brain waves and, 324
see also PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder), of combat veterans
community, mental health and, 38, 213–14, 244, 331–34, 355
Community Mental Health Act (1963), 373n
competence, sense of, 166, 341
Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry (Freedman and Kaplan), 20, 188–89
conduct disorder, 282, 392n
conflict:
as central to theater, 335
trauma survivors’ fear of, 335
consciousness, see self
Cope, Stephen, 123, 230, 263, 272
cortical networks, local, 417n
cortisol, 30, 61, 154, 162, 223
Countway Library of Medicine, 11, 24
creativity, see imagination
Cummings, Adam, 155
cummings, e. e., 122
Cymbalta, 35, 37
Dalai Lama, 79
Damasio, Antonio, 93, 94–95, 382n
dance:
in trauma recovery, 242–43, 355
see also rhythmic movement
Darwin, Charles, 74–76, 75, 77
Daubert hearings, 174–75
Decety, Jean, 222
default state network (DSN), 90
Defense Department, U.S., 156, 224, 226–27, 332
Pharmacoeconomic Center of, 224
defense mechanisms, suspension of, in intimate relationships, 84–85
Delbo, Charlotte, 195
delta waves, 320
Dementia Praecox (Bleuler), 24–25
denial, 46, 291
Denial: A Memoir (Stern), 7
depersonalization, 71–73, 71, 99–100, 132–33, 286, 386n, 401n
depression, 136, 150, 162, 225
chemistry of, 26, 29
derealization, 401n
desensitization therapies, 46–47, 73, 220, 222–23
developmental psychopathology, 2
developmental trauma disorder (DTS; proposed), 166–68
APA’s rejection of, 149, 158–59, 166
criteria for, 158, 359–62
see also childhood trauma survivors
Dewey, Kippy, 337
diagnosis, definition of, 137–38
diagnosis, psychiatric, childhood trauma as misunderstood in, 136–48
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 29, 137
arbitrariness of, 323
childhood trauma survivors ignored by, 143
DSM-III, 29, 137, 142, 156, 190
DSM-IV, 143
DSM-5, 159, 164–66, 329, 393n
reliability issues in, 164–65
social causation ignored in, 165
dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), 262, 270
Diamond, Adele, 418n
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, 157, 393n
dissociation, 66–68, 95, 179, 180–81, 194, 211, 247, 281, 294, 317–18, 401n
maternal misattunement and, 121–22, 286
neurofeedback and, 318
in sexual abuse survivors, 132–33, 162, 172, 265, 316, 329
dissociative amnesia, 190
dissociative identity disorder (DID), 277–78
Doerries, Bryan, 332
domestic violence, 1, 11, 23–24
deaths from, 348
increased incidence of, in survivors of childhood abuse, 85, 146–47
repressed memory and, 190
victims’ loyalty to abusers in, 133
victims’ submissiveness in, 218
dopamine, 29, 226
dorsal vagal complex (DVC), 82, 82, 83
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), 68–69, 376n
dreaming, 260–61, 308, 309–10, 321
drumming, 86, 208
Duffy, Frank, 328
Dunkirk evacuation, repressed memory and, 189–90
dysfunctional thinking, 246
ecstasy (MDMA), 223–24
education system:
cutting of social engagement programs in, 349
inattention to emotional brain in, 86
as resources for childhood trauma recovery, 351–56
EEGs (electroencephalograms), 309–11, 320, 321
Effexor, 225
Ekman, Paul, 74
Eli Lilly, 34–35
El Sistema, 355
EMDR, see eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
Emerson, David, 269
emotional brain, 54, 57, 62, 63, 176, 226, 265
balance between rational brain and, 64–65, 129–30, 205, 310
befriending of, 206–19, 206, 273, 274–75
education system’s inattention to, 86
inner world map encoded in, 129
medial prefrontal cortex and, 206, 206, 236, 353
physical manifestations of trauma in, 204–5
Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT), 264–65
emotional intelligence, 354
emotions:
articulation of, 232–34
calming effect of physical activity on, 88
fear of, in trauma survivors, 335
physical expression of, 74–76, 75, 78
regulation of, see self-regulation
in therapeutic theater, 335, 344–45
vagus nerve and, 76, 78, 80–82, 81
writing and, 238–42
empathy, 58–60, 111–12, 161
endocrine system, 56
endorphins, 32
epigenetics, 152
epilepsy, 310, 315
equine therapy, 150–51, 213
Erichsen, John Eric, 189
Erickson, Milton, 254
Esalen Institute, 300
Estonia, “Singing Revolution” in, 334
Eth, Spencer, 231
executive function, 62, 323
exiles (in IFS therapy), 281–82, 289–90, 291–95
exposure therapy, 194
EMDR vs., 255–56
