The Mission

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The Mission Page 47

by David W. Brown

discovery of, 22–23

  flyby proposals, 253

  geology of, 27

  Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer, 322–323

  orbit of, 25

  Garver, Lori Beth

  as AstroMom, 295–298

  early career, 292–295

  early life, 287–292

  at NASA, 298–305, 330

  Gavin, Tom

  background, 236–247

  Europa Habitability Mission and, 352–353

  JPL building design by, 263–265

  Jupiter Europa Orbiter and, 247–250

  NASA Procedural Requirements 7120.5 revision by, 314–315

  Opportunity rover and, 128

  personal qualities, 345–346, 350–351

  retirement of, 346–347

  Space Launch System and, 314, 315–316

  Geveden, Rex, 152

  Gilbert, Paul, 150

  Glenn, John, 290, 298, 438n370

  Goldin, Dan, 71–72, 75–76, 80–81, 291–294

  Goldstein, Barry, 346–349, 353–354, 360–361, 380

  Gore, Al, 294

  Gravity Probe B, 144, 197, 198, 275

  Greeley, Cindy, 171–173, 176–179, 180, 318–320

  Greeley, Ron

  background, 170–179

  on Clipper mission proposal, 325

  death of, 318–319

  on Europa’s demise, 317–318

  on God, 376

  JIMO and, 107

  Jupiter Europa Orbiter and, 285

  legacy of, 319–320, 325, 378–379

  management style of, 179–182

  as mentor, 7–8, 9, 10–11

  Green, Jim

  on Clipper mission proposal, 332

  on Europa funding, 329, 330, 331

  at Europa NASA briefing, 359

  on Europa SIP presentation, 363–364

  as Europa SIP presenter, 367–370

  on Europa’s water vapor plumes, 342–343

  personal qualities, 185, 270–271, 275

  on Quad Studies, 91–92, 95, 101

  on water vapor plumes, 338

  Greenberg, Rick, 399n23

  Griffin, Mike, 112, 149–153, 192–196, 397n19

  Grunsfeld, John, 338, 359, 363–367, 369

  Heacock, Ray, 244

  Head, Jim, 10, 11, 43–45, 46, 178–179, 389

  Heinlein, Robert, 59, 237–239

  heliocentrism, 22–23, 402n33

  Holaday, Stephanie, 318

  Hoppa, Greg, 168

  Hubbard, Scott, 73, 81

  Hubble Space Telescope

  Europa’s vapor plume images by, 338

  funding and project costs, 15, 54, 398n20

  Weiler and, 77–80, 82, 84

  Huntress, Wes, 73, 80, 161–162

  Huygens probe, 93, 203, 211–215

  Instrument Concepts for Europa Exploration (ICEE), 334

  International Space Station, 141, 143

  Introduction to Planetary Geomorphology (Greeley), 319–320

  Io

  discovery of, 22–23

  geology of, 23, 25, 26, 339

  orbit of, 25

  proposed flybys, 253, 257, 278

  James Webb Space Telescope, 82, 84, 134, 304, 329–330

  Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). See also specific missions and spacecrafts

  APL partnership, 203–205, 346

  background, 12–13

  campus of, 11–12, 124, 199–200, 263–265

  Culberson’s support for, 124, 127–132

  Design Principles of, 246–247

  Flight Projects building at, 263–265

  funding for, 60–61, 410n103

  lobbying arm of, 99

  missions-in-the-making overview, 129–131

  missions overview, 128–129

  on project leadership requirements, 228–229

  recruitment by, 3, 11–12, 15–16, 30–32, 239–240

  JIMO. See Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter

  Johnson, Fisk, 292

  Johnson, Torrence, 10

  Johnson administration, 175

  JPL. See Jet Propulsion Laboratory

  Juno spacecraft, 353–354

  Jupiter

  bombardment of, 45

  discovery of, 22–23

  formation of, 20–21

  magnetic field of, 50–52

  missions to. See Galileo (spacecraft); Jupiter Europa Orbiter; Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter; Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer; Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter; Jupiter Icy Moons Tour; Pioneer program; Voyager program

  moons, 23–24. See also Callisto; Europa; Ganymede; Io

  Jupiter (Bagenal), 11, 35, 98

  Jupiter Europa Orbiter

  Decadal Survey and, 253–256, 258–262

  Europa Clipper comparison, 332–333

  post-Decadal Survey, 265–281, 284–286. See also Europa Habitability Mission

  project management, 217, 229, 234–236, 247–250

  Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter, 253, 254–256

  Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE), 322–323

  Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO)

