by Alan Watson
The degree of co-operation between an author and the archive is well demonstrated by this volume. Alan Watson has worked with the archive since the inception of his book. He has drawn extensively on the archives themselves and we have joined in debate and discussion of the direction of the book. The two speeches at Fulton and Zurich now share in the status conferred on Churchill’s speeches by UNESCO. They are recognised as part of the chronicle of democracy as much as Magna Carta of centuries gone by. It is thus appropriate that of all Churchill’s speeches these are the first two to become the subject of a special study since UNESCO’s decision.
Acknowledgements
In writing this book I have benefitted throughout from the perspective, advice and assistance of Allen Packwood, Director of the Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, University of Cambridge. It was his wise counsel that I should widen my focus from Churchill’s Fulton speech to include his Zurich speech and the relationship between both events. My visits to the Archives and those of my researchers have been much facilitated by the hospitality of the College and I am indebted to the Master and Fellows for their friendship and support, especially that of Dr Warren Dockter.
This book could not have been completed without the skill and dedication of my assistant Caroline Mouflard whose enthusiasm, accuracy and good judgement have been of invaluable help.
Two people have laboured for me in researching material online and in the archive – Professor Andra Alexandru and Professor Asya Rogova. For their alertness, tenacity and commitment I am much in their debt.
So too am I to my publisher, Bloomsbury – to its Chairman Nigel Newton for his timely encouragement, to Stephanie Duncan for her guidance and enthusiasm and to my editor Miranda Vaughan Jones for her painstaking liaison with Caroline and myself.
In New York, I benefitted also from Professor Jennifer Gosetti-Ferencei’s insights into how Americans perceive Winston Churchill and in Richmond, Virginia to Ellen LeCompte for her resourcefulness and in her planning of the many events for the book’s promotion in the USA.
I must also record my special gratitude to Randolph Churchill for his consistent enthusiasm for this project which I much value. We share a commitment to the English Speaking Union of which his great-grandfather was once chairman as much later was I. The English language so brilliantly deployed in Churchill’s two orations at Fulton and Zurich was throughout his life his enabler, his platform, his sword.
I began preparing this book in a part of the world much loved by Winston Churchill, the Côte d’Azur. I wrote my first outline in the elegant and hospitable hotel La Réserve de Beaulieu, well known to Churchill, and I completed the first draft of the book in the same place. The incomparable beauty of the Côte inspired and comforted Churchill over many years as it has and does me.
Notes
Foreword
1Celia Sandys, Chasing Churchill: The Travels of Winston Churchill, Unicorn Press, London, 2014, p. 100.
2CAC, Churchill Papers, CHUR 2/158/46.
Chapter 1: The Warnings
1Michael Walsh, Witness to History, Historical Review Press, 1996, p. 10.
2Churchill responding to a toast by Stalin, Moscow, October 1944, in W. H. Thompson, I Was Churchill’s Shadow, Christopher Johnson, London, 1959, p. 146.
3Robert Rhodes James, The Complete Speeches of Winston Churchill, Chelsea House Publishers, London, 1974, p. 76.
4Winston Churchill, The Second World War, Pimlico, London, 2002, p. 949.
5Michael Dobbs, Six Months in 1945: FDR, Stalin, Churchill, and Truman – From World War to Cold War, Random House, London, 2013, p. 376
6David Stahel, Operation Typhoon, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2013, p. 6.
7Robert Nisbet, Roosevelt and Stalin: The Failed Courtship, Regnery Gateway, Washington, DC, 1988, p. 103.
8Conversation between the author and Sir Frank Roberts.
9FCO, ‘Britain and the Berlin Airlift’, Information Pamphlet, HM Stationery Office, Innsworth, 1949, p. 12.
10Hansard, debate 04 February 1948, vol. 446, cc.1811–4, 27 June 1948.
Chapter 2: Churchill and Roosevelt
1Andrew Nagorski, The Greatest Battle, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2007, p. 132.
2Nagorski, The Greatest Battle, p. 135.
3Joseph Davies, Mission to Moscow, Garden City Publishing Company, New York, 1943, p. 172.
4Alan Clark, Barbarossa: The Russian–German Conflict, William Morrow, New York, 1985, p. 407.
5Robert Nisbet, Roosevelt and Stalin: The Failed Courtship, Regnery Gateway, Washington, DC, 1988, pp. 44–51.
6Elliot Roosevelt, As He Saw It, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, New York, 1946.
7The Quotable Winston Churchill: A Collection of Wit and Wisdom, Running Press, Philadelphia, p. 114.
8Michael Jones, After Hitler, John Murray Publishers, London, 2015, p. 137.
