discovery of, 22–23
flyby proposals, 253
geology of, 27
Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer, 322–323
orbit of, 25
Garver, Lori Beth
as AstroMom, 295–298
early career, 292–295
early life, 287–292
at NASA, 298–305, 330
Gavin, Tom
background, 236–247
Europa Habitability Mission and, 352–353
JPL building design by, 263–265
Jupiter Europa Orbiter and, 247–250
NASA Procedural Requirements 7120.5 revision by, 314–315
Opportunity rover and, 128
personal qualities, 345–346, 350–351
retirement of, 346–347
Space Launch System and, 314, 315–316
Geveden, Rex, 152
Gilbert, Paul, 150
Glenn, John, 290, 298, 438n370
Goldin, Dan, 71–72, 75–76, 80–81, 291–294
Goldstein, Barry, 346–349, 353–354, 360–361, 380
Gore, Al, 294
Gravity Probe B, 144, 197, 198, 275
Greeley, Cindy, 171–173, 176–179, 180, 318–320
Greeley, Ron
background, 170–179
on Clipper mission proposal, 325
death of, 318–319
on Europa’s demise, 317–318
on God, 376
JIMO and, 107
Jupiter Europa Orbiter and, 285
legacy of, 319–320, 325, 378–379
management style of, 179–182
as mentor, 7–8, 9, 10–11
Green, Jim
on Clipper mission proposal, 332
on Europa funding, 329, 330, 331
at Europa NASA briefing, 359
on Europa SIP presentation, 363–364
as Europa SIP presenter, 367–370
on Europa’s water vapor plumes, 342–343
personal qualities, 185, 270–271, 275
on Quad Studies, 91–92, 95, 101
on water vapor plumes, 338
Greenberg, Rick, 399n23
Griffin, Mike, 112, 149–153, 192–196, 397n19
Grunsfeld, John, 338, 359, 363–367, 369
Heacock, Ray, 244
Head, Jim, 10, 11, 43–45, 46, 178–179, 389
Heinlein, Robert, 59, 237–239
heliocentrism, 22–23, 402n33
Holaday, Stephanie, 318
Hoppa, Greg, 168
Hubbard, Scott, 73, 81
Hubble Space Telescope
Europa’s vapor plume images by, 338
funding and project costs, 15, 54, 398n20
Weiler and, 77–80, 82, 84
Huntress, Wes, 73, 80, 161–162
Huygens probe, 93, 203, 211–215
Instrument Concepts for Europa Exploration (ICEE), 334
International Space Station, 141, 143
Introduction to Planetary Geomorphology (Greeley), 319–320
Io
discovery of, 22–23
geology of, 23, 25, 26, 339
orbit of, 25
proposed flybys, 253, 257, 278
James Webb Space Telescope, 82, 84, 134, 304, 329–330
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). See also specific missions and spacecrafts
APL partnership, 203–205, 346
background, 12–13
campus of, 11–12, 124, 199–200, 263–265
Culberson’s support for, 124, 127–132
Design Principles of, 246–247
Flight Projects building at, 263–265
funding for, 60–61, 410n103
lobbying arm of, 99
missions-in-the-making overview, 129–131
missions overview, 128–129
on project leadership requirements, 228–229
recruitment by, 3, 11–12, 15–16, 30–32, 239–240
JIMO. See Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
Johnson, Fisk, 292
Johnson, Torrence, 10
Johnson administration, 175
JPL. See Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Juno spacecraft, 353–354
Jupiter
bombardment of, 45
discovery of, 22–23
formation of, 20–21
magnetic field of, 50–52
missions to. See Galileo (spacecraft); Jupiter Europa Orbiter; Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter; Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer; Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter; Jupiter Icy Moons Tour; Pioneer program; Voyager program
moons, 23–24. See also Callisto; Europa; Ganymede; Io
Jupiter (Bagenal), 11, 35, 98
Jupiter Europa Orbiter
Decadal Survey and, 253–256, 258–262
