Selden, Steven, 266–67
Selective Service System, 251
Selective Training and Service Act (1940), 270–71, 305
self-discipline, 22, 62, 63
freedom as, 22, 27–28
sexual, 64–65
self-divorce, 15, 35–36
Selwyn Theater, 231
Senate, U.S., 97, 324
sex, sexuality, 4, 33–36, 64, 86–92, 202, 222, 307, 308
of African Americans, 86–92, 296, 297
in hippie communes, 340
dancing and, 220–21
deviancy, 258, 296, 324, 329
homosexual, 235, 326, 328–29
increased prosecution of illicit, 34–35
interracial, 34, 120, 144
jazz and, 201
Jews and, 163–65
in movies, 257, 258
nonmarital, 4, 13, 14–15, 65, 66, 88, 328
oral, 112, 329
public, 13, 328
R & B and, 310
self-discipline and, 64–65
Shakers, 134
Shallcross, Ruth, 243
shame and shamelessness, 6, 8, 12, 13, 15, 16, 24, 29, 49, 55, 65, 66, 68, 71, 82, 89, 92, 109–14, 124, 131, 151-52, 341
Shapiro, Peter, 203
Shepard, Thomas, 49
shopping, 207–28
Show Boat, 170
Siano, Nicky, 203
Sicilian Americans, 182, 183, 187, 190, 195
Siegel, Benjamin “Bugsy,” 236–37
Silks, Mattie, 106
Simkhovitch, Mary Kingsbury, 213
Sinatra, Dolly, 200–201
Sinatra, Frank, 200–202
Sinatra, Marty, 200–201
Six Nations, 133
slavery, slaves, 4, 10, 39–76, 99–100, 122
abolitionists and, 62–70
apparel of, 70–71, 72, 218
dancing of, 72–75, 133
drinking by, 9–10
families broken by sale of, 69–70
fugitive, 61, 70
Italian Americans compared to, 183, 185
limits of punishment and, 57–62
mocking of white dancing by, 139
musical abilities of, 72–73
sabotage of Union troops by, 52
sex lives of, 63–64, 65–66, 88
“shiftlessness” of, 53-57
women, 66–67 see also freedmen
Slobin, Mark, 168
Smith, Al, 241
Smith, Chris, 192
Smith, Frank, 83
Smith, Mamie, 192
Smith, Page, 276
Smith, Sallie, 55–56
Smith Act (1940), 271
smoking, 117, 118, 220
Smyer, Sidney, 323
Socialist Party, 211, 242
Socialist Unity Party, 289–90
social order, 20–21, 22
“social purity” movement, 122–24
Social Security Act (1935), 256
Society for Defending the Country by Swords, 275
Sollors, Werner, 162–63
Somers, Betty, 279
Some Thoughts Concerning Education (Locke), 24
Sorubiero, Margaret, 10–11
Soule, Charles, 79–80
Soule, George, 243
South Carolina, 27, 75, 97, 131–32
South Carolina Gazette, 72, 73–74
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 296, 323
Southern Student Organizing Committee, 311
Soviet Union, 285–86, 293, 294
speakeasies, 200, 230, 231, 248
Speer, Albert, 263, 264
Spencer, Lew, 120
Spenser, Edmund, 140
Spirit of the Times, 40, 45
Stalin, Joseph, 285
Stamp Act (1765), 25
Standard of Living Among Workingmen’s Families in New York City, The (Chapin), 213
Standard Oil Company, 210
Standish, Miles, 129
Stand Up and Cheer, 260
Stanton, Edwin, 88
Stanton, Henry, 63
State Department, U.S., 274, 324
Stearns, Charles, 83–84
Steffens, Lincoln, 246
Stephan, John, 275
sterilization, 124, 268
Sterilization for Human Betterment, 267
Stevens, Thaddeus, 85, 97
Stevenson, Brenda, 65
Stewart, Shelley, 310
stiliagi, 285–86, 288
Stonewall Inn, 235, 326–30
Stoph, Willi, 289
Storch, Scott, 180
Streightoff, Frank, 213
strikes, 142, 223–24, 332, 335, 340–41
during World War II, 276–77
Strivelli, Frankie, 203
Strong, Barrett, 308
Strong, George Templeton, 141
Stubbes, Philip, 127
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 200
suffrage, 97, 123
Sugar Act (1764), 24–25
Sultzer, Joe, 170
Superfly, 307–8
Super Race, The: An American Problem (Nearing), 248
Supreme Court, U.S., 314, 325
“Swanee” (Gershwin), 169
Sweeney, Joel Walker, 147
Sweeny, Arthur, 184–85
Sweeny, Daniel, 18
Sweet Sweetback’s Baadasssss Song, 307
Swope, Gerard, 247
Swope Plan, 247
Sylvis, William H., 211
Syndicate, 236–37
“Tailgate Ramble” (Manone), 193
Tait, Charles, 67
Talpai, Ayala, 339
“Tangojünglinge” (Tango-boys), 287
tap dancing, 148, 156, 158
Tarbell, Ida, 246
“Tar Paper Stomp” (Manone), 193
taverns, 5–6, 7, 33, 229
culture of, 8–9, 23
Franklin’s attempts to regulate, 25
lower-class, 5–6, 6, 9, 16–17
racially integrated, 9–10
upper-class “society,” 17
women as keepers of, 16–17
Taverns and Drinking in Early America (Salinger), 5
taxes:
estate, 210
liquor, 31–33
tax revolt, 306
Tea Act (1773), 27
temperance movement, 17, 23, 30, 95–96
Irish immigrants and, 143–44, 152
Temple, Shirley, 260
Thackeray, William, 73
Theory of the Leisure Class, The (Veblen), 212
They Won’t Forget, 266
This Is the Army, 280
Thome, James, 63