  background, 2–3, 12–14, 86–92

  Culberson’s support for, 130–132

  deferment of, 110–112

  funding and project costs, 15–16, 397n19

  importance of, 111, 129–131, 155–156

  project management, 107, 163–165, 422n216

  Jupiter Icy Moons Tour, 422n216

  Kant, Immanuel, 372, 373

  Kattenhorn, Simon, 385–387

  Katy road expansion (Texas), 117–124, 205–206

  Kennedy, John F., 116, 126–127, 239

  Kennedy administration, 173, 175, 239

  Kent, Stan, 55, 59–60

  Kepler space observatory, 191–192

  Khurana, Krishan, 51, 169, 181, 323, 393n1

  Kivelson, Margaret, 50–51, 393–394n2

  Kroft, Steve, 160–161

  Kubrick, Stanley, 27–28, 371, 382–383

  Kurth, Bill, 277

  Lee, Gentry, 128

  life, on other worlds, 26, 27–28, 87–88, 130–131, 292–298, 371–376

  Lightfoot, Robert, 307–308

  Lock, Rob, 249–250, 382

  Logsdon, John, 290–291

  Lorenz, Ralph, 93, 215–217

  Lunine, Jonathan, 207–213, 215, 217–223, 224, 231, 232

  Magner, Tom, 204, 346

  Mahan, Susan, 103–106. See also Niebur, Susan

  Mariner program, 55, 131, 240–242, 433–434n324

  Mars

  formation of, 20

  life “discovery” on, 292–298

  life potential on, 87, 375

  mission challenges, 433–434n324

  mission funding, 192–193

  missions to, 5, 31–33, 63–67, 71–75, 81–82, 124–129, 131, 197–198, 245, 410n108. See also Mariner program; Mars Sample Return Mission; Mars Science Laboratory; Phoenix lander; Viking program

  panel on, 85–86, 97, 99

  prioritization of, 154–155, 259–260, 267–270, 272–273, 300–301, 441n389

  science fiction and, 55–56

  Weiler on, 275

  Mars Climate Orbiter, 74

  Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group, 97, 99

  Marshall Space Center, 138–139, 146–152, 306–308, 316

  Mars Observer (Geoscience/Climatology Orbiter) program, 63–67, 71–72, 410n108

  Mars Odyssey, 82

  Mars Polar Lander program, 74–75, 245

  The Mars Project (von Braun), 55–56

  Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, 82

  Mars Sample Return Mission, 259–260, 270, 272–273

  Mars Science Laboratory design, 83

  funding and project costs, 134–135, 153–154, 190, 192–193, 299–301, 327

  project management, 192–193, 247, 299, 299–301, 330

  Mars Scouts program, 81

  Marsy, Gaspard, 94, 414n146, 416n146

  May, Todd

  background, 133–134, 136–139, 141
–151

  on Constellation cancellation, 307

  management style of, 144–153, 305–308

  NASA Procedural Requirements 7120.5 revision by, 314–315

  Space Launch System and, 307–308, 314, 315–316

  on Weiler, 196–198, 275

  work ethic of, 188–190

  McEwan, Alfred, 278

  McGrath, Melissa, 277

  McKay, David, 293

  McKinnon, Bill, 169

  Mercury, 34–37

  MESSENGER mission, 10–11, 34–37

  metaphysics, 372–373

  Mikulski, Barbara, 204, 330

  Milky Way, formation of, 17–21, 399n27, 401n29

  Minuteman 1 intercontinental ballistic missile program, 240–241

  Missile Defense Agency, 71

  monolith, 382–383, 384–385

  moon (Earth’s) mission and landing, 30, 44–45, 175–178, 239, 403n43

  Moore, Jeff, 277

  Mueller, P., 401–402n32

  Mutually Assured Destruction, 68, 240–241, 411n111

  Naderi, Firouz, 360–361

  NASA. See also Jet Propulsion Laboratory; specific spacecrafts

  headquarters, 355–363

  NASA Authorization Act (2010), 304

  NASA Procedural Requirements 7120.5 revision, 314–315

  press conferences, 340–341

  National Research Council of the National Academies, 84–86

  National Space Institute, 290–291

  National Space Society, 290–291

  Nelson, Bill, 301, 419n182

  Neptune, 20, 21, 108

  New Frontiers program, 146, 147, 151–152, 257

  New Horizons (spacecraft)

