135. TB (1937–1939) 179–180.
136. See Essays 1:49, cited in section 1 of chapter 1 (text to n. 12).
137. As noted above, the attitude of partial affirmation and partial resignation is difficult to sustain, and the difficulty is exacerbated for those whose endeavors center on critical probing.
138. Someone inspired by the closing measures of Das Lied might extend this by allowing value to accrue from contributions to the maintenance of nonhuman life, to the preservation of the earth and its beauties. Contributions of this sort are rarely, if ever, detached from promotion of other human lives, so I shall explore what I take to be a far more typical pattern.
139. My formulation incorporates an addition derived from Humboldt and Mill (and seconded by Nietzsche in some of his guises), to wit that the mode in which the connections are made should be a matter of the agent’s choice.
140. Analogous in some respects to the world Wotan contemplated long before the opening of the Ring, a world of innocent joy personified by the Rhinemaidens.
141. Mann follows Nietzsche in thinking of self-probing as constitutive of serious art (see chapter 1, text to nn. 13 and 14). I allow for the possibility of other modes and other themes that suffice for artistic contribution at the highest level.
142. The phrase is Mill’s. See the closing paragraphs of A System of Logic, vol. 8 of Works of John Stuart Mill (Indianapolis, Ind.: Liberty Fund), 952.
INDEX
Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
Adler, Jeremy, 200n54
Adorno, Theodor, 239n78, 241n88
Alcibiades, 72, 94, 99
Alfred (character in Morte a Venezia), 28, 130, 131, 132, 152, 189, 234n21
Anderson, Mark, 194n5, 224n119, 224n120
anti-Semitism, Thomas Mann and, 116, 229n177
Apollonian, 26–28, 189, 205n95, 205n97, 206n104, 206n108, 207n109, 227n160
Aristotle, 11, 18, 21, 22, 25, 199n50
artist, role of, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70–71, 72, 82, 94, 95, 96, 99, 101, 102, 107, 121, 122, 187. See also Erzieher; Künstler
asceticism, 49, 50, 53, 60, 211n147. See also Nietzsche, ascetic ideal
Aschenbach, Gustav von, 2, 3, 7, 55; childhood of, 84, 127, 135, 208n120; daily routine of, 37, 83, 104, 134; death of, 29, 30, 60, 97, 106, 110, 112, 125–29, 133, 171–76, 225n144, 243n105, 243n109; dedication to beauty, 28, 70–71, 73, 76, 79, 83, 99, 101, 104, 110, 122, 152, 176, 218n29, 225n144; ill-health of, 38, 127, 130, 133, 135, 136, 152, 172; marriage of, 87, 135; moral degeneration of, 26, 38–46, 58–59, 72, 99, 101, 113, 114, 122; represented as composer, 28, 130–31, 133–34, 135, 136, 152, 172, 175; respectability of, 7, 61, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 107, 111, 114, 197n32; sexual orientation of, 62, 63, 64, 65, 73, 83, 84, 89, 92, 93, 94, 104, 105, 106, 114, 135, 196n21, 220n44; social isolation of, 37, 83, 113, 188; Socratic reflections of, 29, 38, 72, 73, 83, 95, 99, 101, 102, 105, 112, 130, 136, 153, 225n144, 243n108; status as writer, 26–30, 57, 59, 60, 68, 107, 111, 114, 122, 123, 129, 176, 188, 189, 206n108; as victim, 62; works of, 41, 74, 134, 140, 146, 176, 188, 193n2, 206n108, 220n44
Auden, W. H., 103, 226n150
autonomy, 18, 66, 113–14, 229n172. See also Kant, Immanuel; Mill, John Stuart
Bauer-Lechner, Natalie, 236n49
beauty, 28, 32, 63, 64, 68, 69, 76, 79, 80, 82, 83, 93, 94, 96, 99, 104, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 152, 172, 218n28, 218n29; lure of, 96–99, 101, 102, 107, 113, 114, 122, 136, 225n144, 243n105. See also “higher” beauty