9Jones, After Hitler, p. 137.
10Ibid.
Chapter 4: Genesis of the Journey
1Letter of invitation by McCluer annotated by Truman, CAC, Churchill Papers, CHUR 2/230B/350.
2Ibid.
3Ibid.
4Hansard, debate 12 November 1936, vol. 317, cc. 1081–155.
5David Cannadine, In Churchill’s Shadow, Penguin Books, London, 2001.
6CAC, Churchill Papers, CHUR 5/4.
7Mary Soames, A Daughter’s Tale, Random House, London, 2011, p. 166.
8Michael Dobbs, Six Months in 1945: FDR, Stalin, Churchill, and Truman – From World War to Cold War, Random House, London, 2013, p. 355.
9Soames, A Daughter’s Tale, p. 257.
10Martin Gilbert, In Search of Churchill, HarperCollins, London, 1994, p. 364.
Chapter 5: ‘I am deserted’
1Lord Moran, Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1945–60, Constable and Co., London, 1966, p. 314.
2Winston Churchill, My Early Life, Touchstone, New York, 1958, p. 265.
3Churchill Press Photographs, CHPH 12/F1/84.
4Lord Moran, Churchill, p. 315.
5CAC, Cadogan Papers, ACAD 1/13.
6CAC, Cadogan Papers, ACAD 1/12.
7CAC, Baroness Spencer-Churchill Papers, CSCT 1/24.
8CAC, Attlee Papers, ATLE 2/2.
9Ibid.
10Ibid. For the full reply that Churchill never sent see CAC, Churchill Papers, CHUR 2/4/82.
11Anthony Montague Browne, Long Sunset, Cassell, London, 1995, p. 112.
12Winston S. Churchill, Marlborough: His Life and Times, Book Two, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2002, p. 1036.
Chapter 6: Outward Bound
1Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life, Henry Holt and Company, New York, 1992, p. 862.
2Winston Churchill, Churchill by Himself, Rosetta Books, London, 2013, p. 2.
3Christopher H. Sterling, ‘Churchill Afloat: The Liners He Rode’, Finest Hour, Journal of the Churchill Centre and Societies, Winter 2003–2004, Number 121, p. 16.
4Anthony Montague Browne, Long Sunset, Cassell, London, 1995, p. 74.
5Lord Moran, Churchill at War, Constable and Co., London, 1996, pp. 20–21.
6Michael Dobbs, Six Months in 1945: FDR, Stalin, Churchill, and Truman – From World War to Cold War, Random House, London, 2013, p. 45.
7Dobbs, Six Months in 1945, p. 54.
8Martin Gilbert, Churchill and America, Free Press, New York, 2005, p. 365.
9Ibid., p. 364.
Chapter 7: Have a Holiday, Get a Loan
1Winston Churchill, My Early Life, Touchstone, New York, 1958, p. 140.
2CAC, Churchill Papers, CHAR 28/21/88.
3CHPC 24, part 1.
4CAC, Churchill Press Cuttings, CHPC 23, part 5.
5CHPC 24, part 1.
6William J. Bennett, America: The Last Best Hope, Thomas Nelson, Nashville, TN, 2007, p. 204.
7Lord Moran, Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940–65, Constable & Co., London, p. 371.
8Lord Moran, Churchill at War, Constable & Robinson, London, 1966, p. 371.
<
br /> Chapter 8: A Synthesis of Agendas
1Churchill responding to a toast by Stalin, Moscow, October 1944, in W. H. Thompson, I Was Churchill’s Shadow, p. 146.
2William Manchester, The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Visions of Glory, 1874–1932, Michael Joseph Oxford 1983, p. 681
3Ibid, p. 681.
4Thomas Maier, When the Lions Roar: The Churchills and the Kennedys, Random House, New York, 2014, p. 430
5Michael Dobbs, Six Months in 1945: FDR, Stalin, Churchill, and Truman – From World War to Cold War, Random House, London, 2013, p. 373.
6George F. Kennan, Memoirs 1925–1950, Pantheon, New York, 1983, p. 35.
7Ibid.
Chapter 9: Lord Halifax and the White House
1David Reynolds, In Command of History, Penquin, London, 2005, p. 171.
2Ibid.
3CAC, Lady Onslow Papers, ONSL 1.
4CAC, Churchill Press Cuttings, CHPC 23, part 6.
5Ibid.
6Ibid., part 5.
Chapter 10: The Train to Missouri
1CAC, Lady Onslow Papers, ONSL 2.
2Ibid.
3Ibid.
4CAC, CHU 34 2/4.
5CAC, Lady Onslow Papers, ONSL 1.
6Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life, Henry Holt and Company, New York, 1992, p. 869.
7CAC, CHU 34 2/4.
8Ibid.
Chapter 11: ‘The most important speech of my life’
1CAC, Lady Onslow Papers, ONSL 2.
2Ibid.
3Ibid.
4CAC, Churchill Press Cuttings, CHPC 23, part 6.
5CAC, Lady Onslow Papers, ONSL 2.
6CHPC 24, part 1.
7UMKC University Libraries, Kansas City, Broadcast #1, The War’s Voices, Arthur B. Church, Marr Sound Archives.
8CAC, Churchill Press Cuttings, CHPC 23.
9CAC, CHUR 5/4A/51–100.
10Ibid.
11Ibid.
12Ibid.
Chapter 12: Reactions I
1CAC, Lady Onslow Papers, ONSL 2.
2CAC, Churchill Press Cuttings, CHPC 23.
3Roy Jenkins, Churchill, Macmillan, London, 2001, p. 811.
4Frederick Winston Furneaux Smith, 2nd Earl of Birkenhead, Life of Lord Halifax, H. Hamilton, London, 1965, p. 458.
5Andrew Roberts, The Holy Fox: Biography of Lord Halifax, Phoenix, London, 2004, p. 213.
6David Reynolds, In Command of History, Penquin, London, 2005, p. 44.
7Ibid., p. 201.
8Graham Goodlad, ‘Attlee, Bevin and Britain’s Cold War’, History Review, no. 69, 2011, pp. 1–6.
9Ann and John Tusa, The Berlin Blockade, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1988, p. 49.
10CAC, CHUR 5/4A/51–100.
11Ibid.
12CAC, CHUR 5/4.
Chapter 13: With Ike to Richmond
1CAC, CHU 34 2/4.
2CAC, CHUR 5/4.
3CAC, CHU 34 2/4.
4John Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress, Wordsworth Classics, London, 1996, p. 243.
5It was on this that Eisenhower responded afterwards suggesting an early meeting in the secretary of war’s offices in Washington between Churchill and the US top military brass. It was to take place only a few days later with Churchill emphasising the ‘intimacy of association’ which had been the ‘prevailing feature of our work together’ in the war. Martin Gilbert, Churchill and America, Free Press, New York, 2005, p. 374.
6CAC, Churchill Press Cuttings, CHU 54.
7CAC, Churchill Press Cuttings, CHU 54.
8CAC, Churchill Press Cuttings, CHPC 23.
9CAC, Churchill Press Cuttings, CHPC 23.
10Gilbert, Churchill and America, p. 323.
Chapter 14: Leaving the Big Apple
1CAC, Churchill Press Cuttings, CHPC 23.
2Ibid.
3Roy Jenkins, Churchill, Macmillan, London, 2001, p. 706.
4Ibid., p. 812.
5Ibid.
6Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A History of Soviet Camps, Penquin, London, 2004, p. xxiii.
7Edvard Radzinsky, Stalin: The 1st In-depth Biography Based on Explosive Documents from Russia’s Secret Archives, Anchor Books, New York, 1997, p. 499.
8CAC, Churchill Press Cuttings, CHPC 23.
9Ibid.
10Ibid.
11Ibid.
12Ibid.
13CAC, Churchill Papers, CHUR 5/4.
14Barry Singer, Churchill Style: The Art of Being Winston Churchill, Abrams Image, New York, 2012, p. 121.
15David Reynolds, In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing in the Second World War, Penguin, London, 2005, p. 46.
Chapter 15: Homecoming
1Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life, Henry Holt and Company, New York, 1992, p. 869.
2David Reynolds, In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing in the Second World War, Penguin, London, 2005, p. 47.
3Hansard, debate 5 March 1946, vol. 420, cc. 193–294.
4CAC, Churchill Press Cuttings, CHPC 23.
5Deborah Cadbury, Princes at War, Bloomsbury Circus, London, 2015.
6CAC, Churchill Press Cuttings, CHPC 23, part 5.
7Warren Dockter, Winston Churchill at the Telegraph, Aurum Press, London, 2015, pp. 184–5.
8David Reynolds, ‘Marshall Plan Commemorative Section: The Marshall Plan Reconsidered: A Complex of Motives’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 76, no. 3, 1997, p. 47.
Chapter 16: Zurich
1CAC, Churchill Press Cuttings, CHPC 24, part 1, Manchester Guardian, 20 September 1946.
2Ibid.
3CAC, Churchill Papers, CHUR 5/8.
Chapter 17: Reactions II
1CAC, Churchill Press Cuttings, CHPC 23.
2Ibid.
