by The Pandemic Century- One Hundred Years of Panic, Hysteria
diagnostic tests for, 282, 301, 314
disparity in treatment of, 299, 300, 302
distrust of foreign medical aid and, 290–92, 364
as EID, 234, 305
evolution of, 315
globalization and, 311–12
identified strains of, 286–87, 301, 314
index case for, 315
late detection of, 315
panic about, 303, 304–5
pharmaceutical companies and, 299, 300, 314–15, 414n
population mobility and, 314
possible mutation to aerosol, 305, 314
as potential biowarfare agent, 305, 305n
public health campaigns and, 310–11
rumors about, 290–92, 297, 306, 309–10
as security risk rather than urgent public health threat, 314
skewed case data about, 292–93, 301–2, 314
slow response to, 366
social causes, 287–89, 296, 308–10, 314
spillover mechanisms and, 315
symptoms of, 305
transmission of, 8, 284, 290, 290n, 315–16, 364, 364n
treatment for, 299, 300, 314–15, 414n
vaccines against, 281, 314–15, 414n
WHO and, 283–84, 293, 296–97, 299, 301–2, 303–5, 307–9, 311–12, 335–36, 365, 414n
Ebola Treatment Units (ETU), 288, 291–93, 300, 306–7, 364
EcoHealth Alliance, 364n
ecological equilibriums, 12–13, 143–44
ecological factors, 8–9
ecology, of pathogens, 12
economic factors, 199, 199–200, 227–28, 230–32. See also specific diseases
Eddie, Bernice, 133–34, 139–41
Egypt, inadvertant transmission of hepatitis in, 228
Ehrlich, Paul, 114
electron microscope, 54
El Heraldo de Mexico, 82
El Niño, 346
Elysian Park, California, 74, 91, 98
“emerging infectious diseases” (EIDs), 191, 234, 305, 311, 361–62, 365, 366
Emery, W. D’Este, 38
Emory Hospital, 300, 302, 303
encephalitis
encephalitis epidemic (St. Louis, 1933), 116
equine, 131–32, 391n
Japanese, 242–43
environmental causes, 8–9
environmental causes and factors, 8–9, 12–14, 78–79, 97, 101, 143–44, 186, 187, 190–91, 231–32, 316, 317–60, 346–47, 361, 387n. See also climate and climate change; ecological equilibriums; specific diseases
changes to built environment, 187, 362
environmental and chemical pollutants, 170
enzymes, 204
EPI-2, 170
Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS), 150–51, 152–54, 158, 163, 170, 182, 195, 253, 290
“epidemic meningitis,” 29, 67
epidemics
definition of, 4n, 153
prediction of, 4–5
preparedness for, 11–12
war and, 14
epidemiology, 7, 152–54, 156, 157, 367
frequency of exposure and, 153
induction in, 157
microbiology and, 251
multifactorial models of diseas and, 216–17
as source of irrational and prejudical judgments, 11–12
working case definitions, 153
epithelial cells, 53, 54, 59
epizootics. See animals, as disease vectors
Epstein-Barr, 196, 203, 399n
equine encephalitis, 131–32, 391n
Erasmus University, 262
erythromycin, 149, 164n, 190
Essex, Myron “Max,” 205, 209
Etaples, France, 19, 23–24, 31, 381–82n
Eternal Love Winning Africa Hospital, known as ELWA, 302
etiology, 5–8. See also specific diseases
Europe. See also specific countries
AIDS in, 214, 223
plague in, 387n
SARS in, 256
“Spanish flu” in, 26
evolution, 7, 234–35
experimentation, 44, 45
experts, limitations of, 361
face masks, 49–50
FACTOR VIII, 220
Falwell, Jesse, 201
farming patterns, 240–43
Farm Laboratory, 54
Farr, William, 5
Fauci, Anthony, 213, 214
favelas, 317–18, 352–53, 357
FBI, 407n
Feira de Santana, Brazil, 320, 323
feline leukemia, 203, 204, 205
fermentation, germ theory of, 39
ferret badgers, 270–71
Fields Virology, 324
FIFA World Cup, 342
