by Clive James
The German writer Ernst Jünger drew a distinction between the generals whose broad view of life helped them to fight well and the generals who fought even better because they were interested in nothing else. There was something to it. The principle can be applied usefully to the top rank of British racing drivers since World War II. Jim Clark, the most conspicuously talented even at the level where supreme talent is a common property, was fully focused on driving. So was Nigel Mansell when he wasn’t playing golf with Greg Norman. Mike Hawthorn was too much of a gentleman, James Hunt too much of a wastrel: they both had too much to them. Stirling Moss would have won at least one world championship if he had not been a patriot: for a crucial part of his career he condemned himself to the wrong cars just so as to fly the flag, and when he signed for Mercedes the small print said that he had to come second to Fangio.
The principle breaks down, however, when it is applied to Jackie Stewart. Clever and complex enough to run a business empire and a whole racing team of his own, even better at the social round in Monaco than Damon’s father, Jackie Stewart was nevertheless the fully equipped, undistractedly dedicated winning animal. Later on he used the position he had gained by his abilities to transform the sport through placing a new emphasis on safety. It is largely due to him that drivers now walk away from the kind of crash that once killed several of them a season. On various occasions which they forgot instantly but which I treasure as fringe-dwellers always do, I have sat down to dine with four drivers who came back from what once would have been certain death: Niki Lauda, Gerhard Berger, John Watson, and Mika Hakkinen. Admittedly I also talked with two who died: Gilles Villeneuve and Ayrton Senna. But they both had accidents so freakish that nothing could have saved them. On the whole, anything that can be done for safety in an inherently dangerous sport has been done, and all because of Stewart. This achievement has rather taken the shine off what he was like as a driver. It should be remembered that when he was in the car the last thing he was thinking of was whether the helicopter was properly fueled up to take him to hospital. He was thinking of nothing except getting in front and staying there: an aim to which he brought such an intensity of motivation that he has ever since been unable to quell it even when a passenger in a limousine—he is a notorious back-seat driver. Any slow car would become faster when he drove it, but that was not a point he was keen to prove. He took the best machinery by right: the mark of the driver for whom coming first comes first, for whom the sport is a means to an end.
Damon wasn’t quite like that. If he had been, he would have taken his chance with McLaren after Frank Williams let him go. McLaren offered a relatively low basic salary but a bonus for each win. Though the wins would never have been a sure thing, in the McLaren he might have got them. In the Arrows he couldn’t possibly, but he listened to his financial advisers and went for the guaranteed stipend. It made financial sense—with a family to protect against the press, he could not forego his estate and its upkeep—but it didn’t make racing sense. For the true, compulsive winner, no other kind of sense comes into question. Even for Michael Schumacher, who makes more money than anybody, the money is a tool: if Ferrari had not come through for him with a winning car, he would have left them flat.
In his racing years, Alain Prost was a thinker—“the Professor” was the right nickname—but he never let ratiocination get in the way of winning. Towards the end of his career, when he dealt himself out of a race in Japan because of the heavy rain, it was a sign that he was done with it. Ayrton Senna didn’t live long enough to reach the reasonable moment. He had winning like a disease, and one of the secrets of his mastery was the realization by the other drivers that he would drive right through them if they didn’t give him room. He thought it was God’s will that he should ram his rival for the championship (it was Prost), remove both Prost and himself from the track, and so, while losing the race, win the championship on points. Schumacher behaved the same way early on, to the cost of Hill among others. Later Schumacher behaved differently, but he still felt the same way. Leaving Nuvolari and Fangio aside, Schumacher is probably the greatest driver we know about, but one of the reasons is that he has so little difficulty imitating an automaton. Even Senna was more complex. At one point Senna interrupted his colloquy with the Almighty and got off with Elle McPherson. The chances of Schumacher doing such a thing are the chances of his being the driver of the next cab you hail.
To my mind, and not just because I am Australian by birth, Jack Brabham was the most interesting of all the drivers because he won championships in a car he had designed—a car that revolutionized the sport. (If you see a list of world-beating Australian expatriates that leaves Brabham’s name out, throw it away: its compiler has no imagination.) But that made Brabham interesting as a driver. As a man, he lived in a motor-racing world. The interest of a man like Damon Hill, when he was still driving, was that he lived in a world bigger than his profession. It can be a handicap. Argentina’s Carlos Reutemann, a Williams driver well capable of pushing the car to its dizzy limit, was such a philosopher that he could walk away, look at the sunset, and decide not to race again. Frank Williams found to his horror that he had hired Diogenes. Damon was never quite like that, but life eventually got into his mind even when he had the hammer down, and when life does that it brings the thought of death with it. You can’t get one of those cars out of second gear unless you feel immortal.