3Ibid.
4Ibid.
5Ibid.
6Martin Gilbert In Search of Churchill, HarperCollins, London, 1994, p. 364.
7Ibid., p. 731.
8Robert Blake and William Roger Louis, Churchill, W. W. Norton and Company, New York, 1993, p. 491.
9In the 1970s, when Britain eventually joined the European Common Market, I made an hour-long BBC television documentary about the Frenchman Jean Monnet known then as the ‘Father of Europe’, and who now has an honoured place in the Pantheon in Paris.
10These are the words Monnet used when we spoke at his home in Houjarray.
11Bradley W. Hart and Richard Carr, The Foundations of the British Conservative Party, Bloomsbury Academic, London, 2013, p. 312.
Chapter 18: The USA: From Irritation to Determination
1Arthur Hugh Clough, ‘Say Not the Struggle Naught Availeth’, in The Oxford Book of English Poetry, compiled by Arthur Thomas Quiller-Couch, Clarendon, Oxford, 1963.
2Robert Blake and William Roger Louis, Churchill, W. W. Norton and Company, New York, 1993, p. 14.
3Ann and John Tusa, Britain and the Berlin Airlift, RAF Air Historical Branch Stationery Office, Dd 9004493, p. 98, p. 5.
4Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar, Orion, London, 2004, p. 442.
5Ann and John Tusa, The Berlin Blockade, Hodder & Stoughton, 1988, p. 143.
6Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin p. 488.
7Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A History of Soviet Camps, Penquin, London, 2004, p. 467.
8Forrest C. Pogue, George C. Marshall, Viking Press, New York, 1987, p. 193.
9Ibid., p. 1963
10Ibid.
11President Truman’s Message to Congress; March 12, 1947; Document 171; 80th Congress, 1st Session; Records of the United States House of Representatives; Record Group 233; National Archives.
12Ibid.
13Pogue, George C. Marshall, p. 164.
14Ibid., p. 312.
15Wilson D. Miscamble, The Most Controversial Decision: Truman, the Atomic Bombs, and the Defeat of Japan, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2011, p. 118.
Chapter 19: How and Why the Impact
1Lord Moran, Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1945–60, Constable and Co., London, 1966, p. 347.
/> 2CAC, Churchill Press Cuttings, CHPC 23.
3Graham Farmelos, Churchill’s Bomb, Faber and Faber, London, 2013, p. 145.
4Richard Toye, The Roar of the Lion: The Untold Story of Churchill’s World War II Speeches, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013, p. 59.
5David Cannadine, Introduction, The Speeches of Winston Churchill, Penguin Books, New York, 1990, p. 85.
6Ibid.
7Ibid., p. 92.
8Ibid.
9Ibid., p. 93.
10Ibid., p. 89.
11Roy Jenkins, Churchill, Macmillan, London, 2001, p. 29.
12Richard Holmes, In the Footsteps of Churchill, BBC Books, London, 2005, p. 40.
13Ralph Martin, Jennie: The Life of Lady Randolph Churchill, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 2008, p. 313.
14Winston Churchill, Thoughts and Adventures: Churchill Reflects on Spies, Cartoons, Flying, and the Future, edited by James W. Muller, Paul. H. Courtenay and Alana L. Barton, ISI Books, Wilmington, DE, 2009.
15Richard Holmes, In the Footsteps of Churchill, p. 40.
16Martin Gilbert, In Search of Churchill, HarperCollins, London, 1994, p. 297.
17Ibid., p. 298.
Chapter 20: Perspective
1Roy Jenkins, Churchill, Macmillan, London, 2001, p. 37.
2Isaiah Berlin, Mr Churchill in 1940, John Murray, London, 1949, p. 196.
3Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar, Orion, London, 2004, p. 493.
4Charles Mee, Meeting at Potsdam, M. Evans & Co., Maryland, 1975, p. 98.
5Ibid., p. 104.
6Martin Gilbert, Churchill and America, Free Press, New York, 2005, p. 401.
7President Truman’s Message to Congress; March 12, 1947; Document 171; 80th Congress, 1st Session; Records of the United States House of Representatives; Record Group 233; National Archives.
8Ann and John Tusa, The Berlin Blockade, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1988, p. 206.
9Ibid., p. 576.
10Roy Jenkins, Truman, Bloomsbury Reader, London, 2011, p. 270.
11Philip Evanson, ‘Churchill and the Sinews of Peace’, Georgia Review 1946–1955, 1963, p. 237.
12Ibid., p. 238.
13Ibid., p. 237.
14Ibid., p. 238.
15Ashley Jackson, Churchill, Quercus, London, 2011, p. 150.