Europa Clipper comparison, 332–333
post-Decadal Survey, 265–281, 284–286. See also Europa Habitability Mission
project management, 217, 229, 234–236, 247–250
Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter, 253, 254–256
Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE), 322–323
Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO)
background, 2–3, 12–14, 86–92
Culberson’s support for, 130–132
deferment of, 110–112
funding and project costs, 15–16, 397n19
importance of, 111, 129–131, 155–156
project management, 107, 163–165, 422n216
Jupiter Icy Moons Tour, 422n216
Kant, Immanuel, 372, 373
Kattenhorn, Simon, 385–387
Katy road expansion (Texas), 117–124, 205–206
Kennedy, John F., 116, 126–127, 239
Kennedy administration, 173, 175, 239
Kent, Stan, 55, 59–60
Kepler space observatory, 191–192
Khurana, Krishan, 51, 169, 181, 323, 393n1
Kivelson, Margaret, 50–51, 393–394n2
Kroft, Steve, 160–161
Kubrick, Stanley, 27–28, 371, 382–383
Kurth, Bill, 277
Lee, Gentry, 128
life, on other worlds, 26, 27–28, 87–88, 130–131, 292–298, 371–376
Lightfoot, Robert, 307–308
Lock, Rob, 249–250, 382
Logsdon, John, 290–291
Lorenz, Ralph, 93, 215–217
Lunine, Jonathan, 207–213, 215, 217–223, 224, 231, 232
Magner, Tom, 204, 346
Mahan, Susan, 103–106. See also Niebur, Susan
Mariner program, 55, 131, 240–242, 433–434n324
Mars
formation of, 20
life “discovery” on, 292–298
life potential on, 87, 375
mission challenges, 433–434n324
mission funding, 192–193
missions to, 5, 31–33, 63–67, 71–75, 81–82, 124–129, 131, 197–198, 245, 410n108. See also Mariner program; Mars Sample Return Mission; Mars Science Laboratory; Phoenix lander; Viking program
panel on, 85–86, 97, 99
prioritization of, 154–155, 259–260, 267–270, 272–273, 300–301, 441n389
science fiction and, 55–56
Weiler on, 275
Mars Climate Orbiter, 74
Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group, 97, 99
Marshall Space Center, 138–139, 146–152, 306–308, 316
Mars Observer (Geoscience/Climatology Orbiter) program, 63–67, 71–72, 410n108
Mars Odyssey, 82
Mars Polar Lander program, 74–75, 245
The Mars Project (von Braun), 55–56
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, 82
Mars Sample Return Mission, 259–260, 270, 272–273
Mars Science Laboratory design, 83
funding and project costs, 134–135, 153–154, 190, 192–193, 299–301, 327
project management, 192–193, 247, 299, 299–301, 330
Mars Scouts program, 81
Marsy, Gaspard, 94, 414n146, 416n146
May, Todd
background, 133–134, 136–139, 141
–151
on Constellation cancellation, 307
management style of, 144–153, 305–308
NASA Procedural Requirements 7120.5 revision by, 314–315
Space Launch System and, 307–308, 314, 315–316
on Weiler, 196–198, 275
work ethic of, 188–190
McEwan, Alfred, 278
McGrath, Melissa, 277
McKay, David, 293
McKinnon, Bill, 169
Mercury, 34–37
MESSENGER mission, 10–11, 34–37
metaphysics, 372–373
Mikulski, Barbara, 204, 330
Milky Way, formation of, 17–21, 399n27, 401n29
Minuteman 1 intercontinental ballistic missile program, 240–241
Missile Defense Agency, 71
monolith, 382–383, 384–385
moon (Earth’s) mission and landing, 30, 44–45, 175–178, 239, 403n43
Moore, Jeff, 277
Mueller, P., 401–402n32
Mutually Assured Destruction, 68, 240–241, 411n111
Naderi, Firouz, 360–361
NASA. See also Jet Propulsion Laboratory; specific spacecrafts
headquarters, 355–363
NASA Authorization Act (2010), 304
NASA Procedural Requirements 7120.5 revision, 314–315