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 62; Für Elise, 132, 150
Benedig, Katrin, 223n100
Bennett, Jonathan, 200n58
Bentham, Jeremy, 244n121
Bertram, Ernst, 193n1
Bethge, Hans, 138, 153, 155, 160, 162, 163, 167, 240n79, 241n87, 241–2n92, 242n93, 242n94, 242n95
“Bilse” novels, 3, 19, 195n11
Bloom, Harold, 204n86
Bogarde, Dirk, 129
Bridcut, John, 225n145
Britten, Benjamin, 10, 120, 122, 163, 169, 190, 191, 225n145; Albert Herring, 227n156; Billy Budd, 107–12, 113, 227n163, 228n164, 228n169; Death in Venice, 102–7, 109–12, 114, 126, 129, 130, 179, 190, 212n162, 214n185, 226n147, 226n148, 227n147, 227n163, 228n167, 228n168, 233n6, 233n15; Hymn to the Virgin, 228n169; Les Illuminations, 228n165; Peter Grimes, 107; Serenade for Tenor, Horn, and Strings, 103, 226n151; War Requiem, 104, 228n169
Broch, Hermann, 12–13, 200n54
Buddenbrook, Bethsy (Frau Konsulin), 54–55, 56, 58
Buddenbrook, Christian, 5, 55, 107
Buddenbrook, Gerda, 5, 6
Buddenbrook, Hanno, 4, 5, 6, 225n132
Buddenbrook, Thomas, 5, 6, 8, 18, 34, 174, 196n23, 198n38, 198n41, 225n132
Bürger (citizen), Mann’s conception of, 5, 6, 7, 24, 30, 43, 50, 61, 64, 68, 85, 94, 95, 102, 107, 113, 195n20, 196n21, 216n11
Carnegy, Patrick, 226n148, 233n16
Carpenter, Humphrey, 226n146
Carr, Jonathan, 234n19, 237n56, 237n60, 237n61, 239n72
Carroll, Lewis, 200n58
Cartwright, Nancy, 23, 25, 149
Castorp, Hans, 2, 58, 194n7
Cavell, Stanley, 204n91
Chekhov, Anton, 218n29
cholera, 2, 30, 38, 76, 110, 113; as cause of Aschenbach’s death, 126–29, 133, 224n127, 233n6, 233n7, 233n13, 233n15
Christianity, 17, 111, 112, 142, 143–44, 145, 170, 228n164, 228–29n169
Claggart, John, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 172
coda to Death in Venice, 29–30, 59, 106, 112, 125, 126, 153, 172–75, 186, 208n117, 243n105
Cohn, Dorrit, 205n103
Cooke, Deryck, 142–43, 170, 237n58
Damasio, Antonio, 201n60, 201n61
Dante, 11, 199n50, 200n58
Danuser, Hermann, 237n51
death, premonitions of, 125, 126, 133–34, 135, 136, 138, 139–40, 146; quality of, 53–54, 112, 123, 126
de La Grange, Henry Louis, 234n23, 236n41, 236n43, 238n67, 239n71, 240n79, 240n82, 242n102
Delassalle, Béatrice, 234n17
de Mendelssohn, Peter, 2, 222n100
Detering, Heinrich, 193n1
Deussen, Paul, 235n27
Dewey, John, 25, 65, 182, 201n64, 217n12, 245n126
Dichter, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 19, 67, 86, 194n5, 195n18
Dickens, Charles, 11, 17, 190; Bleak House, 17, 181, 183, 184, 245n125; Hard Times, 11, 17
Dierks, Manfried, 198n42, 199n49, 205n97
Dionysian, 26–28, 57, 106, 110, 207n109, 207n112, 227n160, 240n85, 241n86
Diotima, 32, 72, 77, 188, 189
discipline, 37, 52, 53, 58, 60, 64, 69, 87, 94, 95, 96, 99, 102, 104, 115, 121, 122, 136; breakdown of, 38–46, 83, 97
education, 65–66, 72, 101, 208n124, 217n12
Ehrenberg, Paul, 67
Eliot, George, 11, 12
Elliott, Graham, 229n169
Erzieher (educator), 66, 67, 69, 70–71, 72, 85, 94, 96, 99, 100, 121, 172, 187, 217n19. See also education
“Esmeralda” (Doctor Faustus), 132, 235n25, 235n26
ethical judgment, 17, 121–23, 185, 186
Evans, Peter, 226n148, 227n159
Fechner, Gustav Theodor, 170, 171, 183, 242n102. See also panpsychism
Feder, Stuart, 234n18, 236n38, 236n41, 246n134
Floros, Constantin, 234n24, 237n51, 237n56, 238n67, 239n71, 239n77, 246n134
foundationalism, epistemological, 16–17
Friedemann, Johannes, 5, 56, 64, 96–97, 98, 107
Gatens, Moira, 201n64
