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A Troublesome Inheritance

Page 27

by Nicholas Wade


  35.Lawrence E. Harrison, The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It from Itself (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006), 1.

  36.Thomas Sowell, Migrations and Cultures: A World View (New York: Basic Books, 1996), 118.

  37.Ibid., 192.

  38.Ibid., 219.

  39.Sowell, Conquests and Cultures, 330.

  40.Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, 226.

  41.Ibid., 57.

  42.Christopher F. Chabris et al., “Most Reported Genetic Associations with General Intelligence Are Probably False Positives,” Psychological Science 20, no. 10 (Sept. 24, 2012): 1–10.

  43.Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen, IQ and Global Inequality (Augusta, GA: Washington Summit, 2006), 238–39.

  44.Ibid., 2.

  45.Ibid., 277.

  46.Ibid., 281.

  47.Acemog˘lu and Robinson, Why Nations Fail, 48.

  48.Ibid., 238.

  49.Ibid., 454.

  50.Ibid., 211.

  51.Ibid., 427.

  CHAPTER 8: JEWISH ADAPTATIONS

  1.Gertrude Himmelfarb, The People of the Book: Philosemitism in England, from Cromwell to Churchill (New York: Encounter Books, 2011), 3.

  2.Charles Murray, “Jewish Genius,” Commentary, Apr. 2007, 29–35.

  3.Melvin Konner, Unsettled: An Anthropology of the Jews (New York: Viking Compass, 2003), 199.

  4.Harry Ostrer, Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 92–93.

  5.Anna C. Need, Dalia Kasparaviciutè, Elizabeth T. Cirulli and David B. Goldstein, “A Genome-Wide Genetic Signature of Jewish Ancestry Perfectly Separates Individuals with and without Full Jewish Ancestry in a Large Random Sample of European Americans,” Genome Biology 10, Issue 1, Article R7, 2009.

  6.Gregory Cochran, Jason Hardy, and Henry Harpending, “Natural History of Ashkenazi Intelligence,” Journal of Biosocial Science 38, no. 5 (Sept. 2006): 659–93.

  7.Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein, The Chosen Few: How Education Shaped Jewish History, 70–1492 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012), 109.

  8.Ibid., 193.

  9.Ibid., 267.

  10.Konner, Unsettled, 189.

  11.Neil Risch et al., “Geographic Distribution of Disease Mutations in the Ashkenazi Jewish Population Supports Genetic Drift over Selection,” American Journal of Human Genetics 72, no. 4 (Apr. 2003): 812–22.

  12.See, for instance, Nicholas Wade, The Faith Instinct: How Religion Evolved and Why It Endures (New York: Penguin Press, 2010), 157–72.

  13.Botticini and Eckstein, Chosen Few, 150.

  14.Jerry Z. Muller, Capitalism and the Jews (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), 88.

  CHAPTER 9: THE RISE OF THE WEST

  1.William H. McNeill, A World History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 295.

  2.Victor Davis Hanson, Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power (New York: Random House, 2001), 5.

  3.Niall Ferguson, Civilization: The West and the Rest (London: Allen Lane, 2011), 18.

  4.Toby E. Huff, Intellectual Curiosity and the Scientific Revolution: A Global Perspective (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 126.

  5.Ibid., 133.

  6.Quoted in ibid., 110.

  7.Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: Norton, 1997), 25.

  8.Ibid., 21

  9.IQ for Papua New Guinea is 83, compared with the European normalized score of 100. Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen, IQ and Global Inequality (Augusta, GA: Washington Summit, 2006), 146. If Diamond has in mind some more appropriate measure of intelligence, he does not cite it.

  10.Mark Elvin, The Pattern of the Chinese Past (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1973), 297–98, quoted in David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor (New York: Norton, 1998), 55.

  11.Ferguson, Civilization, 13.

  12.Ibid., 256–57.

  13.Eric Jones, The European Miracle: Environments, Economies, and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 61.

  14.Ibid., 106.

  15.Quoted in ibid., 153.

  16.Jones, European Miracle, 61.