Not that a great driver is reckless. There have been some quite good ones who were, but they moved into the past tense at an early stage. Usually they got fired before they could get killed, or else just never made it into Formula One in the first place. An F1 car costs millions if you count in its share of the development outlay, and the owners never like to see one of them scuffed up without good reason. As a passenger in the front seat of a car you can afford to buy, I have been driven on the road or on an empty track by several of the FI drivers. Three of them were world champions: Nelson Picquet, Alan Jones, and Damon Hill. Derek Warwick’s career was cut short when Lotus reneged on his contract because Senna wanted no rival in the team. (In his last year alive, I missed the chance to be driven by Senna in a Honda NSX: he turned up a day late at Goodwood, and I thought there might be another time.) Warwick drove me on the highway from his hotel to Monza. The following year I watched him at Le Mans driving the Jaguar racing sports car at 240mph on the Mulsanne straight at dead of night, but his driving then didn’t look any faster than how it felt to me that day on the highway. It was like being the narrator in Nicholson Baker’s The Fermata: all the cars we went past seemed stationary. Moss was an education in ordinary English motorway traffic: his little Peugeot threaded between the lorries like a magic bullet through an undulating canyon. On the Adelaide Grand Prix circuit, which had been closed down for our appearance, Alan Jones drove me in a Lamborghini Diablo he had never touched before and hated on sight: top gear was the only one he could find except reverse, and I got several chances to study the Armco as we slithered towards it at a hundred plus. Picquet sometimes looked like a madman on the track but on the road he drove as if he wanted to live, so that he could sleep with more women.
What united all the great drivers, when they were driving on an ordinary road with normal human beings, was that they made you feel safe even as the landscape outside the window turned into a smear. They were so in synch with the car that they could let it perform at its optimum while keeping all their attention on the road ahead. I even felt safe with Jones in the Diablo: he had to wrestle the beast, but he knew exactly what was going on. As the great Australian poet Kenneth Slessor wrote about the effect of Captain Cook’s navigational magic on his crew, Men who ride broomsticks with a mesmerist / Mock the typhoon. The same went double for Damon Hill, who gave me the fastest ride of all. After the Hungarian Grand Prix in his championship year, we were hurrying to the airport to catch a private jet to Bulgaria. There was a police motorcycle escort to clear our side of the road so that Damon could keep his foot down. Though I pretende
d, on the soundtrack of the documentary, that I thought of nothing but imminent death, the truth was more complicated. He was too good at his job to take even the tiniest risk off the track. On the track, he upped the ante, as they all do until the day comes when they want to get up from the game and go home.
It might even have happened to Senna one day. All the talk about how his early death preserved him in his glory is just bad poetry. It isn’t the responsibility of the racing drivers to have our deaths for us. They have their work cut out leading part of our lives for us: the part, deep in our dreams, where the brave not only deserve the beautiful, but become the beautiful. There was a morning in Adelaide when I was crouching beside our camera crew as they got a low panning shot of Senna’s McLaren coming out of the garage. There was traffic in the pit lane so he had to stop for a few seconds right in front of me. While the car yelled with the clutch out, he dipped his yellow helmet to my camera. I could have reached out to tap his visor. He gave me a little wave with the tip of his glove. Then there was the heavy crunch of the clutch coming in on the full eight hundred horsepower, and he was gone in a clap of thunder. It must have been like that at Troy, when Achilles came out of his tent. But Achilles could only fight or sulk. A less classical and therefore more civilized breed of hero, Damon Hill had a full life coming to him, and eventually he chose to lead it. It was his bravest day. Of him I remember a hundred moments. In some of them he was racing, but in most he was being human: playing with his children, putting up with the sponsors, or—perhaps the most characteristic—pointing out, in the most polite possible way, that his team had bungled a pit-stop, cost him the race and quite possibly the championship. There was his flaw on full display: he was reasonable and well-mannered when he should have been shouting and screaming. But he always let the car do that.
—Sunday Times, March 18, 2007
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
Many thanks are due Ruth Mandel at Images Sought and Found for her outstanding photograph research and perseverance in uncovering images of even the most elusive subjects.
Overture: Vienna, © Collection Roger-Viollet
Anna Akhmatova, © Collection Roger-Viollet
Peter Altenberg, Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Louis Armstrong, Library of Congress
Raymond Aron, © Camera Press/Retna Ltd.
Walter Benjamin, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
Marc Bloch, © Albert Harlingue/Roger-Viollet
Jorge Luis Borges, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
Robert Brasillach, © LAPI/Roger-Viollet
Sir Thomas Browne, Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Albert Camus, © Yousuf Karsh/Camera Press/Retna Ltd.
Dick Cavett, Frank Capri/ Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Paul Celan, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
Chamfort, © Collection Roger-Viollet
Coco Chanel, © Lipnitzki/Roger-Viollet
Charles Chaplin, The Granger Collection, New York
Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
G. K. Chesterton, © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS
Jean Cocteau, © Yousuf Karsh/Camera Press/Retna Ltd.