Thompson, Bob, 277
Thompson, Caroline “Cad,” 114
Thompson, Libby “Squirrel Tooth Alice,” 109
Thompson, Peter, 7
Thomson, Charles, 25
Thoreau, Henry David, 209
“Tiger Rag” (LaRocca), 191
“Tis Sad to Leabe Our Tater Land,” 147
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 60
Togo Kai, 275
“Tom Tug,” 18
Tone, Andrea, 110, 111
Total Loss Farm, 338
Towne, Laura, 73
Townshend Revenue Acts, 25–26
transvestites, 18–19
Travis, Merle, 335
Treatise of the Pleas of the Crown, A, 69
Trollope, Frances, 48
Truman administration, 313
Tucker, Sophie, 168, 170
Tuff Jew Productions, 180
Tugwell, Rexford, 248, 249–50, 251, 253
Tuke, Thomas, 115
’Twas Only an Irishman’s Dream (Williams), 156–57
Tyson, Timothy, 305
Ulbricht, Walter, 289
United Automobile Workers (UAW), 336, 340–41
United States Gazette, 143
United States Spelling Book, The, 50
Universal Film Manufacturing Company, 226
&nb
sp; Universal Pictures, 265
urban culture, see cities
Urban League, 271
U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 246
Vaillant, Derek, 172
Vallee, Rudy, 201
Van Buren, Martin, 68
Vanderbilt University, 311
vaudeville, 171, 192, 237, 259, 260
Veblen, Thorstein, 212
venereal diseases, 214, 258
Vermont, 331, 338
Vernotico, Anna Petillo, 234
Vibe History of Hip-Hop, The, 195
Vietnam War, 305, 331, 332, 334
Villard, Oswald Garrison, 243
Villari, Luigi, 195
Virginia, 8, 26–27, 59, 133–34
Virginia City, Nev., 104, 107, 114
Virginia Minstrels, 40, 43
Volstead Act, 189
Wald, Lillian D., 116–17, 221
Wallace, George, 336
Wall Street Journal, 246, 323
Walton, James, 299
waltz, 112–13, 178
Wanamaker’s, 207
Wandering Boy, The, 58
Ward, James, 61
War Department, U.S., 280
War Manpower Commission, 271
Warner Brothers, 158, 239, 259, 262, 280
War of 1812, 69
War Production Board, U.S., 273, 277
War Relocation Authority, 274
Warren, Earl, 312, 315
Warren, James, 3
Warren, Peter, 10
Washington, Booker T., 82, 161–62, 297
Washington, D.C., 263, 299
Washington, George, 13, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 61, 138–39, 259
Washington Generals, 178
Waters, Ethel, 170, 230
Waters, James, 85
Watson, Tom, 163
Waverly House for Women, 124
Wayland, Francis, 208
Weber, Max, 211
Webster, Noah, 50, 58
Wedgewood, Josiah, 225
Weiss, Hymie, 232
Weld, Theodore Dwight, 53, 62
Welland Canal, 142, 151
Wells, H. G., 248
Wells, Ida B., 83
Wells, Samuel Roberts, 141
West Berlin, 288–89
West Germany, American cultural centers in, 290–91
Wexberg, Leopold, 292
What Happened to Mary, 227
“When Irish Eyes Are Smiling,” 155
“When Johnny Comes Marching Home Again,” 153
whipping, 59, 60–61
Whiskey Rebellion, 33
White, Graham, 70, 71
White, Rachel, 35
White, Shane, 70, 71
Whitefield, George, 130–32
White Slave Traffic Act, see Mann Act (1910)
Whitlock, Billy, 42
Whitman, James Q., 252
Wicker, Randy, 327
wife desertion, 185
Wild, Mark, 120
Wilkerson, William, 236
Williams, Hank, 333
Williams, John Joseph, 151
Williams, Pete, 146
Williams, Roger, 128
Williams, William H. A., 155, 156–57
Willis, Bob, 333
Wilson, Anna, 107
Wilson, Hugh R., 242
Wilson, Teddy, 193
Wilson, Woodrow, 182, 251, 259
Winthrop, John, 19
Winthrop, John, Jr., 47–48
Wise, Steven, 175
Witnesses, 202, 203
women, 10, 12–13, 14, 15–16, 19, 34, 35, 65, 101–24, 191, 215–23, 224, 231
ability to leave marriages by, 15
as consumers, 225–28
as country singers, 334
drinking by, 17, 102, 118, 217, 231
as entrepreneurs, 16
high fashion dress of working-class, 218–20
hippie, 338–39
“loose” behavior of, 217–18
as portrayed in movies, 233
rapes of free white, 68–69
as runaway wives, 15
as slaves, 66–67
as tavern keepers, 16–17
unmarried, 15–16
wages for, 103–4, 217
workload of free white, 48
see also prostitutes, prostitution
Women, The, 279–80
Women of New York; or, the Underworld of the Great City (Ellington), 109
Women’s Army Corps, 278–79
Women’s Auxiliary Corps, 277
Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 95–96, 123
Wood, Fernando, 150–51
Wood, Peter, 74
Woodring, Harry H., 268
work ethic, 48, 49, 53–55, 81, 83, 89, 92–93, 152, 185, 201, 210, 211, 238, 297, 332, 335
and ex-slaves, 79–84
on hippie communes, 340
lack of, among slaves, 53-57
resistance to, by whites, 93–95, 341
working hours, 213, 214, 224
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 67, 254
World War I, 121, 158, 214, 222, 247, 251, 262, 267, 305