Filoviridae, 282n
filoviruses, 282n, 283, 285, 289
“filter-passing” agents, 40–41, 42, 120–21, 122, 123–24, 126, 135
filters, Chamberland, 40–41, 43–45
flaviviruses, 325–26
Flexner, Simon, 22, 32, 129, 130, 385n
Flint, Michigan, Legionnaires’ disease in, 190
Flores, Jesus, 66–67
Foege, William H., 175
fomites, 160
Fonnie, Mbalu J., 298
food sources, 227, 232, 272, 277–78, 285, 287, 289, 314
foot and mouth disease, 41
Ford, Gerald, 149, 155, 175–76
Ford administration, 149
Forécariah, Guinea, 291
forests, clear-cutting of, 316
Fore tribe, 203
Fortaleza, Brazil, 323
“Fort Bragg fever,” 181–82
Fort Detrick, Maryland, 407n
Fort Dix, New Jersey, 149, 150–51, 154, 177
Fort Riley, Kansas, 18, 24–25, 27–28
fowl cholera, 37, 39
Fowler, Henry, 1–2
“fowl plague,” 244
Foya, Liberia, 300, 304
Foya Borma hospital, 300
France, 19, 28–29, 31, 230, 310
France, David, 212
Fraser, David, 152, 153, 154–55, 157, 158, 164, 170–73, 181
Freetown, Sierra Leone, 294–95, 297, 300, 309, 315, 364
French, Herbert, 51
French Academy of Sciences, 42, 44–45
French Polynesia, 324, 327–28, 338, 342, 344, 348–49, 350
Frieden, Tom, 306–7
Friedman-Kien, Alvin, 195–96, 215, 216
Frost, Wade Hampton, 157
Fukuda, Keiji, 244, 297
fungal infections, 155, 194, 397n
Furman, Bess, 117
Gabon, 226, 229, 281, 285, 314
Gage, Henry, 76–77, 92
Gallo, Robert, 200, 204–5, 205, 207–10, 221, 400n
Garrett, Laurie, 170, 178, 191, 217, 235
Garry, Robert, 296
Gates, Bill, 366
Gaudiosi, Albert, 155, 393n
gay community, 194–97, 211, 213, 215, 233, 363
gay liberation movement, 199, 217, 218
stigmatization of, 217–18, 220–21
gay-related immune deficiency (GRID), 217, 220–21
GenBank, 260, 261
genetics, 7
George Williams Hooper Foundation for Medical Research, 99, 129–30, 135, 140, 392n
Germany, “parrot fever” pandemic 1929–1930 in, 126
germ-conscious regimes, 114
germ panic, 114–15
germ-theory paradigm, 6–7, 37, 39
Gimenez stain, 179
globalization, 227, 234, 272–73, 311–12, 359, 362–63
Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN), 257, 274, 284
Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN), 257
global trade, 15
gloves, disposable, 253
Goddard, Morrill, 107, 114
Gola, 278
Goldwater, Barry, 170
gonorrhea, 196
Goodpasture, Ernest, 380n
gorillas, 285
&
nbsp; Gottlieb, Michael, 193–94, 196, 202, 215, 233
Graitcer, Phil, 150–51, 154
Gram-negative bacteria, 7, 26, 35, 112, 178, 186
Granjeiro, João, 339
Great Lakes Naval Station, 49
Grmek, Mirko, 210, 400n
Guangdong, China, 240–41, 248, 257, 258, 270, 274
Guangzhou, China, 240–41, 247, 252, 273
Guéckédou, Guinea, 278–79, 281, 283, 284, 291, 292–93, 300, 312–13, 315, 316
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), 177, 327, 328–29, 330, 338, 341, 343
Guinea, 229
canceled air service to, 303, 304
distrust of foreign medical aid in, 291–92
Ebola in, 277–78, 281, 282, 284–85, 290–91, 295, 312–13, 314, 315–16, 363–64, 414n
Ministry of Health, 279, 283
Gutiérrez, Horace, 67, 80
Guy’s Hospital, 51
Haddow, Alexander, 325, 349
Haiti, 199, 201, 213, 220, 232, 233, 363, 402n
Haitian emigrants, 220, 232–33
Haitians, 221
Halstead, William Steward, 32
Hammack, Royo, 67–68
Hammon, Bill, 391n
Hanoi, Vietnam, 250, 256, 273, 362
Harbin, China, 77, 79, 84
Harrison, William Henry, 21
Hartl, Gregor, 284
Hartz Mountain Distribution Company, 142
Harvard Medical School, 29
Hatfield, Daniel S., 119
healers, 288, 293–94, 309–10, 364