PTSD and, 256
Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, The (Darwin), 74–76
eye contact, direct vs. averted, 102
eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), 47, 220, 225, 228, 231, 246, 248–62, 290, 308, 321
author’s training in, 251–53
clinical study of, 254–55
exposure therapy vs., 255–56
medication vs., 254, 261
origin of, 251
PTSD and, 248–49, 253–54, 260
sleep disorders and, 259–61
eyewitness testimony, unreliability of, 192
Fairbairn, Ronald, 109
false memories, 189, 190, 191–92
Father-Daughter Incest (Herman), 138
“Faulty Circuits” (Insel), 328
Feeling of What Happens, The (Damasio), 93
Feldenkrais, Moshe, 92
Felitti, Vincent, 143–47, 156
feminist movement, 189
fight/flight response, 30, 42, 45–47, 54, 57, 60–61, 64, 77, 78, 80, 82, 85, 96, 97, 209, 217, 218, 247, 265, 329, 408n
firefighters, in IFS therapy, 282, 288–89, 291–92
Fisher, Sebern, 312–14, 316–18, 325
Fish-Murray, Nina, 105–7
Fisler, Rita, 40
flashbacks, 8, 13, 16, 20, 40, 42, 44, 45, 66–67, 68, 68, 70, 72, 101, 135, 172, 173, 176, 193–94, 196–98, 219, 227
fluoxetine, see Prozac (fluoxetine)
Foa, Edna, 233
focus:
in trauma recovery, 203, 347–48, 355
trauma survivors’ difficulties with, 158, 166, 245–46, 311–12, 328
Fortunoff Video Archive, 195
Fosha, Diana, 105
foster-care youth, Possibility Project theater program for, 340–42
free writing, 238–39
freeze response (immobilization), 54, 54, 82–83, 82, 85, 95, 217, 218, 265
of Ute Lawrence, 65–66, 68, 71–72, 80, 82, 99–100, 219–20
see also numbing
Freud, Sigmund, 15, 27, 177, 181–82, 183, 184, 194, 219, 220, 231, 246–47
Frewen, Paul, 99
Friedman, Matthew, 159
frontal cortex, 314
frontal lobes, 57–58, 62, 176
ADHD and, 310, 320
empathy and, 58–60
imagination and, 58
PTSD and, 320
see also medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC)
frontal midline theta rhythm, 417n
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 39, 66
Fussell, Paul, 243–44
Galen, 77
Gazzaniga, Michael, 280–81
gene expression:
attachment and, 154–55
stress and, 152, 347
genetics:
mental illness and, 151–52
of rhesus monkeys, 153–54
Germany, treatment of shell-shock victims in, 185, 186–87
Glenhaven Academy, Van der Kolk Center at, 213, 401n
Gottman, John, 113
Grant Study of Adult Development, 175
Gray, Jeffrey, 33
Great Depression, 186
Great War in Modern Memory, The (Fussell), 243–44
Great Work of Your Life, The (Cope), 230
Greenberg, Mark, 31, 32, 33
Greenberg, Ramon, 409n
Greer, Germaine, 187
Griffin, Paul, 335, 340–42
Gross, Steve, 85
group therapy, limits of, 18
Gruzelier, John, 322
gun control, 348
Guntrip, Harry, 109
gut feelings, 96–97
Haig, Douglas, 185
Haley, Sarah, 13
Hamlin, Ed, 323
handwriting, switching in, 241–42
Harris, Bill, 155
Hartmann, Ernest, 309–10
Harvard Medical School, 40
Countway Library of Medicine at, 11, 24
Laboratory of Human Development at, 112
see also Massachusetts Mental Health Center
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 309
Head Start, 350
heart disease, 267
HeartMath, 413n
heart rate, 46, 61, 66, 72, 116
heart rate variability (HRV), 77, 266–69, 268, 271, 355, 413n
Heckman, James, 167, 347
Hedges, Chris, 31
helplessness, of trauma survivors, 131, 133–34, 211, 265, 289–90, 341
Herman, Judith, 138–41, 189, 296
hippocampus, 60, 69, 176
Hobson, Allan, 26, 259–60, 261
Holocaust, 43
Holocaust survivors, 99, 195, 223, 372n
children of, 118–19, 293–95
Holocaust Testimonies: The Ruins of Memory (Langer), 195, 372n
Hölzel, Britta, 209–10, 275
homeostasis, 56
Hopper, Jim, 266
Hosseini, Khaled, 7
human connectome, 329
humans, as social animals, 110, 166, 349
Hurt Locker, The (film), 312
Huston, John, 187, 220
hypnagogic (trance) states, 117, 187, 238, 302, 305, 326
hypnosis, 187, 220
hypothalamus, 56, 60
hysteria, 177–78, 178
Freud and Breuer on, 181–82, 194
hysterical blindness, 126
imagination:
dreams and, 261
frontal lobes as seat of, 58
loss of, 17, 350
pathological, 25
psychomotor therapy and, 305
recovery of, 205
imitation, 112
immobilization, see freeze response (immobilization)
immune system, 56
stress and, 240
of trauma survivors, 126–27, 291
impulsivity, 120, 164
incest survivors:
cognitive defects in, 162
depression in, 162
dissociation in, 132–33, 162
distorted perception of safety in, 164