Gianfranco Contini, © GIOVANNETTI Giovanni/GRAZIA NERI
Benedetto Croce, © Albert Harlingue/Roger-Viollet
Tony Curtis, ©John Spring Collection/CORBIS
Ernst Robert Curtius, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
Miles Davis, © Bettmann/CORBIS
Sergei Diaghilev, © Bettmann/CORBIS
Pierre Drieu la Rochelle, © Albert Harlingue/Roger-Viollet
Alfred Einstein, Smith College Archives, Smith College
Duke Ellington, © Bettmann/CORBIS
Federico Fellini, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
W. C. Fields, © Bettmann/CORBIS
F. Scott Fitzgerald, © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS
Gustave Flaubert, © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS
Sigmund Freud, © CORBIS
Egon Friedell, Hulton Archive/Getty Images
François Furet, © Sophie Bassouls/CORBIS SYGMA
Charles de Gaulle, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
Edward Gibbon, Portrait of Edward Gibbon (1737–94) (oil on canvas) (b/w photo) by English School (18th century). © Private Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library
Terry Gilliam, © Corbis
Josef Goebbels, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
Witold Gombrowicz, © Sophie Bassouls/CORBIS SYGMA
William Hazlitt, National Portrait Gallery, London
Hegel, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
Heinrich Heine, © Albert Harlingue/Roger-Viollet
Adolf Hitler, © Bettmann/CORBIS
Ricarda Huch, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
Ernst Jünger, © Sophie Bassouls/CORBIS SYGMA
Franz Kafka, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
John Keats, © Corbis
Leszek Kolakowski, Courtesy of the John W. Kluge Center, Library of Congress.
Alexandra Kollontai, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
Heda Margolius Kovaly, © John Foley Photographe Studio Opale
Karl Kraus, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Städtisches Museum Göttingen.
Norman Mailer, © Mark Gerson/Camera Press/Retna Ltd.
Nadezhda Mandelstam, © Gueorgui Pinkhassov/Magnum
Golo Mann, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
Heinrich Mann, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
Michael Mann, AP Images
Thomas Mann, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
Mao Zedong, AP Images
Chris Marker, Source: British Film Institute
John McCloy, W. Eugene Smith, Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
Zinka Milanov, The Metropolitan Opera Archives
Czeslaw Milosz, AP Images
Eugenio Montale, © Ferdinando Scianna/Magnum Photos
Montesquieu, The Granger Collection, New York
Alan Moorehead, © Getty Images
Paul Muratov, reprinted from Neulovimoe sozdane: vstrechi, vospominaniia, pisma; by Inna Andreeva. Courtesy of the Slavic and Baltic Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations.
Lewis Namier, Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Grigory Ordzhonokidze, © Sovfoto
Octavio Paz, Steve Northup/Timepix/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images
Alfred Polgar, Imagno/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Beatrix Potter, Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Jean Prévost, © Albert Harlingue/Roger-Viollet
Marcel Proust, Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Edgar Quinet, © Collection Roger-Viollet
Marcel Reich-Ranicki, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
Jean-François Revel, © Sophie Bassouls/CORBIS SYGMA
Richard Rhodes, Courtesy of Gail Evenari
Rainer Maria Rilke, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
Virginio Rognoni, AP Images
Ernesto Sábato, Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
Edward Said, © Jerry Bauer/Grazia Neri
Sainte-Beuve, Adoc-photos/Art Resource, NY
José Saramago, © 1998 Nobel Foundation
Jean-Paul Sartre, © Lipnitzki/Roger-Viollet
Erik Satie, © Collection Roger-Viollet
Arthur Schnitzler, Imagno/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Sophie Scholl, Reprinted from Scholl, Inge, Die Weisse Rose: Erweierte Neuausgabe, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Maim, May 1955
Wolf Jobst Siedler, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
Manés Sperber, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
Tacitus, The Granger Collection, New York
Margaret Thatcher, © Camera Press/Re
tna Ltd.
Henning von Tresckow, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
Leon Trotsky, Courtesy of the Library of Congress
Karl Tschuppik, Reproduction of the title page of his work Marie-Thérèse, Éditions Bernard Grasset, Paris.
Dubravka Ugresic, © Jerry Bauer
Miguel de Unamuno, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
Pedro Henríquez Ureña, reprinted from Obra Fotografica en la Argentina; by Greta Stern. Art & Architecture Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations
Paul Valéry, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
Mario Vargas Llosa, Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
Evelyn Waugh, © Yousuf Karsh/Camera Press/Retna Ltd.
Ludwig Wittgenstein, Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Isoroku Yamamoto, AP Images
Alexandr Zinoviev, Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Carl Zuckmayer, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
Stefan Zweig, ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York
INDEX
Acheson, Dean, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Acton, John Dalberg, Lord, ref1, ref2
Adams, Henry, ref1, ref2
Adler, Alfred, ref1
Adonis, ref1
Adorno, Theodor, ref1
Aeschylus, ref1
Agnelli, Gianni, ref1
Agricola, Gnaeus Julius, ref1
Akhmatova, Anna, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6