Health Canada, 268
“healthy carriers,” 6
Hearst newspapers, 83, 106
Hektoen, Ludvig, 125
heliotrope cyanosis, 31, 381–82n
Helms, Jesse, 200–201
hemagglutinin (HA), 54
Hemo-Caribbean, 232–33
hemoglobin, 35
hemolyticus bacteria, 20
hemophiliacs, 212, 213, 214, 220, 221, 232–33
Hemophilus influenzae, 27n, 150
hemorrhagic fever, 280, 281, 282, 283, 335
Hendra, 272
hepatitis B, 196, 197, 216–17, 228, 399n
hepatitis C, 228, 231
Herald Examiner, 81, 83
herbicides, 170, 320
herd immunity, 13
herpes, 195, 399n
Heymann, David, 154, 257, 274, 290, 336–38
Hib meningitis, 379n
H. influenzae, 379n
Histoplasma, 155
Ho, David, 198
Hoak, Edward, 146–48, 151
Hofstadter, Richard, 170
Hong Kong, China, 237–42, 243–48
bubonic plague in, 239
cholera in, 239
Hong Kong Department of Health, 252, 255, 268, 405n
ideal breeding ground for mosquito-borne diseases, 238
medical facilities in, 241–42
SARS in, 243–57, 258, 260, 261, 262, 266–70
smallpox in, 239
topography and climate of, 238
typhoid in, 239
“Hong Kong” fever, 238
“Hong Kong” flu, 57, 245
Hong Kong University, School of Public Health, 242
Hooper, Edward, 225
Hooper, George Williams, 129–30
Hoover, Herbert, bird embargo by, 121, 128, 137, 139
hospitals. See also specific hospitals
enforced hospitalization, 5
hospital hygiene practices, 8
Legionnaires’ disease in, 185
hosts, parasitic organisms and, 29–30
Hudson, Rock, 212
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 191, 198, 199, 200, 201, 206, 207, 361
cell-destroying properties of, 208
as “cell-killing virus,” 400n
confirmatory test (“Western blot”), 208
conspiracy theories and, 206
contagiousness of, 280–81
correct nomenclature of, 206
currently circulating strains of, 224–25, 226–27, 229–30
environmental causes and factors, 231–32
evolution of, 225–28, 229–30, 232
HIV-1, 224–27, 229–31, 404n
HIV-2, 224–27, 229–30
HIV progenitor virus, 13
importation from Haiti to United States, 199
latency and slow onset of, 201–2, 203, 223, 363
pandemic strains of, 227–28
phylogenetic analysis of, 224–27, 229–30, 232
prototype screening test (or ELISA), 208, 221, 223
simian progenitor of HIV-1, 404n
subgroups and subtypes of, 225, 232–33
transmission of, 229–32
Human Rights Watch, 356–57
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus (HTLV), 205, 206, 208–9, 210
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus II (HTLV II), 205, 206
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus III (HTLV III), 207–8, 207n, 222
Hussein, Saddam, 251
hybrid viruses, 245
hypervigilance, 11
hypodermic needles, 199, 228–29
hysteria, 11
Iceland, plague in, 387n
immigrants, blamed for diseases, 5
immune systems
compromised, 194
of hosts, 29–30
immune deficiency, 193–94, 197, 198, 205, 208
immune response to “Spanish flu,” 59–60
microbes and, 8
of new draftees in US Army, 32–33
old age and, 8
phagocytes, 20
immunization. See vaccines
immunological “blind spot,” 60
immunological factors, 8–9
immunology, 39–40, 367
index cases, 218–19, 218n
India
plague in, 78
Zika in, 326
Indiana Memorial Union, 183
Indonesia, Zika in, 326
infectious diseases. See also specific diseases
continuing threat of, 198–99, 233
dormant infections and, 8
identification of new since 1944, 365
influenza, 4–62, 63, 138n, 335, 361, 380n
“Asian flu,” 56, 245
avian influenza, 4, 10, 55–56, 59, 243–48, 250, 254, 257, 274, 284, 367, 381–82n, 405n
