suggestions "of a military-political nature": Geiss 1967:179 ff.
245 France and Russia already had commenced: Kautsky 1924:496
"a war of aggression": Ibid.:501
"the Grand Duchy is being occupied": Ibid.:482
"attack by the French": Ibid.:483
246 "The question as to whether": Ibid.
Britain was bound to come to its aid: Albertini 1952 III:410
CHAPTER 41: AUGUST 3
247 German forces had done so too: Kautsky 1924:527
"not a single French soldier": Ibid.
"with almost Austrian crassness": Brock and Brock 1985:148
248 according to Barbara Tuchman: Tuchman 1963:139
"Grey made a most remarkable speech": Jenkins 1966:329
Violet Asquith asked: Bonham-Carter 1965:312
CHAPTER 42: AUGUST 4
250 As A. J. P. Taylor tells us: Taylor 1965:2–3
"a panic in Berlin": Evans and Strandmann 1990:116
Moltke told Tirpitz: Ibid.
CHAPTER 43: SHREDDING THE EVIDENCE
251 suppression or destruction of evidence: Herwig 1997 and the Herwig chapter in Winter/Parker/Habeck 2000 are followed in this chapter.
253 Röhl . . . "discovered in a chest": Röhl 1973:17
CHAPTER 46: THE KEY TO WHAT HAPPENED
273 Fellner . . . "In this hard struggle": Wilson 1995:22
274 "There was certainly no logic": Howard 2002:28
CHAPTER 48: WHO COULD HAVE PREVENTED IT?
284 why, since "War had been avoided": Joll 1992:234
CHAPTER 50: COULD IT HAPPEN AGAIN?
293 "the nations slithered": Mombauer 2002:95
"the unleashing of the First World War": Aron 1990:275
CHAPTER 52: AUSTRIA'S WAR
301 no longer was a military great power: Keegan 1999:170
it had lost 1,268,000 men: Ibid.
"If only I knew for what": Herwig 1997:91
"cost him . . . Gina": Ibid.:92
"I have no home": Ibid.:96
302 "would have had me shot": Ibid.:94
CHAPTER 53: GERMANY'S WAR
305 "this war which I prepared": Mombauer 2001:281
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adams, Henry. 1918. The Education of Henry Adams: An Autobiography. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Albertini, Luigi. 1952. The Origins of the War of 1914. Translated and edited by Isabella M. Massey. 3 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Aron, Raymond. 1990. Memoirs: Fifty Years of Political Reflection. New York: Holmes & Meier.
Bartlett, C. J. 1994. The Global Conflict: The International Rivalry of the Great Powers,
188o–1900, 2nd ed. London: Longman.
Beaverbrook, Lord. 1960. Politicians and the War, 1914–1916. London: Oldbourne.
Beckett, Ian F. W. 2001. The Great War: 1914–1918. Harlow, Eng.: Longman.
Berghahn, V. R. 1993. Germany and the Approach of War in 1914, 2nd ed. New York: St. Martin's.
Bonham-Carter, Violet. 1965. Winston Churchill as I Knew Him. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode and Collins.
Bosworth, Richard. 1983. Italy and the Approach of the First World War. London: Macmillan.
Braudel, Fernand. 1979. Afterthoughts on Material Civilization and Capitalism. Translated by Patricia Ranum. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins paperback.
Bridge, E R. 1990. The Habsburg Monarchy Among the Great Powers, 1815–1918. New York: Berg.
Brock, Michael, and Eleanor Brock. 1985. H. H. Asquith: Letters to Venetia Stanley. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Bülow, Prince Bernhard von. 1931. Memoirs. 3 vols. Boston: Little, Brown.
Cawood, Ian, and David McKinnon Bell. 2001. The First World War. London: Routledge.
Churchill, Randolph S. 1967. Winston S. Churchill: Young Statesman —1901–1914. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
——. 1969. Winston S. Churchill. Companion, Volume II, Part 3,1911–1914. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Churchill, Winston S. 1923. The World Crisis: 1911–1914. London: Thornton Butterworth.
——. 1931. The World Crisis: The Eastern Front. London: Thornton Butterworth.
Cimbala, Stephen J. 1996. "Steering Through Rapids: Russian Mobilization and World War I," Journal of Slavic Military Studies 9:376–98.
