by The Pandemic Century- One Hundred Years of Panic, Hysteria
Poro, 287
Port-au-Prince, Haiti, AIDS in, 220
Porter, Giles, 63, 135, 137
Port of Los Angeles, 83, 89, 91–92, 95, 96
Pottinger, Henry, 238
Powers, Luther, 80
PPE suits, 298
pregnant women, 222. See also microcephaly
the press, 88, 296. See also specific publications
AIDS panic and, 213–14, 219
flu immunization campaign and, 176, 177
germ panic and, 114–15
Legionnaires’ disease and, 153, 155, 160, 187–88
outbreak of swine flu at Fort Dix and, 150–51
panic and, 100–101
“parrot fever” pandemic and, 106–7, 109, 118, 120, 126, 128, 138
plague and, 82–84, 89–90, 97, 100–101
“Spanish flu” and, 50–51
swine flu and, 187–88
vaccine deaths and, 176
Preston, Richard, 305, 313–14
preventive medicine, 367
primates, 285
Prince of Wales Hospital, 252–53, 268
prions, 203
Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases (ProMED), 257
Progressive Era, 114
Project SIDA, 222
prostitution, 199, 222, 223, 230–31, 232
protozoa, 183
proviruses, 204
psittacosis, 103–44, 154, 363, 392n, 394n
animal transmission of, 110–12, 113n, 127–28, 132–37, 139–40, 141–42, 144
asymptomatic carriers of, 136
ecological factors and, 143
as “filter-passer,” 135
increasing virulence of in overcrowding conditions, 141–42, 143
inherited immunity to, 136
Legionnaires’ disease and, 163–65
pneumonia and, 150
respiratory transmission of, 127–28, 135–36, 139–40
viral vs. bacterial infection, 126–27
public health, new paradigm in, 191
Public Health Agency of Canada, 414n
public health emergencies of international concern (pheic), 297, 297n, 334, 335, 337–38, 341
public health profession, complacency of, 198, 233 (see also specific organizations)
Public Ledger, 88
“purulent bronchitis,” in British Army, 23–24
pygmies, 226
Q fever, 154–55, 166–68, 394n
Quamman, 404n
quarantines, 5, 48, 76–77, 252
Ebola and, 306
ethnic, 85–86
plague and, 81, 82, 83, 84–87, 88, 92, 93, 97
SARS and, 264–67, 273, 274, 275
Queen Mary’s, 258
rabbit myxomatosis, 41
rabies virus, 7, 40
Ralph, John Bryant, 158–59
Randsell, E., 138
Randsell Act, 138
Rask, Grethe, 223
Reagan, Ronald, 207, 211–12
Reagan administration, 211
Recife, Brazil
hydrology in, 352–53
mosquitoes in, 350
Zika in, 317, 320, 323–24, 339, 342, 344, 349, 351, 353–56, 359
Red Cross burial teams, 291
Reed, Walter, 41
Reeves, William, 391n
religious beliefs, 287
Republic of the Congo, 285. See also Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
residential developments, encroachment into wild habitats, 101
respiratory diseases, 23–24. See also specific diseases
respiratory technology, 149–50
Reston, Virginia, Ebola outbreak in primate facility in, 286, 305
Reston ebolavirus, 286
retroviruses, 200, 201, 204–10, 233, 363, 399n
reverse genetics, 59
reverse transcriptase, 204, 205, 206, 209
Revolutionary United Front (RUF), 294
Reye’s syndrome, 244
ribonucleic acid (RNA), 45, 54–55, 203–4, 224
rickettsia family, 41, 164n, 166–68, 188, 394n
rifampcin, 164n, 190
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
fumigation brigades in, 340–41
Olympic Games in, 335–36, 338–41
Zika in, 338–41, 342
Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, 332
Rio Park hotel, 182
risks, unforeseen, 361, 365–66, 367–68
Ritter, Jacob, 112
Rivers, Thomas, 22, 25, 27–28, 120, 127
Rizzo, Frank, 155, 158
Robert Koch Institute, 127
Roche, 247