Bacillus influenzae, 26–27, 34, 35–40, 42, 43, 48–49, 58, 113
bacteriology paradigm of, 45
chick embryo cultivation of, 46, 46n, 61
cyanosis and, 46–47
derivation of the term, 25n
epidemiology of, 61
etiology of, 26–27
as “filter-passer,” 7–8, 42, 44–45
flu immunization campaign, 175–77
H1, 54, 59
H1N1 virus, 149, 154, 367, 368
H2, 54
H2N2 virus, 245
H3, 54, 59
H3N2 virus, 245
H5, 244
H5N1 virus, 4, 10, 55–56, 59, 243–48, 250, 367, 405n
H9N2 virus, 246–47
H. influenzae, 379n
“Hong Kong” flu, 57, 245
hybrid viruses, 245
incubation period of, 151
influenza coeli, 25n
inoculations for, 43–44
member of Orthomyxoviridae family, 53
Mexican swine flu and, 4, 367, 368
morbidity and mortality patterns, 61–62
mortality by age at death, 52–53
N1, 54
N2, 54
pandemics, 25–26, 56–57 (see also specific pandemics)
pneumococcal bacteria (Steptococcus pneumoniae) and, 20
Russian influenza pandemic, 26–27, 37–38, 57, 59, 150
“Spanish flu,” 4, 7–8, 26, 28–31, 33, 35, 38–39, 42–62, 67, 80, 149, 150, 246, 366–68, 381–82n, 405–6n
strains of, 13
swine flu, 4, 10, 149, 150–51, 154, 169, 175–77, 187�
�88, 367, 368
transmission of, 26–27
in United Kingdom, 4
in United States, 4
in US Army, 24–25, 27–29, 33–34
in US Navy, 29–31
vaccines against, 7, 37, 43–44, 46, 46n, 48–49, 149, 150–51
viral etiology of, 7–8, 36–37, 45–46, 54, 58–59, 113
influenza coeli, 25n
insecticides, 327, 340–41, 344, 345–46
Institute of Medicine, 191, 311
Institute of Respiratory Diseases in Guangzhou, 248
Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), 343–44, 352
Instituto Materno Infantil de Pernambuco (IMIP), 331
integrase, 204
interleukin-2, 205, 208
International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses, 207
international health workers, 226
International Plague Conference, Mukden, 1911, 78
International Sanitary Convention, 94
intravenous drug use, 211, 212, 213, 220, 221
Ipitunga, Brazil, 353–57
Ivanovski, Dmitry, 40
Jaboatão dos Guararapes, 317–18, 343, 347, 352
Jackson, Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall,” 21
Jackson Memorial Hospital, 220
Japanese encephalitis, 242–43
John F. Kennedy Medical Center, 301–2
Johns Hopkins University, 32
Journal of the American Medical Association, 213
Kailahun, Sierra Leone, 296, 298, 299, 309
Kalmey, Edith, 103–4
Kalmey, Lee, 103–4
Kalmey, Lillian, 103–4, 117, 120
Kalmey family, 103–4, 108, 117, 119
Kamano, Luisey, 293
Kamara, Shakie, 306
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), 196, 215, 217, 218, 220, 233
Kellogg, William, 76–77, 79, 90, 97
Kenema, Sierra Leone, 294–300, 309
Kenema General Hospital, 282, 294–300, 302
Khan, C-Ray, 300
Khan, Sheik Humarr Khan, 294–300
Kikwit, DRC, 289–90, 364
Ebola in, 314
Kikwit General Hospital, 290
Kinshasa, Zaire, 221, 222, 223, 225, 228, 231, 288, 289, 290, 364
Kinyoun, Joseph, 76, 92
Kirasato, Shibashuro, 27
Kissi, 278, 287, 291
Kissidougo, Guinea, 278–79
Kitchen, Stuart F., 325
Klasing, Amanda, 357
Klein, Edward, 38
“knock-me-down-fever,” 24–25
Koch, Robert, 6–7, 26, 27, 37, 39, 113, 377–78n
Köhler, Georges, 202
Koindu, Sierra Leone, 293
Kokomo, Indiana, 214
Kokroma, Ernest Bai, 300
Kono, 287
Krumwiede, 127
kuru, 203
Kwan Sui Chu, 256, 263
Kwong Wah Hospital, 248, 249
Laboratory of Tumor and Cell Biology, 205
Lacy, William, 89
Ladies Home Journal, 114
Lagos, Nigeria, 302–3, 311
la grippe. See influenza
Laidlaw, Patrick, 54
Lajun, Francisca Concha, 63, 65