Clark, Christopher M. 2000. Kaiser Wilhelm II. Harlaw, Essex, Eng.: Longman.
Cowley, Robert, and Geoffrey Parker, eds. 1996. The Reader's Companion to Military History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Craig, Gordon A. 1978. Germany: 1866–1945. New York: Oxford University Press.
Dangerfield, George. 1961. The Strange Death of Liberal England. New York: Capricorn.
Dedijer, Vladimir. 1964. "Sarajevo Fifty Years After," Foreign Affairs 42, no. 4 (July 1964).
——. 1966. The Road to Sarajevo. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Earle, Edward Mead, ed. 1943. Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Eksteins, Modris. 2000. Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age. London: Papermac.
Ensor, R. C. K. 1936. England: 1870–1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Evans, R. J. W., and Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann, eds. 1990. The Coming of the First World War. Oxford: Clarendon.
Ferguson, Niall. 1998. The Pity of War. New York: Basic Books.
Fischer, Fritz. 1967. Germany's Aims in the First World War. New York: Norton.
——. 1975. War of Illusions: German Policies from 1911 to 1914. London: Chatto & Windus.
Foley, Robert T. 2003. Alfred Von Schlieffen's Military Writings. London: Cass.
Fromkin, David. 1995. In the Time of the Americans: FDR, Truman, Eisenhower, Marshall, MacArthur–The Generation That Changed America's Role in the World. New York: Knopf.
Fussell, Paul. 1975. The Great War and Modern Memory. New York: Oxford University Press.
Geiss, Imanuel, ed. 1967. july 1914–The Outbreak of the First World War: Selected Documents. New York: Scribner's.
Gilbert, Martin. 1971. Winston S. Churchill: The Challenge of War. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
——. 1975. Winston S. Churchill: The Stricken World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Glenny, Misha. 1999. The Balkans, 1804–1999: 'Nationalism, War and the Great Powers. London: Granta.
Gooch, G. P., and Harold Temperley, eds. 1926. British Documents on the Origins of the War, vol. 11. London: Controller of Her Britannic Majesty's Stationery Office.
Gooch, John. 1989. Army, State and Society in Italy, 1870–1915. New York: St. Martin's.
Gorlitz, Walter, ed. 1961. The Kaiser and His Court. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Great Britain. 1915. Abridged edition 1919. War 1914: Punishing the Serbs. London: Stationery Office.
Grey, Viscount of Fallodon. 1925. Twenty-Five Years. 2 vols. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
Halévy, Elie. 1930. The World Crisis of 1914–1918: An Interpretation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hayne, M. B. 1993. The French Foreign Office and the Origins of the First World War: 1898–1914. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Herrmann, David G. 1996. The Arming of Europe and the Making of the First World War. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Herwig, Holger H. 1997. The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 1914–1918. London: Arnold.
House, Edward M. Papers. New Haven: Yale University Library.
Howard, Michael. 2001. "The Great War: Mystery or Error?" The National Interest 64 (Summer 2001).
——. 2002. The First World War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hughes, Michael. 2000. Diplomacy Before the Russian Revolution: Britain, Russia and the Old Diplomacy, 1894–1917. New York: St. Martin's.
Hunt, Barry, and Adrian Preston, eds. 1977. War Aims and Strategic Policy in the Great War. London: Croom Helm.
Hyde, H. Montgomery. 1953. Carson. London: Heinemann.
Jannen, William, Jr. 1
997. The Lions of July: Prelude to War, 1914. Novato, Calif.: Presidio.
Jarausch, Konrad H. 1973. The Enigmatic Chancellor. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Jenkins, Roy. 1966. Asquith: Portrait of a Man and an Era. New York: Dutton.
Joll, James. 1979. "Politics and the Freedom to Choose," in Alan Ryan, ed., The Idea of Freedom: Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin. New York: Oxford University Press.
——. 1992. The Origins of the First World War, 2nd ed. Harlow, Essex, Eng.: Longman.
Kautsky, Karl. 1924. Outbreak of the World War: German Documents Collected by Karl Kautsky. Translated by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. New York: Oxford University Press.
Keegan, John. 1999. The First World War. New York: Knopf.
Keiger,J. F. V. 1983. France and the Origins of the First World War. London: Macmillan.