Rockefeller Foundation, 340
Yellow Fever Research Institute, 325
Rockefeller Institute, 45, 113, 120, 127, 129, 149, 385n
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 41
rodent-borne illnesses, 71–101, 260, 362
Rodrigues, Laura, 346
Rolland, William, 23
Rollin, Pierre, 312–13, 363–64
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 6
Rosenau, Milton, 29
Roux, Emile, 41, 42
Royal Air Force ambulances, 299
Royal College of Physicians (Britain), 39
Royal Free Hospital, 299
Royal Society in London, 275
Rucker, William Colby, 73
Rumsfeld, Donald, 12n, 366, 375–76n
Russian influenza pandemic, 26–27, 37–38, 57, 59, 150
Rutherford, Greg, 339
rVSV vaccine, 414n
Rwanda, 222
Sabin, Albert, 175
Sadiki Hospital, 42
Salk, Jonas, 175
salmonella, 126
Salvador, Brazil, 323
Samarano, Gilberto, 87
Samarano, Guadalupe, 65, 66–67, 80, 87
Samarano, Luciana, 63–67, 82, 84, 86, 87
Samarano, Maria, 80, 85
Samarano, Raul, 87
Samarano, Roberto, 87
Samarano, Victor, 86
Samaritan’s Purse, 303, 304
Samaritan’s Purse Eternal Love Winning Africa (ELWA), 299–300, 302, 304
Sande, 287
San Francisco, California, 73
AIDS in, 199, 213, 233
plague in, 71–78
rodent extermination measures in, 71–78, 92, 93–97
“Spanish flu” in, 49
San Francisco AIDS Foundation, 219
sanitation, 114
Sankoh, Foday, 294
San Luis Obispo, California, 98
Sanofi Pasteur, 322
San Pedro, 96
São Paolo, Brazil, 322
Saudi Arabia, coronaviruses in, 284, 408–9n
Sawyer, Patrick, 302–3, 311
Scarborough, England, 26
Scarborough Grace Hospital, 256, 263, 264
Schachter, Julius, 164n, 394n
Schaeffer, Louise, 117
schistosomiasis, 228
Schoepp, Randal J., 283, 410n
Science, 206, 207–8
scientific authority, public’s waning acceptance of, 176–77
scientific community
complacency of, 198, 233
networks of, 10
responsible for AIDS panic, 213–16, 220–21
scientific knowledge, construction of, 12
scientific medicine, distrust of, 14
scientists, networks of, 10
Second Affiliated Hospital, 252
secret societies, 287
Sencer, David J., 145, 149, 152, 153, 176, 177–78, 180–81
septicemic plague, 68, 69
septicimia, 25
seroconversion, 201, 259
serogroups, 183, 183n
serology tests, 259
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), 4, 10, 59, 237–75, 283, 335, 361, 362
animal origins of, 270–72
contagiousness of, 280–81
coronaviruses, 364
diagnostic test
s for, 252, 267–68
globalization and, 272–73
in Guangzhou, China, 273
as “jetset disease,” 272–73
the media and, 264, 266
panic about, 262–66, 274
persistence in animal reservoirs, 275
quarantines and, 264–67, 274, 275
as “super spreader event,” 252, 274
suspect and probable cases of, 407n
transmission of, 267–72, 364
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 194, 196, 228, 363
Shandera, Wayne, 195
sharks, 1–3, 3n, 357–60, 361, 375n
Sharrar, Robert, 148–49, 158, 159, 163
Sha Tin, China, 252
Shaw, George Bernard, 8
Shenzhen, China, 240–41, 270
Shepard, Charles, 166–67, 178, 180–81
Shilts, Randy, 213, 215–16, 218, 219
Shortridge, Ken, 246–47
Sierra Leone, 14, 278, 282, 283
canceled air service to, 303, 304, 313
civil war in, 291–92
distrust of foreign medical aid in, 291–92
Ebola in, 3, 281–82, 293–300, 308–10, 313, 364, 364n, 410n
Lassa Fever in, 153
Ministry of Health, 296, 364n
Sierra Leone People’s Party, 297
simian foamy virus (SFV), 226
simian immune-deficiency viruses (SIVs), 226–31, 403–4n
Simond, Paul-Louis, 384n