World War II, 176–77, 197, 199, 234, 268, 270–81, 305, 312, 325, 333
Wright, Carroll D., 209
Wynette, Tammy, 334
Yankee Doodle, 136
Yankee Doodle Dandy, 158
Yankee Radio Network, 256
Yauch, Adam, 179
Yiddish press, 173, 176
Yiddish theater, 266
“Yiddle on Your Fiddle, Play Some
Ragtime” (Berlin), 168–69
York, John, 11
Young, Clara, 52
Young Men’s Christian Association, 96
“You’re a Grand Old Flag” (Cohan), 158
Zangwill, Israel, 162
Zellner, Bob, 304
Zhdanov, Andrei, 285
Zicklin, Gilbert, 338, 340
“Zip Coon,” 70
zoot suits, 273, 291, 312
Zukor, Adolph, 239
Thaddeus Russell teaches history and cultural studies at Occidental College and has taught at Columbia University, Barnard College, Eugene Lang College, and the New School for Social Research. Born and raised in Berkeley, California, Russell graduated from Antioch College and received a Ph.D. in history from Columbia University. Russell’s first book, Out of the Jungle: Jimmy Hoffa and the Remaking of the American Working Class, was published by Alfred A. Knopf in 2001. He has written opinion articles for The Daily Beast, The Huffington Post, Los Angeles Times, The Boston Globe, The Christian Science Monitor, Salon, and The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, as well as scholarly essays in American Quarterly and The Columbia History of Post–World War II America. Russell has also appeared on the History Channel and The Daily Show with Jon Stewart.
* The economist Robert Fogel has claimed that slaves produced more than free farmers but acknowledges that this may have been the result of the division of labor and specialization that gang labor on large plantations allowed, as well as the fact that southern plantations monopolized the most fertile soil in North America. Robert Fogel, Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), chapters 2–4.
* This has been the dominant interpretation of Reconstruction among scholars since the 1970s, when an older, explicitly racist interpretation was overthrown. The older view was established by John Burgess’s 1902 book, Reconstruction and the Constitution, and then popularized by William Dunning’s Reconstruction, Political and Economic, 1865–1877, which was first published in 1907 but remained the leading college textbook on the subject for most of the twentieth century. To Burgess and Dunning, the crime of Reconstruction was that it gave power to animalistic and childlike blacks.
* a seventeenth-century chief in the Lenni-Lenape nation of the Delaware Valley
* A few critics have contested some of the broader claims made by Daniel Cassidy in How the Irish Invented Slang: The Secret Language of the Crossroads (Petrolia, CA: Counterpunc
h, 2007), from which this list was taken, but the sheer volume of the evidence strongly suggests that, at the very least, working-class Irish Americans greatly shaped American vernacular language.
* There is no mention of Irish Americans participating in the dance crazes in David Nasaw, Going Out: The Rise and Fall of Public Amusements; Lewis Erenberg, Steppin’ Out: New York Nightlife and the Transformation of American Culture, 1890–1930; or Ruth Alexander, The Girl Problem: Female Sexual Delinquency in New York, 1900–1930 and the only mention of Irish Americans in Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York, is in the reference to the popularity of dance halls in “a West Side tenement district inhabited by American, German, and Irish working people.”
* Estimates of the number of Nisei who joined the Japanese military during the war range from the Japanese government’s official figure of 1,648 to 7,000. These estimates do not include the number of Japanese in the United States who assisted the Imperial Army and Navy as spies and saboteurs.
** Several scholars have challenged Michelle Malkin’s use of intercepted Japanese diplomatic communications—known as the “MAGIC cables”—to support her claim of an espionage network inside the United States (In Defense of Internment: The Case for Racial Profiling in World War II and the War on Terror), arguing that the messages do not contain clear evidence of such a network. These scholars do not challenge the evidence of Japanese-American loyalty to Japan that is presented here.
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