  17.Huff, Intellectual Curiosity, 128.

  18.Timur Kuran, The Long Divergence: How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), 281.

  19.Toby E. Huff, The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 47.

  20.Ibid., 321.

  21.Ibid., 10.

  22.David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor (New York: Norton, 1998), 56.

  23.Lecture in 1755, quoted in Dugald Stewart, “Account of the Life and Writings of Adam Smith LL.D.,” Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Jan. 21 and Mar. 18, 1793, section 4, repr. in Collected Works of Dugald Stewart, ed. William Hamilton (Edinburgh: Thomas Constable, 1854), vol. 10, 1–98.

  24.Landes, Wealth and Poverty, 516.

  CHAPTER 10: EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES ON RACE

  1.This image is derived from an idea of Richard Dawkins that relates human and chimp ancestry.

  2.Niall Ferguson, Civilization: The West and the Rest (London: Allen Lane, 2011), 322.

  INDEX

  The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.

  Abbasid empire, 212–13

  ABCC11 gene, 90–91, 121

  absolutist regimes, 195, 237

  Acemoglu, Daron, 148–49, 175, 180, 193–96

  Aché, 156

  adaptation, 58, 64

  Afghanistan, 148, 241

  Africa, 85, 100–102, 137, 147, 172, 184, 197, 225

  Bantu expansion in, 84–85, 100, 101

  foreign aid to, 13, 148, 175, 181, 183

  GNP in, 176

  government and ruling elites in, 175–76

  human dispersal from, 1–2, 76, 80, 84, 85, 93, 225

  kingdoms in, 134–35

  lactose tolerance and, 61

  populations in, 181, 226, 248

  transition to modern economy in, 180–82

  tribalism in, 173, 175, 177, 181

  violence in, 176

  African Americans, 4, 94

  IQ tests and, 189–91

  MAO-A promoters in, 56–57

  physical characteristics in, 88

  Africans, 2, 4, 18, 20, 93, 94, 98, 109

  IQ tests and, 191

  physical characteristics in, 87–91

  skulls of, 70

  society of, 123–24

  aggression, 53–57, 62, 82, 130, 131, 132, 170–71, 241, 243, 244

  genes and, 54–57, 110, 170–71

  agriculture, 11, 50, 62, 63, 80, 81–82, 84–85, 100, 110, 129, 132, 139, 149, 152, 153, 163, 195, 197, 221, 226

  AIMs (ancestry informative markers), 70, 115–16

  Akey, Joshua M., 108

  alleles, 71–75, 76, 87–92, 95–96, 98, 102, 103–4, 107, 114, 172

  diseases and, 114–15, 206

  Duffy null, 110, 114, 115

  hard and soft sweeps of, 110–14

  intelligence and, 190

  Allen, Robert, 31

  American Anthropological Association, 5, 119, 121

  American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 121

  American
Indians, see Native Americans

  American Sociological Association, 5

  Americas, 85, 225, 226, 233

  Anatolia, 84

  Andean highlands, 8, 226

  anthropologists, physical, 69–70, 82

  ants, 65–66

  apes, see monkeys and apes

  apocrine glands, 89, 91

  Arab world, 174–75, 182

  science in, 228–32

  see also Islamic world

  Arctic regions, 134, 214

  Aristotle, 231

  Arkwright, Richard, 158

  Aryans (Indo-Europeans), 19–20

  Ashkenazim, 199–209, 214

  Asian Americans, IQ tests and, 189–90

  astronomy, 215–19, 228

  athleticism, 8

  Australia, 93, 94, 222, 225–26

  autocracies, 9, 237

  Aztecs, 226

  Bacon, Francis, 228

  Baibars, 143

  Bantu expansion, 84–85, 100, 101

  behavior:

  individual, institutions’ effect on, 147–49

  social, see social behaviors

  Belyaev, Dmitriy, 54, 160–61

  Beringia, 81, 134

  Binet, Alfred, 30

  Black, Edwin, 29, 35

  Black Death, 153

  Bloom syndrome, 208

  Blumenbach, Johann, 18–19, 86

  Boas, Franz, 5–6, 31–32, 69, 241

  bone, see skeleton

  Botticini, Maristella, 151, 209–10, 211, 212

  Bowcock, Anne, 97

  brain, 4, 51, 106, 108, 109, 208

  oxytocin in, 51–53, 243

  size of, 21, 50

  Brazil, 186

  BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, 208

  breast cancer, 208

  breasts, 89, 90

  Buck, Carrie, 29

  Buck v. Bell, 29–30, 31

  bureaucracy, 140, 173

  Burusho, 98

  bushmen, 17

  Byzantine empire, 174–75, 182, 234

  Cambodia, 187

  Carnegie Institution, 28–29, 34, 38

  Carneiro, Robert, 133

  Castle, William E., 29

  Caucasians, 4, 86, 93, 94, 96, 246

  invention of word, 18–19

  MAO-A promoters in, 56–57

  physical characteristics in, 87

  skulls of, 70

  split between East Asians and, 86

  transition to modern economy by, 178

  Caucasus, 18, 86

  Cavalli-Sforza, Luca, 97

  Chagnon, Napoleon, 131

  Chapais, Bernard, 39–66, 44, 45

  Charlemagne, 234, 246

  Charles I, King, 146

  chemokines, 110

  chiefdoms, 133, 134

  childbirth:

  age at first reproduction, 3

  risk of death in, 162

  chimpanzees, 41–47, 110, 242

  cooperation in, 47–48

  kinship and, 43–44

  China, 12, 17, 85, 90, 132, 134, 135, 137, 172, 189, 193, 195, 219, 220, 224, 227–28, 233–38, 244, 246–48, 250

  education system in, 231

  evolutionary changes in, 165–66

  inheritance practices in, 165

  one child policy in, 180

  population increase in, 165

  rule of law and, 144–45

  science in, 228–32

  state achieved in, 137–42, 144

  technology in, 234

  telescope introduced to, 215–16, 217–19

  transition to modern economy in, 178–79, 180

  Chinese, 4, 89, 91, 92, 147

  Han, 84, 88, 90

  immigrants, 186–87, 188, 201, 213, 237

  intelligence tests and, 166

  society of, 123–24

  Christianity, 211, 212, 217, 232

  Protestantism, 126

  chromosomes, 106, 107, 116

  Y, 74–75, 78, 163

  Churchill, Winston, 33

  civilizations, formation of, 132–35

  Clark, Gregory, 151–55, 158–64, 171–73, 178–79, 184–85, 236

  click-speakers, 17, 100–101, 102

  climate, 223, 246

  change in, 80, 83, 248

  clines, 98–99

  clothing, 108–9

  Cochran, Gregory, 202–5, 207–9, 214

  Collins, Francis, 68

  Columbus, Christopher, 233

  competition, 224

  conformity, 59, 241, 245

  see also social norms

  Congo, 176

  continental drift, 6

  cooperation:

  among chimpanzees, 47–48

  in human societies, 47–50, 51, 62, 124, 132, 243

  Copernicus, Nicolaus, 216, 217

  Coyne, Jerry, 68

  crime, 50

  see also violence

  Crusades, 204

  culture(s), 5–6, 9, 241–42, 245

  economics and, 13, 155, 183–85

  equality of, 6, 9

  genes and, 58, 59–61

  race and, 184, 185

  in social institutions, 124–27

  DARC gene, 110–11

  Darwin, Charles, 11, 22–23, 24, 26, 39, 67, 95, 164, 245

  The Descent of Man, 22

  Malthus and, 155

  On the Origin of Species, 16, 22

  Social Darwinism and, 24–25

  Davenport, Charles, 28, 29, 30, 33–34, 35, 38

  De Dreu, Carsten, 51–52

  delayed gratification and patience, 157–58, 160, 184–85

  Deng Xiaoping, 179

  Denmark, 13

  Descent of Man, The (Darwin), 22

  Devarajan, Shantayanan, 176

  Diamond, Jared, 68, 117–18, 221–23

  diet, 60, 108

  lactase and, 60–61, 113

  disciplined behaviors, 158, 183

  diseases, 108, 110–11, 116, 223

  alleles and, 114–15, 206

  malaria, 110–11, 116, 117–18, 206

  Mendelian, 202, 205–8, 209

  sickle-cell anemia, 111, 116, 206

  thalassemia, 111, 118

  DNA, 14, 56, 70, 72–74, 96, 109, 113

  AIMs (ancestry informative markers) and, 70, 115–16

  bases of, 72–73, 79, 88

  coding, 73

  complementary, 79

  fingerprinting of, 104–7, 116

  mitochondrial, 74, 79

  repair systems of, 208

  repeats in, 96, 97, 99, 100, 102, 116

  dogs, 167

  domestication:

  in animals, 160–61, 167–68

  in humans, 160–61, 167–73

  dopamine, 55

  Dowden, Patrick, 176

  Duffy null allele, 110, 114, 115

  earwax, 90–91, 92, 121

  East, Edward M., 29

  East Asians, 2, 4, 18, 20, 86, 93, 94, 109, 110, 147, 177–79, 182, 188, 193, 220, 223, 225, 236, 246, 248, 249

  IQ tests and, 8, 191

  physical characteristics in, 87–92

  skulls of, 70

  split between Caucasians and, 86

  eccrine glands, 89, 91

  Eckstein, Zvi, 151, 209–10, 211, 212

  economic development, 182–89

  economics, economies, 10, 172, 224, 244, 247

  culture and, 13, 155, 183–85

  disparities in, 13–14

  and escape from tribalism and poverty, 177–82

  human nature and,
154–58, 160, 161

  Industrial Revolution and, see Industrial Revolution

  IQ and wealth hypothesis, 189–93

  market, 161

  wealth and, see wealth

  EDAR-V370A gene, 89–90, 92, 105, 118, 121

  education, 191, 199

  Head Start and, 190

  Edwards, A.W.F., 120

  egalitarianism, 63, 128, 129, 173

  eggs, 106

  Egypt, 132, 134, 143–44

  Elias, Norbert, 123, 168–70

  Elvin, Mark, 223

  empathy, 170

  empires, 234, 246–47

  England, 137, 152, 237

  behavior changes in, 155–58, 160, 161

  economy in, 162

  ethnic prejudices and, 17

  farm laborers’ wages in, 152–53

  Glorious Revolution in, 194–95, 196, 224

  Industrial Revolution in, 151–52, 158–59, 162, 163, 172, 178–79, 185, 193–95

  population growth in, 162

  social mobility in, 164

  Enlightenment, 154

  environment, societal change and, 57–61

  Equatorial Guinea, 189

  Erasmus, 168

  Eskimos, 134, 214

  Essay on the Inequality of Human Races, An (Gobineau), 19–20

  Essay on the Principle of Population, An (Malthus), 152, 153–54, 155, 162

  Ethiopia, 195

  ethnic prejudice, 17, 19

  racism vs., 17

  etiquette, 168

  Etounga-Manguelle, Danielle, 184, 185

  eugenics, 16, 18, 26–38

  in Germany, 35–37

  immigration and, 31

  intelligence tests, 30

  sterilization and, 27–31, 33–38

  Eugenics Record Office, 28, 34

  Eugenics Research Association, 29

  Eugenics Society, 33

  Eurasia, 77, 86, 147, 226

  Europe:

  awakening of, 12–13

  colonization by, 18, 147, 177, 226, 247

  educational institutes in, 231–32

  empires in, 234, 246–47

  exploration by, 233, 234

  internal wars in, 233–34

  in Middle Ages, 227–28

  religion in, 145–46

  states achieved in, 137, 138, 140–41, 142, 144, 146

  telescope introduced to, 215–16, 219

  tribalism in, 137, 144, 145, 147

  see also West

  European Americans, IQ tests and, 189–90

  Europeans, 2, 4, 9, 18, 20, 86, 93, 109, 110, 147, 182, 219, 223, 225, 236

  ethnic prejudices among, 17

  genetics of, 79–80

 

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