Singapore, SARS in, 249, 255–56, 260, 272
Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson, 303, 304, 306, 308
Sirr, Henry Charles, 237
60 Minutes, 219
Skillings, Clifton, 28
Skinner, Henry, 1–2
slave trade, 359
smallpox, 14, 233, 239, 335, 362
Smith, Theobald, 129
social causes and factors, 8–9, 12–14, 199–200, 227–28, 230–32, 346–47, 361. See also specific diseases
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 119–20
Sondelius, Gustaf, 391n
Sontag, Susan, 210–11, 368
South Africa, AIDS in, 226
South America
mega-cities in, 362
Zika in, 334
Southeast Asia, avian influenza in, 4, 367 (see also specific countries)
“Spanish flu,” 4, 7–8, 26, 29–31, 38–39, 42–59, 67, 80, 149–50, 246, 366–68, 381–82n, 405–6n
cyanosis and, 46–47
downplayed by public health officials, 47
epidemiology of, 61–62
in Europe, 26
genome of, 55–56
immune response to, 59–60
increasing virulence of, 47
morbidity and mortality patterns, 52–53, 59–62, 367
in New York, New York, 48
panic about, 48–51, 62
in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 50–51
the press and, 50–51
in San Francisco, California, 49
second wave of, 47–48
in United Kingdom, 26
in United States, 26, 47–49
unusual pathology in young adults, 246, 367
virulence of, 62, 366–67
World War I and, 26, 33, 35, 46–47, 61–62
Spartans, 14
Speakes, Larry, 211
Spencer, Roscoe, 123, 126
spillover mechanisms, 226–27, 315, 404n
Sprecher, Armand, 292–93, 308
Sri Lanka, 242–43
Stanleyville (Kisangani), 229
staphylococcus, 37
Staphylococcus aureus, 19–20
steamships, 229
St. Elizabeths Mental Hospital, 150, 172, 181, 187
Stimson, Henry, 115
St. Louis, Missouri, encephalitis epidemic in, 116
Stocking, Barbara, 312
Stohr, Klaus, 247, 259–60
Stokes, William Royal, 117, 119, 120, 126
strep throat, 20
streptococcus, 12–13, 37, 38, 39
Streptococcus pyrogenes, 20
stress, dormant infections and, 8
Strong, Richard, 78
Sudan, Ebola in, 286
Sudan ebolavirus, 286
sulfa drugs, 149
the Sun, 214
Sunderman, William F., Jr., 168, 169
Sunderman, William F., Sr., 168, 169
Sunnybrook Hospital, 265
“super spreader event,” 252, 274
Sweden, polio in, 5–6
swine flu, 149, 150–51, 154
of 1976, 10
of 2009, 4
Ford’s warning of outbreak, 175
in Fort Dix, New Jersey, 154, 177
immunization program for, 169, 175–77
in Mexico, 4, 367, 368
panic over outbreak at Fort Dix, 150–51
the press and, 187–88
in US Army, 149, 150–51, 154, 177
vaccines against, 149, 150–51, 169
syncretistic beliefs and practices, 287–88
syphilis, 63
Syria, polio in, 284
syringes, 199, 228–29
Tahiti, Zika in, 327–28
Tai Ping Shan district, Hong Kong, 238–39
Taleb, Nassim Nicholas, 413–14n
Tamba Kula, Sierra Leone, 309
Tamiflu, 247
Tandala Mission Hospital, 286
Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 255–56
tartar emetic, 228
Taubenberger, Jeffery, 55–56, 60, 367, 405–6n
Tax, 206
T-cell lymphoma, 205
T cells, 193–94, 195, 196, 200, 205, 208, 209, 210, 397n
Teague, Oscar, 78
technologies, 7, 362
AIDS and, 199–200, 202, 227–29, 233
Legionnaires’ disease and, 185, 187, 189
overreliance on, 12
Temin, Howard, 203–4
tenements, 5, 48
tetracycline, 142, 164
Texas Cattle Fever, 129
Thacker, Stephen, 154
Thailand, SARS in, 250
Theiler, Arnold, 129
thrush, 193–94, 195, 233
Thucydides, 14, 362
tick-borne diseases, 41
Time, 214
T-lymphcytes, 205
tobacco mosaic disease, 40