——. 2002. Raymond Poincaré. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press paperback.
Kennan, George F 1951. American Diplomacy: 1900–1950. New York: Mentor.
——. 1979. The Decline of Bismarck's European Order. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Kennedy, Paul M. 1980. The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism. London: Allen & Unwin.
——, ed. 1985. The War Plans of the Great Powers. Boston: Allen & Unwin paperback.
Keynes, John Maynard. 1920. The Economic Consequences of the Peace. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe.
Lafore, Laurence. 1971. The Long Fuse: An Interpretation of the Origins of World War I, 2nd ed. New York: HarperCollins.
Lieven, Dominic. 1983. Russia and the Origins of the First World War. London: Macmillan.
——. 2000. Empire: The Russian Empire and Its Rivals. London: Murray.
Link, Arthur S., ed. 1979. The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 30. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Ludwig, Emil. 1929. July '14. New York: Putnam.
MacKenzie, David. 1989. Apis: The Congenial Conspirator: The Life of Colonel Dragutin T. Dimitrijevic. New York: Columbia University Press.
——. 1995. The "Black Hand" on Trial: Salonika, 1917. New York: Columbia University Press.
——. 1998. The Exoneration of the "Black Hand": 1917–1953. New York: Columbia University Press.
McLean, Roderick R. 2001. Royalty and Diplomacy in Europe, 189–1914. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press.
McNeill, William H. 1976. Plagues and Peoples. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor/Doubleday.
Mann, Thomas. 1983. Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man. Translated by Walter D. Morris. New York: Ungar.
Marder, Arthur J. 1961. From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era, 1904–1914. London: Oxford University Press.
Marshall, S. L. A. 1964. The American Heritage History of World War I. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Martel, Gordon. 1996. The Origins of the First World War, 2nd ed. London and New York: Longman.
Massie, Robert K. 1991. Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the Coming of the Great War. New York: Random House.
——. 1996. Nicholas and Alexandra. London: Indigo.
Micklethwait, John, and Adrian Wooldridge. 2000. A Future Perfect: The Essentials of Globalization. New York: Crown.
Miller, Steven E., Sean M. Lynn-Jones, and Stephen Van Evera, eds. 1991. Military Strategy and the Origins of the First World War. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Mombauer, Annika. 2001. Helmuth Von Moltke and the Origins of the First World War. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press.
——. 2002. The Origins of the First World War: Controversies and Consensus. Harlow, Eng.: Longman.
Morgenthau, Hans J. 1978. Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, 5th ed. rev. New York: Knopf.
Morris, Edmund. 1979. The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan.
Morton, Frederic. 1989. Thunder at Twilight: Vienna 1913/1914. New York: Scribner's. Paperback edition 2001. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo.
Nicolson, Colin. 2001. The First World War: Europe 1914–1918. Harlow, Eng.: Longman.
Paret, Peter. 1986. Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Ponting, Clive. 2002. Thirteen Days: The Road to the First World War. London: Chatto & Windus.
Porch, Douglas. 1986. The Conquest of Morocco. New York: Fromm.
Prior, Robin, and Trevor Wilson. 2001. The First World War. London: Cassell paperback.
Remak, Joachim. 1959. Sarajevo. New York: Criterion.
Riddell, Sir George. 1986. The Riddell Diaries, 1908–1923. London: Athlone.
Robbins, Keith. 1993. The First World War. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press paperback.
Röhl, John C.G. 1994. The Kaiser and His Court: Wilhelm II and the Government of Germany. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press.
——. 1998. Young Wilhelm. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press.
——, ed. 1973.1914: Delusion or Design. New York: St. Martin's.
Schorske, Carl E. 1980. Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture. New York: Knopf.
Seaman, L. C. B. 1955. From Vienna to Versailles. London: ±Methuen.
Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kurel Shaw. 1977. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808–1975. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press.
Smith, Arthur D. Howden. 1940. Mr. House of Texas. New York and London: Funk & Wagnalls.
Steiner, Zara S. 1969. The Foreign Office and Foreign Policy, 1898–1914. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press.
——. 1977. Britain and the Origins of the First World War. London: Macmillan.
Stern, Fritz. 1999. Einstein's German World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Penguin paperback edition, 2001.
