius, 1
Esposito, John, 1
Evelyn, John, 1
executioners, 1, 2, 3, 4
executions: in art, 1, 2, 3;
consciousness after decapitation, 1;
criminals’ relics used in medicine, 1;
criminals’ skulls in collections, 1;
cruel ones, 1;
by decapitation, 1, 2;
experiments on executed criminals, 1, 2, 3;
making a good death, 1;
methods and their humanity, 1;
public attraction to, 1, 2, 3;
reasons for end of public, 1;
and social detachment, 1;
state executions, 1, 2, 3, 4;
by terrorists, 1;
videos of, 1, 2;
see also guillotines
eyes, 1
Fabian, Ann, 1
face transplantation, 1
Facebook, 1
facial reconstructions, 1
Fahey, James, 1
Fallières, President, 1
Fallujah, 1
Fane, Cecil, 1
Ferguson, Laura, 1
Fieschi, Giuseppe, 1
Finlay, Barbara L., 1
Fisher, St John, 1
‘Flathead’ people, 1
Flesselles, Jacques de, 1
Flores, 1
Flügge, Claus, 1
Flums, 1, 2
FORDISC, 1
Foster, George, 1
Fowler brothers, 1
France: campaigners against death penalty, 1;
experiments on executed criminals, 1, 2, 3, 4;
French artists’ fascination with the dead, 1;
French Revolutionary waxworks, 1;
guillotine portraits, 1, 2;
nineteenth-century fascination with horror, 1;
Reign of Terror, 1, 2;
return of human remains to native countries, 1;
state executions, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8;
use of criminals’ heads in medicine, 1;
see also guillotines
Friedland, Paul, 1
Fussell, Paul, 1
Future Vision, 1
Gall, Franz Joseph, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Galvani, Luigi, 1
galvanism, 1
Gastellier, René-George, 1
Gatrell, V.A.C., 1
Gauguin, Paul, 1
Gentileschi, Artemisia, 1
George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland, 1
Gere, Cathy, 1
Géricault, Théodore, 1, 2;
paintings by, 1
Germany: experiments on executed criminals, 1, 2;
return of human remains to native countries, 1, 2;
state executions, 1, 2,
3;
trophy-taking by German Army, 1
Ghana, 1
Giles, Melanie, 1
Glover, Jonathan, 1
Göttingen University, 1
Gould, Stephen Jay, 1
grave robbers, 1, 2, 3
Green, Hugh, 1
Gross, Sky, 1
Guadalcanal, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
guillotines: Arasse on, 1, 2;
execution by, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
Géricault’s fascination with victims, 1;
guillotine portraits, 1, 2;
mechanics, 1;
speed of death, 1, 2, 3
Gunpowder Plot (1605), 1
Guthrie, Charles, 1
Haddon, Alfred Cort, 1, 2, 3, 4
Hagens, Gunther von, 1, 2
Hallstatt, 1
hanging, drawing and quartering, 1, 2, 3, 4
Harlan, Richard, 1
Harrison, Simon, 1
Harrow, Martin, 1
Harvey, William, 1
Haydn, Joseph, 1
Hayes, Bill, 1, 2
headhunting and collecting, 1;
twentieth-century resurgence, 1;
Westerners seen as headhunters, 1;
see also shrunken heads
heads: appeal of severed, 1, 2;
arteries, 1;
medical uses, 1;
physiology and function, 1;
plastinated split heads, 1;
and social detachment, 1;
theologians’ attitude, 1;
transplantation, 1, 2;
see also craniology and craniometry; decapitation; preserved heads; shrunken heads; skulls
heart transplantation, 1
Helena, St, 1
Henry IV, King of France, 1
Henry VIII, King of England, 1
Hirst, Damien, 1, 2, 3, 4
Hitchcock, Alfred, 1
Ho Chi Minh, 1
Holofernes, 1, 2, 3
Hong Kong, 1
Hose, Charles, 1
Howells, William, 1
Hrdlička Aleš, 1, 2, 3
Hughes brothers, 1
Hunter, John, 1, 2
hunting metaphors, and trophy-taking, 1
Hyrtl, Josef, 1, 2, 3;
skull collection, 1
Iban people, 1
India, 1
Indonesia, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique, 1
internet: beheading videos, 1, 2
Iraq War (2003–), 1
Ireland: saints’ heads as relics, 1, 2;
use of criminals’ heads as medicine, 1
Ishi (Native American), 1, 2, 3
Italy, 1
Ivo, St, 1
Iwo Jima, 1
Jacobite rising (1745), 1
Jameson, James, 1
Japan and Japanese: Second World War Pacific campaign, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
Severed: A History of Heads Lost and Heads Found Page 30