Toledo, Ohio, “parrot fever” pandemic 1929–1930 in, 117–18
Tomas, Nancy, 114
topography, plague and, 101
Toronto, SARS in, 249–50, 256, 263–65, 273
toxicology, 165
trade, 15
training camps, 17–22
transportation, 229
travel, 15, 272–73, 303, 304, 311, 313, 359, 362–63
travel bans, 5
“Trojan horse” bacteria, 184
Trump, Donald, 303, 311–12
Tsai, Theodore, 154
Tsang Ho-fai, Thomas, 253–57
tuberculosis, 21, 37, 149
as bacterial infection, 7
multidrug-resistant, 365
Tufts Medical School, 48
Tulane University, 283, 295–96
tularemia, 105, 105n
Tunis, 41, 42
Turchi, Celina, 343–50
typhoid, 5, 7, 37, 126, 239
Typhoid Mary, 215
typhus, 14, 25, 41–42
Uganda, 221–22, 286, 325
Uganda Virus Research Institute, 325
uncertainty, 60, 361, 363, 365–68, 367–68, 375–76n
undulant fever, 114
UNESCO, 232
United Kingdom
Ebola and, 310
influenza in, 4
National Institute for Medical Research, 325
“Spanish flu” in, 26
United Nations, 310. See also World Health Organization (WHO)
United Nations Mission for Ebola Emergency Response (UNMEER), 310
United States. See also specifi
c locations
AIDS in, 214, 232
Biological Threats Department of White House, 330
Ebola and, 310
economic, social, and cultural factors in emergence of AIDS in, 199
influenza in, 4, 26, 47–49
loosening of sexual taboos following gay liberation, 199
Zika in, 339
University of Arizona, 224
University of California, 225
University of California, Davis, 364n
University of California Medical Center Los Angeles (UCLA), 193, 195, 220–21
University of Kinshasa, 224
University of Pittsburgh, 48
Urbani, Carlo, 250, 256
urbanization, 362
US Army, 92
growth of during World War I, 20
higher pneumonia rates among African American draftees in World War I, 27
immunological profiles of recruits, 61–62
influenza in, 24–25, 27–29, 33–34
measles in, 20, 21–22, 23, 31, 32–33
pneumonia in, 20, 23, 24–25, 27–28, 31, 32–34
Rockefeller Institute, 45
Seventy-Sixth Division, 17–18
“Spanish flu” in, 33, 46–47
swine flu in, 149, 150–51, 154, 177
training camps, 17–22
US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 283, 407n
USA Today, 213
US Congress, 22, 96, 149, 169, 175–76, 191, 341
US Defense Threat Reduction Agency, 414n
US Department of Health and Human Services, 207
US germ warfare program, 393n
US Naval Hospital, 106, 122
US Navy, influenza in, 29–31
US Public Health Service (PHS), 71, 74, 81, 89, 90, 94, 95–96, 99, 117, 154. See also National Institute(s) of Health (NIH)
acknowledgment of heroism of, 138
Hygienic Laboratory, 29, 105–6, 120, 122–26, 127, 135–36
reputation of, 115
Rocky Mountain Laboratory, 123
US Senate, starves AIDS researchers of funds, 211
US Treasury, 77
Va’a World Sprint Championship, 342
vaccine manufacturers, 149, 169, 176, 368
vaccines, 4, 5, 39–40, 41–42, 235
against anthrax, 7
against cholera, 7, 37
conspiracy theories and, 345–46
deaths from, 176
against dengue, 322
against diphtheria, 7
distrust of, 226
against Ebola, 281, 314–15, 414n
against influenza, 7, 37, 43–44, 46, 46n, 48–49
mass immunization campaigns, 225, 226, 231
against plague, 37
against polio, 6
against rabies, 7
against typhoid, 7, 37
against yellow fever, 347
against Zika, 341
vaccinology, 367
Valdahon, France, 25
Vancouver, Canada, SARS in, 265
Van der Linden, Ana, 319
Van der Linden, Vanessa, 318–19
Van Herp, Michael, 279–80, 281, 283, 284, 331
Vargas, Getúlio, 340
Vasant, Charles Epting, 2