press conferences, 340–341
National Research Council of the National Academies, 84–86
National Space Institute, 290–291
National Space Society, 290–291
Nelson, Bill, 301, 419n182
Neptune, 20, 21, 108
New Frontiers program, 146, 147, 151–152, 257
New Horizons (spacecraft)
Decadal Survey endorsement of, 169
destination of, 108
power supply for, 13, 193–195
project management, 93, 136, 147–153, 193–195, 275, 278
Niebur, Curt
on “announcement of opportunity,” 255–256
background, 102–106
on Clipper, 325
on Decadal Survey, 268–271, 274–275, 279
dedication to Europa, 85–88
on Europa funding, 329, 330–331, 334, 361–363
Europa Multiple Flyby Mission and, 377, 379, 380
on Europa’s water vapor plumes, 337–338, 340–341
funding concerns of, 95–98, 101–102
JIMO and, 107–108
management style of, 277–278, 323–324
marriage of, 103–107, 183–185, 226–228, 334–336
NASA briefing on Europa and, 359, 361
Outer Planets Assessment Group and, 98–100
Quad Studies and, 88–92, 101–102, 109, 155–156, 181, 183, 185–187
on SIP presentation, 363–366, 369, 370
at SIP telecon, 366–370
Niebur, Susan, 103–107, 183–185, 226–228, 334–336
Nixon administration, 57, 97–98, 242
’N Sync, 296
nuclear launches, 159–162, 193–194, 364
Obama administration, 269, 272, 298–301, 303–304, 329–330
O’Keefe, Sean, 12–13, 15, 107, 300
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (Copernicus), 22
Opportunity rover, 82, 124–126
Orion (space capsule), 300–301, 303
Outer Planets Assessment Group, 99–100, 181, 207, 324
Outer Planets Research Program, 95–100, 181, 206
Pacific Ocean, 389–390
Pappalardo, Robert “Bob”
background, 1–3
on Clipper design, 354
on Decadal Survey, 261–262, 265–268, 270–273
early career, 6–7, 8–12, 376–377
education, 3–5, 7–8
on Europa exploration demise, 317–318
Europa Explorer and, 169–170, 180–181, 186–187
Europa Multiple Flyby Mission and, 376–385, 387–388
on Europa Science Advisory Group, 333
on funding, 185–186
Galileo project and, 9–11, 46
honoring Greeley, 319–320
housing choices, 403–404n44
JIMO and, 107, 164–165
JPL’s job offer to, 3, 11–12, 15–17, 30–32
Jupiter’s moons expertise of, 11, 166–169
leadership qualities of, 228–231, 347
management style of, 277, 278–279, 285–286
NASA Europa briefing, 355–363
on Quad Studies selection process, 226
sabbatical of, 320–323
on solar panels, 354
Pasadena, 12, 395–396nn14–15
Patel, Keyur, 235–236, 346, 432n314
Pathfinder program, 73–74
Petrie, George, 144–146
Phillips, Cynthia, 166–167
Phoenix lander, 82, 197–198
Pioneer program, 66, 107–109
Planetary Observer program, 61–67
planets, formation of, 20–21
plate tectonics, 165–169, 385–387, 389–390
Pluto. See New Horizons
Pluto and Charon (Stern), 169
plutonium, 159–162, 364
private funding
commercial space travel, 295–298, 302, 304
of Planetary Observer program, 64
of Viking program, 55, 59–60
Prockter, Louise
background, 37–43, 44, 52, 388–389
on Clark’s departure, 250
on Decadal Survey, 260–262
Europa Explorer and, 181
Europa Multiple Flyby Mission and, 378, 387–389
on Europa Science Advisory Group, 333
as Europa science definition team leader, 323–324, 325
on Europa’s geology, 385–387
on Europa Tiger Team, 277
as expert on Jupiter’s moons, 166–168
on flagship mission to Ganymede, 92, 109
on funding, 185–186
Galileo project and, 34–37, 45–46
JIMO and, 107
MESSENGER mission and, 10–11, 34–35
Project Prometheus, 12–15, 107, 110–112, 129–132, 163–164
Project Voyager. See Voyager program