Stevenson, David. 1991. The First World War and International Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
——. 1996. Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe 1904–1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
——. 1997. The Outbreak of the First World War: 1914 in Perspective. New York: St. Martin's.
Strachan, Hew. 2001. The First World War. Vol. 1, To Arms. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Taylor, A. J. P. 1948. The Habsburg Monarchy: 1809–1918. London: Hamish Hamilton.
——. 1950. From Napoleon to Stalin. London: Hamish Hamilton.
——. 1954. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1848–1918. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
——. 1956. Englishmen and Others. London: Hamish Hamilton.
——. 1963. The First World War: An Illustrated History. London: Hamish Hamilton.
——. 1964. Politics in Wartime and Other Essays. London: Hamish Hamilton.
——. 1965. English History: 1914–194. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
——. 1966. From Sarajevo to Potsdam. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Thomson, George Malcolm. 1964. The Twelve Days: 14 July to 4 August 1914. New York: Putnam.
Tuchman, Barbara W. 1963. The Guns of August. New York: Dell.
——. 1966. The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World Before the War, 1890–1914. New York: Macmillan. Papermac paperback, 1980.
Turner, L. C. F. 1970. Origins of the First World War. New York: Norton.
United Kingdom. 1999. War 1914: Punishing the Serbs. London: The Stationery Office.
Varé, Daniele. 1938. Laughing Diplomat. London: John Murray.
Wall, Joseph Frazier. 1989. Andrew Carnegie. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Weber, Eugen. 1986. France: Fin de Stècle. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Williamson, Samuel R., Jr. 1991. Austria-Hungary and the Origins of the First World War. London: Macmillan.
Wilson, Keith, ed. 1995. Decisions for War, 1914. London: UCL.
Winter, Jay, Geoffrey Parker, and Mary R. Habeck, eds. 2000. The Great War and the Twentieth Century. New Haven: Yale University Pres
s.
Wohl, Robert. 1979. The Generation of 1914. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Wolff, Theodor. 1936. The Eve of 1914. New York: Knopf.
Zeman, Z. A. B. 1971. The Gentlemen Negotiators: A Diplomatic History of the First World War. New York: Macmillan.
Zuber, Terence. 2003. Inventing the Schlieffen Plan: German War Planning, 1871–1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zweig, Stefan. 1943. The World of Yesterday. New York: Viking.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In 1999, or thereabouts, Joy de Menil, to whom I had been introduced briefly at a party, sent me a note favorably comparing my descriptions of the July crisis of 1914— in earlier writings—with accounts by other historians that had just appeared. The thought stayed with me when I had lunch soon afterwards with Ashbel Green, my editor at Knopf. I asked Ash what sort of book he wanted me to write for him next. He said he hoped for a work dealing with European history in a narrow time frame. The idea came immediately to mind: the thirty-seven days from the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand until the outbreak of the First World War. So many brilliant new monographs had been researched and written by scholars in recent decades that I felt sure that if I put them together a new picture of the July crisis might well emerge.
As I started doing my reading for the book, I was struck by how many preconceived ideas had to be discarded. From such persuasive writings as those quoted in the text by John Maynard Keynes and A. J. P. Taylor, I had taken away the notion that prewar Europe lived in idyllic and peaceful times. Instead it was a torn, conflicted world caught up in the grip of an arms race that one might well have called suicidal. I searched for a metaphor and found it in commercial aviation: on the one hand, forces in the air that threaten destruction but at first, because they are invisible, remain unnoticed by the passengers; on the other, the contrast between passengers oblivious to danger, and captains and cabin crews keenly aware of it. I remembered reading news accounts of a particular flight that might illustrate my point. Elie Montazeri, a former student of mine, generously volunteered to do the necessary research, and conducted it expertly. To Joy, to Ash, and to Elie, many thanks for getting me started.
I wanted facilities in which to work undisturbed during the summers, when academic holidays free us to write. I am grateful to Richard Herland and Martine Callandrey for providing me with everything I needed in this respect: for, indeed, creating a one-person writers' colony for me at their home in Cap d'Antibes, France, summer after summer. My thanks, too, to Gwenyth E. Todd for her extraordinary generosity in supplying me with a peaceful place to work during August 2003, and to Robert Baker for having arranged it, and much more.
Europe's Last Summer Page 32