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 13, 38, 65, 67, 84, 194n5, 197n33, 209n135, 211n151, 211n158, 217n26; as character in Lotte in Weimar, 84, 85, 90, 92, 121, 197n33, 217n26, 222n87
Goodman, Nelson, 245n130
Gordon, Emily Fox, 232n215
grades of philosophical involvement, 11–12, 17, 47, 52, 241n86
Graham, Colin, 226n148
Grauthoff, Otto, 35, 99, 210n146
“Greek idyll,” 45, 70, 104, 106
, 126, 206n103
Gropius, Walter, 139, 246n134
Hampshire, Stuart, 23
heart failure, as cause of Aschenbach’s death, 129, 133
Hefling, Stephen, 240n85, 241n88
Heine, Heinrich, 76
Hermes, 126, 175, 177, 213n169, 218n30, 243n113
Heuser, Klaus, 89–90, 223n109
“higher” beauty, 68, 69, 70, 71, 82, 100; erotic responses to, 71, 72, 82, 85, 96, 101, 218n28, 225n144; young men as embodiment of, 71, 72, 100, 107, 109, 218n30
Hoffmann, Martina, 198n42, 205n97
Hofmann, Paolo, 5
Homer, 22, 27–28
homosexuality, 39, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67–68, 71, 73, 74, 75–82, 83, 87–91, 102–3, 104, 115, 118, 120, 135, 136, 216n11, 219n36; incomplete sexual expression, 80–82, 83, 84, 89–91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96; vision and, 80, 83, 89, 93, 95, 96, 101, 223n106
Humboldt, Wilhelm, 229n172, 246n139
Ibsen, Henrik, 61
Isherwood, Christopher, 226n150
imagination, role of in reading, 17, 24, 201n64
irony, 10, 27, 39, 60, 129, 194n7, 215n204, 229n170
Iwanowna, Lisaweta, 6, 7, 64
James, Henry, 11, 12
James, William, 31, 51
Jaschu, 29, 59, 69, 106, 110, 130, 172, 216n215, 222n88
Joseph, 97–98, 100–101, 113
Joyce, James, 13, 21, 24, 25, 194n5; Dubliners, 22, 36, 189; Finnegans Wake, 13, 22, 23, 122, 189, 202n68, 204n85, 225n140; Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, 21, 22, 189; Ulysses, 13, 21, 22, 23, 189, 196n23, 202n68, 203n78, 204n80, 225n138; anti-elitism, 22–23, 189
Kant, Immanuel, 18, 33, 34, 47, 48, 66, 68, 171, 208n129, 209n131, 209n135, 229n172
Kassner, Rudolf, 214n183
Keats, John, 136, 235n36
Klaus Heinrich, 86–87, 92. See also Mann, Thomas, Royal Highness
Kröger, Tonio, 6, 7, 24, 30, 50, 52, 62, 63, 64, 100, 102, 107, 187
Krull, Marianne, 230n185, 230n190, 230n191, 231n196, 232n204
Künstler (artist), Mann’s conception of, 5, 6, 7, 24, 30, 62, 64, 68, 85, 187, 196n21, 216n11
Kurzke, Hermann, 198n42
Lebrecht, Norman, 237n62
Leverkühn, Adrian, 54, 55–56, 103, 104, 132, 140, 177, 178, 187, 215n202, 215n203, 215n204, 234n21, 235n25, 235n26, 235n27
Lion, Ferdinand, 8
life, value of. See philosophy, oldest question of
literature, as medium for philosophy, 11–19, 21–26, 179–87
Mahler, Alma (née Schindler), 130, 137, 138, 139, 147, 152, 187, 236n42, 239n77, 240n79
Mahler, Anna (“Gucki”), 130, 139
Mahler, Gustav, 13, 130, 131, 132, 136, 140, 171, 185, 188, 189, 190, 191, 236n38, 236n39, 241n86; Adagietto (Fifth Symphony), 132, 147–50, 152, 238n68 239n72, 239n71, 239n75, 239n77; Das Lied von der Erde, 138–39, 153–71, 172, 173, 174, 175, 178, 179, 182, 183, 186, 187, 236n43, 240n79, 240n83, 240n84, 240n85, 241n86, 241n87, 241n89, 242n93, 242n94, 242n95, 242n96, 243n105; Kindertotenlieder, 130–31, 144–45, 148–51, 182, 238n63, 238n64, Rückertlieder, 148–50, 239n72; Symphony No. 2 (“Resurrection”), 141–43, 170, 183, 236n49, 237n57; Symphony No. 3, 132, 133, 143, 240n85; Symphony No. 4, 146, 238n67; Symphony No. 5, 146, 147, 153, 239n75, 239n78; Symphony No. 6, 237n54, 238n68; Symphony No. 7, 242n102; Symphony No. 8, 134, 143; Symphony No. 9, 139, 187, 246n134; Symphony No. 10, 139, 187, 246n134; death of, 134, 138, 139, 236n41; ill-health of, 137, 138, 152, 153, 234n19, 236n42, 240n79; Jewish ancestry of, 135, 143, 237n59, 237n60; 239n72; marriage of, 135, 139, 236n45, 239n77, 246n134; symphonic programs, 140–42, 237n50, 237n51;