  Decadal Survey endorsement of, 169

  destination of, 108

  power supply for, 13, 193–195

  project management, 93, 136, 147–153, 193–195, 275, 278

  Niebur, Curt

  on “announcement of opportunity,” 255–256

  background, 102–106

  on Clipper, 325

  on Decadal Survey, 268–271, 274–275, 279

  dedication to Europa, 85–88

  on Europa funding, 329, 330–331, 334, 361–363

  Europa Multiple Flyby Mission and, 377, 379, 380

  on Europa’s water vapor plumes, 337–338, 340–341

  funding concerns of, 95–98, 101–102

  JIMO and, 107–108

  management style of, 277–278, 323–324

  marriage of, 103–107, 183–185, 226–228, 334–336

  NASA briefing on Europa and, 359, 361

  Outer Planets Assessment Group and, 98–100

  Quad Studies and, 88–92, 101–102, 109, 155–156, 181, 183, 185–187

  on SIP presentation, 363–366, 369, 370

  at SIP telecon, 366–370

  Niebur, Susan, 103–107, 183–185, 226–228, 334–336

  Nixon administration, 57, 97–98, 242

  ’N Sync, 296

  nuclear launches, 159–162, 193–194, 364

  Obama administration, 269, 272, 298–301, 303–304, 329–330

  O’Keefe, Sean, 12–13, 15, 107, 300

  On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (Copernicus), 22

  Opportunity rover, 82, 124–126

  Orion (space capsule), 300–301, 303

  Outer Planets Assessment Group, 99–100, 181, 207, 324

  Outer Planets Research Program, 95–100, 181, 206

  Pacific Ocean, 389–390

  Pappalardo, Robert “Bob”

  background, 1–3

  on Clipper design, 354

  on Decadal Survey, 261–262, 265–268, 270–273

  early career, 6–7, 8–12, 376–377

  education, 3–5, 7–8

  on Europa exploration demise, 317–318

  Europa Explorer and, 169–170, 180–181, 186–187

  Europa Multiple Flyby Mission and, 376–385, 387–388

  on Europa Science Advisory Group, 333

  on funding, 185–186

  Galileo project and, 9–11, 46

  honoring Greeley, 319–320

  housing choices, 403–404n44

  JIMO and, 107, 164–165

  JPL’s job offer to, 3, 11–12, 15–17, 30–32

  Jupiter’s moons expertise of, 11, 166–169

  leadership qualities of, 228–231, 347

  management style of, 277, 278–279, 285–286

  NASA Europa briefing, 355–363

  on Quad Studies selection process, 226

  sabbatical of, 320–323

  on solar panels, 354

  Pasadena, 12, 395–396nn14–15

  Patel, Keyur, 235–236, 346, 432n314

  Pathfinder program, 73–74

  Petrie, George, 144–146

  Phillips, Cynthia, 166–167

  Phoenix lander, 82, 197–198

  Pioneer program, 66, 107–109

  Planetary Observer program, 61–67

  planets, formation of, 20–21

  plate tectonics, 165–169, 385–387, 389–390

  Pluto. See New Horizons

  Pluto and Charon (Stern), 169

  plutonium, 159–162, 364

  private funding

  commercial space travel, 295–298, 302, 304

  of Planetary Observer program, 64

  of Viking program, 55, 59–60

  Prockter, Louise

  background, 37–43, 44, 52, 388–389

  on Clark’s departure, 250

  on Decadal Survey, 260–262

  Europa Explorer and, 181

  Europa Multiple Flyby Mission and, 378, 387–389

  on Europa Science Advisory Group, 333

  as Europa science definition team leader, 323–324, 325

  on Europa’s geology, 385–387

  on Europa Tiger Team, 277

  as expert on Jupiter’s moons, 166–168

  on flagship mission to Ganymede, 92, 109

  on funding, 185–186

  Galileo project and, 34–37, 45–46

  JIMO and, 107

  MESSENGER mission and, 10–11, 34–35

  Project Prometheus, 12–15, 107, 110–112, 129–132, 163–164

  Project Voyager. See Voyager program

  Public Law 113-6, 326–327

  Quad Studies. See also Europa Explorer; Europa Jupiter System Mission; Titan/x1 / x0Saturn System Mission