Public Law 113-6, 326–327
Quad Studies. See also Europa Explorer; Europa Jupiter System Mission; Titan/x1 / x0Saturn System Mission
final reports, 186–187
final selection process, 224–226, 231–233
flagship mission competitors, 88–95, 109
funding for winner of, 101–102, 183–185, 190–191, 201–202
revision of competition, 185–186, 191, 201–205, 224–226, 231–233
radioactive power sources, 159–162, 164–165
Ranger spacecrafts, 131
Reagan administration
funding during, 53–54, 59–61, 64
Garver on, 289, 290
Space Station Freedom and, 140
Strategic Defense Initiative and, 67–68
religion, 131, 373–375, 376, 401–402n32
Retherford, Kurt, 337–338, 339–340, 341
Ride, Sally, 289, 291, 302
Rios, Emiliano “Emi,” 382–383
Roman, Nancy, 78–79
Ronald Greeley Center for Planetary Studies, 319
Roth, Lorenz, 339–340, 341
Russia, 141–143, 295–298. See also Cold War
Sagan, Carl
Bagenal and, 100
Greeley and, 178–179
Lunine and, 218–221, 223–224
Pappalardo and, 4–6, 11
on Titan, 223
Salute, Joan
background, 344–346
on Europa budget, 361, 363–366
Europa Multiple Flyby Mission and, 377–385
NASA briefing preparation by, 359
at SIP telecon, 366–370
The Sand Reckoner (Archimedes), 402n33
Saturn. See also Cassini orbite
r; Enceladus; Titan
formation of, 20, 21
Pioneer 11 and, 108
as priority target, 208–210
Saturn V, 311, 312
Saur, Joachim, 339–340, 341
Schultz, Peter H., 42
Schurr, David, 361–363, 370
Scolese, Chris, 366
Senske, Dave
Europa Multiple Flyby Mission and, 378, 388
on Europa Tiger Team, 277
Ganymede mission and, 52, 92, 109, 185–187, 261–262
on JIMO, 107
Shipley, Bill, 239–240, 242
Shoemaker-Levy 9, 45
Simon-Miller, Amy, 95
Singer, Jody, 308
Smith, Dave, 279
Smith, David, 278
solar panels, 192, 348, 353–354
solar system, formation of, 20–21
Solar System Exploration Survey, 84–86
Soviet Union, 141–143, 411n111, 438n370. See also Cold War
Space Agency International Solar Polar Mission, 54
Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX), 302
Space Launch System (SLS)
budget for, 313
May and, 307–308
planning phase, 308–311
rocket designs, 311–314, 315–316, 342–343
SIP presentation on, 369
space mining, 69–70
space shuttle program
applications of, 47, 57, 63–64
Atlantis launch, 144
Challenger, 47, 66, 205, 289
design of, 309–312, 313–314
end of, 82, 304–305
funding for, 53–54, 140
purpose of, 80
Space Station Freedom, 138–144, 440n389
Space Transportation System (STS). See space shuttle program
SpaceX (Space Exploration Technologies Corporation), 302
Spear, Tony, 246
Spencer, John, 95
Spirit rover, 82
Spitzer, Lyman, 77, 78–79
Squyres, Steve, 253, 257, 260, 265–266
Stern, Alan
as Europa Tiger Team member, 278
management style of, 134–136, 148–149, 152–154, 188–193
on New Horizon Launch, 195–197
Pluto and Charon, 169
on Quad Studies, 183, 187, 202
Stirling radioisotope generator, 347–348
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 67–71, 72–73, 134, 411n109
strategic implementation planning (SIP), 363–370
Sustermans, Giusto, 21
Tereshkova, Valentina, 438n370
Thermoelectric Outer Planets Spacecraft (TOPS), 241–243
Titan
data on, 211–215, 230–231
Europa flyby data potential on, 368–369
funding for missions to, 202
mission proposals, 215–217, 215–224
missions to, 88, 90–93, 187, 191, 202
as priority target, 209–211
Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM), 204–205, 224–226, 230–233
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