Mahler, Maria (“Putzi”), 130; death of, 130, 137, 138, 139, 152, 153
Mann, Elizabeth (“Medi”), 114, 118, 119, 194n5, 231n203
Mann, Erika, 103, 114, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122–23, 226n150, 230n191, 231n199, 231n202
Mann, Fridolin, 119, 231n204
Mann, Golo, 103, 114, 120, 212n164, 222n96, 232n211, 232n212
Mann, Heinrich, 2, 115, 125, 126, 134, 153, 195n16, 224n123, 229n176
Mann, Katia (“Katja,” née Pringsheim), 1, 2, 37, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 134, 187, 211n149, 213n164, 219n40, 220n55, 222n89, 222n100, 223n102, 223n115, 223–4n116, 229n174, 229n176, 230n177, 230n191, 231n202
Mann, Klaus, 88, 90, 91, 114, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 223n113, 230n190
Mann, Michael (“Bibi”), 114, 117, 118, 230n185, 231n197, 231n204
Mann, Monika, 114, 119–20, 232n206
Mann, Thomas: Buddenbrooks, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 194n6, 195n16, 196n23, 198n38; Confessions of an Unpolitical Man, 7, 207n114; Death in Venice, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 15, 17, 19, 26, 63, 114, 122, 125, 134, 195n16; Das Gesetz, 204n89; Der Erwählte, 204n89, 232n2; Der kleine Herr Friedemann, 56–57, 63–64, 96–97, 98, 210n146, 224n126; Der Wille zum Glück, 5; Doctor Faustus, 9, 40, 54, 55–56, 103–4, 114, 117, 132, 140, 177, 194n6, 199n43, 210n145, 213n169, 215n202, 215n203, 215n204, 226n154, 229n173, 230n177, 232n204, 234n21, 235n25, 235n26, 235n27, 236n46, 244n119; Felix Krull, 2, 193n3, 196n27, 196n30, 243n113, 245n133; Fiorenza, 1; Gesang vom Kindchen, 194n5; Joseph and His Brothers, 92, 97–98, 100–101, 113, 114, 194n6, 204n89, 206n103, 223–4n116, 225n130, 225n137, 229n170, 243n113; Lotte in Weimar, 84, 85, 90, 92, 116, 121, 197n33, 213n169, 217n26, 222n85, 229n173; Magic Mountain, 9, 58, 114, 117, 194n6, 210n145, 232n2; Royal Highness, 1, 3, 4, 67, 86–87, 115, 193n1, 194n6, 195n16, 204n93, 220n55 232n213; Schwere Stunde, 5, 197n33; Tonio Kröger, 1, 2, 5, 6, 63–64, 65, 100, 187, 195n16, 196n27, 196n30; Wälsungenblut, 203n76; annotations of philosophical texts, 29, 33, 47; as philosopher, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 24, 47–48, 51, 52, 60, 179–91, 202n67, 210n140, 214n186, 246n141; daily routine of, 37, 40, 41, 213n168; diaries of, 40, 59, 63, 73, 84, 87, 88, 90, 92, 115, 118, 119, 194n5, 197n35, 212n164, 219n40, 222n96, 222n100, 226n154, 229n174; marriage of, 1, 87–88, 114, 115, 211n149, 213n164, 220n55, 222n89, 222n100, 223n102, 223n115, 223–4n116, 224n123, 229n174, 230n179; medical knowledge, 128–29, 233n11; pessimism and, 37, 115, 122; philosophical allusions in Death in Venice, 7, 11, 18, 19, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35–36, 37, 47, 48, 51, 60, 66, 67, 71, 73, 74, 103, 130, 171, 207n114, 207n115, 214n183, 216n11; presentations of death, 54–59; projected works, 2, 3, 4, 41, 211n158, 217n26, 220n44; reactions to Mahler, 134, 139, 158, 241n89; relations to his children, 116–21, 123, 194n5, 230n191, 231n197, 231–2n204; sexual orientation of, 63, 67, 73, 84, 87–93, 94, 115, 116, 219n41, 219n42, 219–20n43, 220n44, 222n96, 222n100, 223n102, 223n103, 223n106, 223n109; style, development of, 1, 7, 129, 194n6; visit to Venice, 1, 2, 3, 125, 134, 139. See also Aschenbach, Gustav von; coda to Death in Venice; discipline; “higher” beauty; “Greek idyll”; Kröger, Tonio; “obituary” chapter; Tadzio