  final reports, 186–187

  final selection process, 224–226, 231–233

  flagship mission competitors, 88–95, 109

  funding for winner of, 101–102, 183–185, 190–191, 201–202

  revision of competition, 185–186, 191, 201–205, 224–226, 231–233

  radioactive power sources, 159–162, 164–165

  Ranger spacecrafts, 131

  Reagan administration

  funding during, 53–54, 59–61, 64

  Garver on, 289, 290

  Space Station Freedom and, 140

  Strategic Defense Initiative and, 67–68

  religion, 131, 373–375, 376, 401–402n32

  Retherford, Kurt, 337–338, 339–340, 341

  Ride, Sally, 289, 291, 302

  Rios, Emiliano “Emi,” 382–383

  Roman, Nancy, 78–79

  Ronald Greeley Center for Planetary Studies, 319

  Roth, Lorenz, 339–340, 341

  Russia, 141–143, 295–298. See also Cold War

  Sagan, Carl

  Bagenal and, 100

  Greeley and, 178–179

  Lunine and, 218–221, 223–224

  Pappalardo and, 4–6, 11

  on Titan, 223

  Salute, Joan

  background, 344–346

  on Europa budget, 361, 363–366

  Europa Multiple Flyby Mission and, 377–385

  NASA briefing preparation by, 359

  at SIP telecon, 366–370

  The Sand Reckoner (Archimedes), 402n33

  Saturn. See also Cassini orbite
r; Enceladus; Titan

  formation of, 20, 21

  Pioneer 11 and, 108

  as priority target, 208–210

  Saturn V, 311, 312

  Saur, Joachim, 339–340, 341

  Schultz, Peter H., 42

  Schurr, David, 361–363, 370

  Scolese, Chris, 366

  Senske, Dave

  Europa Multiple Flyby Mission and, 378, 388

  on Europa Tiger Team, 277

  Ganymede mission and, 52, 92, 109, 185–187, 261–262

  on JIMO, 107

  Shipley, Bill, 239–240, 242

  Shoemaker-Levy 9, 45

  Simon-Miller, Amy, 95

  Singer, Jody, 308

  Smith, Dave, 279

  Smith, David, 278

  solar panels, 192, 348, 353–354

  solar system, formation of, 20–21

  Solar System Exploration Survey, 84–86

  Soviet Union, 141–143, 411n111, 438n370. See also Cold War

  Space Agency International Solar Polar Mission, 54

  Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX), 302

  Space Launch System (SLS)

  budget for, 313

  May and, 307–308

  planning phase, 308–311

  rocket designs, 311–314, 315–316, 342–343

  SIP presentation on, 369

  space mining, 69–70

  space shuttle program

  applications of, 47, 57, 63–64

  Atlantis launch, 144

  Challenger, 47, 66, 205, 289

  design of, 309–312, 313–314

  end of, 82, 304–305

  funding for, 53–54, 140

  purpose of, 80

  Space Station Freedom, 138–144, 440n389

  Space Transportation System (STS). See space shuttle program

  SpaceX (Space Exploration Technologies Corporation), 302

  Spear, Tony, 246

  Spencer, John, 95

  Spirit rover, 82

  Spitzer, Lyman, 77, 78–79

  Squyres, Steve, 253, 257, 260, 265–266

  Stern, Alan

  as Europa Tiger Team member, 278

  management style of, 134–136, 148–149, 152–154, 188–193

  on New Horizon Launch, 195–197

  Pluto and Charon, 169

  on Quad Studies, 183, 187, 202

  Stirling radioisotope generator, 347–348

  Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 67–71, 72–73, 134, 411n109

  strategic implementation planning (SIP), 363–370

  Sustermans, Giusto, 21

  Tereshkova, Valentina, 438n370

  Thermoelectric Outer Planets Spacecraft (TOPS), 241–243

  Titan

  data on, 211–215, 230–231

  Europa flyby data potential on, 368–369

  funding for missions to, 202

  mission proposals, 215–217, 215–224

  missions to, 88, 90–93, 187, 191, 202

  as priority target, 209–211

  Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM), 204–205, 224–226, 230–233

 

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