father-daughter, 20, 188–89, 250, 265
high-risk behavior in, 164
hypersensitivity to threat in, 163
immune systems of, 126–27
longitudinal study of, 161–64
misguided views of, 20, 188–89
numbing in, 162–63
obesity in, 144, 162
self-harming in, 162
self-hatred in, 163
troubled sexual development in, 162, 163
trust as difficult for, 163
India, traditional medicine in, 207
inescapable shock, 29–31
infants, 83–84
arousal in, 84, 113, 121, 161
attunement of caregivers and, 111–13, 117, 118
caregivers’ bonds with, 109–11, 113, 128–29
internal locus of control in, 113
sense of self in, 113
sensory experiences of, 93–94
VVC development in, 83–84
inferior medial prefrontal cortex, 376n
Insel, Thomas, 328
Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital, 251
insula, 91, 91, 247, 274, 274, 382
integration, of traumatic memories, 181, 219–20, 222, 228, 237, 279, 308
interdependence, 340–41
intermittent explosive disorder, 151
internal family systems (IFS) therapy, 223–24, 262, 281–95, 418n
exiles in, 281–82, 289–90, 291–95
firefighters in, 282, 288–89, 291–92
managers in, 282, 286–88, 291–92, 293
mindfulness in, 283
rheumatoid arthritis and, 291–92
Self in, 224, 283–85, 288, 289, 305
unburdening in, 295
interoception, 95–96, 413n
yoga and, 272–74
see also sensory self-awareness
interpersonal neurobiology, 2, 58–60
intimacy:
suspension of defense mechanisms in, 84–85
trauma survivors’ difficulty with, 99, 143
Iraq War:
deaths in, 348
veterans of, 220, 221, 222–23, 229, 312, 332
irritability, 10
isolation, of childhood sexual abuse survivors, 131
James, William, 89–90, 93, 184, 277, 280, 296, 309
Janet, Pierre, 54, 177, 178–79, 181, 182, 184, 194, 218, 220, 312, 396n
Jouvet, Michel, 259–60
Jung, Carl, 27, 280, 296
Justice Resource Institute, 339, 401n
Kabat-Zinn, Jon, 209
Kagan, Jerome, 79, 237–38
Kaiser Permanente, 144
Kamiya, Joe, 315
Kandel, Eric, 26
Kardiner, Abram, 11, 187, 189, 371n
Katrina, Hurricane, 54
Keats, John, 248
Keegan, John, 185
Keeping Together in Time (McNeill), 333
Keller, Helen, 234–35
Kennedy, John F., 373n
Kinneburgh, Kristine, 401n
Kite Runner, The (Hosseini), 7
Klonopin, 225
Kluft, Richard, 251, 281
Koch, Robert, 164
Kradin, Richard, 126
Krantz, Anne, 243
Krystal, Henry, 99
Krystal, John, 30
Kulkosky, Paul, 326, 327
Lancet, 189
Langer, Lawrence, 195, 372n
language:
failure of, in trauma survivors, 43–44, 243–45, 352–53
limitations of, 235–37, 243–45
mental health and, 38
self-discovery and, 234–35
in trauma recovery, 230–47, 275–76
Lanius, Ruth, 66, 90, 92, 99, 102
Laub, Dori, 372n
Lawrence, T. E., 232
Lazar, Sara, 209–10, 275
learning disabilities, neurofeedback and, 325
LeDoux, Joseph, 60, 206
legal cases:
admissibility of evidence in, 174–75
involving pedophile priests, 183, 190, 191
Lejune, Camp, 270
Letters to a Young Poet (Rilke), 87
Let There Be Light (film), 187, 220
Levine, Peter, 26, 96, 217–18, 245, 408n
Lifton, Robert J., 19
limbic system, 42, 42, 56–57, 59, 60, 64
development of, 56–57
therapy for, 205–6
in trauma survivors, 59, 95, 176, 265
see also emotional brain
lithium, 27–28, 136, 225
loss, as basic human experience, 26–27
love, as basic human experience, 26–27
LSD, 223
L-tryptophan, 34
lupus erythematosus, 126
Lyons-Ruth, Karlen, 119–22
MacArthur, Douglas, 186
Macbeth (Shakespeare), 43, 230
McFarlane, Alexander, 89, 245–46, 311–12, 324–25
McGaugh, James, 176
MacLean, Paul, 64
McNeill, William H., 333
Maier, Steven, 29–30
Main, Mary, 115–17, 381n
Mamet, David, 331
managers, in IFS therapy, 282, 286–88, 291–92, 293
Mandela, Nelson, 356
map of the world, internal:
in childhood trauma survivors, 127–30
of children, 109, 127, 129
March of the Penguins (film), 96
Marlantes, Karl, 233–34
martial arts, 86, 208, 355
Massachusetts Department of Mental Health, 253
Massachusetts General Hospital, 192, 251
Neuroimaging Laboratory of, 40
Massachusetts Mental Health Center, 19–20, 22, 26, 28, 36, 142, 259–60
see also Children’s Clinic (MMHC); Trauma Clinic
massage therapy, 89, 92
Matthew, Elizabeth, 253–54
Maurice, Prince of Orange, 333–34
MDMA (ecstasy), 223–24
meaning-making, as human trait, 16–17
medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), 62, 63, 69, 91, 92, 96, 274, 274
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