Mellers, Wilfrid, 239n76
Mendelson, Edward, 226n150
Mengelberg, Willem, 147, 239n71, 239n77
Menuhin, Yalta, 231n197
Mercier, Pascal, 200n58
Mill, John Stuart, 18, 202n66, 217n12, 229n172, 244n121, 246n139, 246n141
Milton, John, 136, 200n58, 235n36
Mindernickel, Tobias, 5
Mitchell, Donald, 233n16, 234n24, 236n38, 236n48, 237n51, 237n55, 237n56, 237n57, 238n63, 238n64, 238n65, 238n69, 239n70, 239n71, 239n72, 239n75, 239n78
Moes, Wladyslaw, 216n215
Morte a Venezia, 28, 129–35, 171, 238n69. See also Visconti, Luchino
Murdoch, Iris, 200n58
music, as highest art, 6, 34; as medium for philosophy, 19–21, 156, 169, 179–87, 245n127
Musil, Robert, 12
Mut-em-enet, 97–98, 100, 101, 107, 113, 114, 122, 225n130
Nagel, Thomas, 170, 242n98, 242n99
Nanay, Bence, 200n54, 225n144, 235n25
narrative voices, 27, 100, 205–6n103; in Death in Venice, 27, 39, 52, 56, 59, 60, 62, 65, 102, 206n103, 215n205
Nazism, 114, 118; Thomas Mann’s resistance to, 114, 207n114, 212n164, 215n204, 222n96, 229n177
Nehamas, Alexander, 194n7, 210n142
Neuhouser, Frederick, 224n1
19
Neurath, Otto, 201n63
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 18, 19, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 35, 56, 62, 74, 132, 156, 167, 171, 177, 189, 194n5, 197n35, 199n43, 208n128, 208n129, 211n150, 235n27, 242n99, 246n139, 246n141; ascetic ideal, 47, 50, 51, 60, 215n197; Birth of Tragedy, 26–29, 64, 114, 122, 198n42, 199n43, 199n45, 206n104, 206n107, 206n108, 206n109, 207n110, 207n111, 207n112, 210n141, 240n85; Genealogy of Morality, 36, 37, 121, 199n44, 215n197; Schopenhauer as Educator, 66, 67, 82, 210n140, 217n19, 217n26, 224n117; on the worth of human lives, 18, 19, 21, 25, 32, 36–37, 52, 60, 185
Nikkels, Eveline, 240n85
Nobel Prize for Literature, 37, 114, 229n173
“obituary” chapter, 39–40, 41, 53, 56, 69, 135, 212n163, 215n205
Palmer, Colin, 227n163
panpsychism, 170, 184, 245n129. See also Fechner, Gustav Theodor
Peacocke, Christopher, 244n124, 245n127
pessimism, 18, 19, 21, 34–35, 37, 78, 136, 242n99. See also Schopenhauer, Arthur
philosophy: and argument, 12, 13–14, 15–16, 23–24, 190–91; character of, 12, 13, 14, 25, 36–37, 149, 245n127; oldest qestion of, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 30, 35, 47, 64, 114, 141, 146, 170, 177, 179, 185–89, 190–91, 242n99. See also saying and showing
Piepsam, Lobgott, 5
Piper, Myfanwy, 103, 105, 130, 227n157, 228n167, 228n168
Platen, August von, 75–82, 83, 87, 90, 220n53, 220n55, 221n73, 223n111; Mann’s reaction to, 75–76, 80, 82, 92, 194n5, 221n68, 227n157
Plato, 15, 25, 30, 31–33, 50, 51, 64, 65, 69, 70, 92, 100, 112, 189, 208n129, 211n147, 216n11, 217n12, 242n101; Meno, 70; Phaedrus, 32, 45, 70, 71, 76, 80, 94, 197n34, 214n183, 218n28; Republic, 31–32, 66, 208n124; Symposium, 63, 70, 72, 76, 94 197n34
Plutarch, 71; Dialogue on Love, 71, 76, 77, 216n11, 219n36, 220n53
Potiphar, 97–98, 100, 102, 113
Proust, Marcel, 13
Rachel, death of, 92. See also Mann, Thomas, Joseph and His Brothers
Rawls, John, 239n73, 245n130
Reich-Ranicki, Marcel, 219n41, 223n115, 224n123, 230n192
Reed, Philip, 226n147, 233n16
Reed, T. J., 198n42, 199nn48–49, 205nn97–99, 205n102, 211n147, 211n151, 212n161, 212n163, 213n170, 216n11, 226n148, 233n7
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