by Taylor, Alan
45 Charles Yancey to John Hartwell Cocke, Jan. 4, 1820, JHCFP, box 30, SSCL-UVA; Joseph C. Cabell to St. George Tucker, Feb. 10, 1820, TCP, reel M-29, SCSL-CWM; Ammon, James Monroe, 455–57; Lowery, James Barbour, 116–20; M. Mason, Slavery and Politics, 198–99; Ammon, “Richmond Junto,” 411–14; Iaccarino, “Virginia and the National Contest,” 159–60; Forbes, Missouri Compromise, 92–93.
46 [Thomas Ritchie], “Missouri Question—Settled!” Richmond Enquirer, Mar. 7, 1820; Ammon, “Richmond Junto,” 413–14; Iaccarino, “Virginia and the National Contest,” 159; Forbes, Missouri Compromise, 8–9; Onuf, “Federalism, Republicanism, and the Origins of American Sectionalism,” 33–37.
47 Wolf, Race and Liberty, 163, 182–86; Freehling, Road to Disunion, 169–70; S. Dunn, Dominion of Memories, 153–55.
48 Freehling, Road to Disunion, 170–77 (John Randolph quote on 174); Gutzman, Virginia’s American Revolution, 187–97; Wolf, Race and Liberty, 186–96; S. Dunn, Dominion of Memories, 156–69.
49 Johnston, Race Relations, 131–34.
50 Christopher Tompkins to William B. Giles, July 18, 1829, WBGEP, box 7, folder 3, LV.
51 Bowling Starke to William B. Giles, July 26, 1829, WBGEP, box 7, folder 4, LV; John H. Smith, advice, Aug. 4, 1829 (“These rumours”), WBGEP, box 7, folder 5, LV.
52 Trial of Adam, Sandy, Anna, Davy, Jacob, and William, Hanover County court, July 22, 1829, and Richard Morris et al. to William B. Giles, July 30, 1829 (“dispersed”), WBGEP, box 7, folder 5, LV.
53 Warren Roan to William B. Giles, July 13, 1829 (“Should this alarm”), W. H. Perkins to Giles, July 15, 1829, and Catesby Jones to Giles, July 18, 1829, in Flournoy, CVSP, vol. 10:567–69; Christopher Tompkins to Giles, July 18, 1829, and R. McCandlish to Giles, July 24 and July 25, 1829, and Thomas H. Botts to Giles, July n.d., 1829, WBGEP, box 7, folder 3, LV; J. Rutherford to Giles, July 27, 1829, William Lambert Jr. to Giles, July 28, 1829, Col. Harwood to Giles, July 30, 1829, and Richard Rousee to Giles, July 31, 1829, WBGEP, box 7, folder 4, LV.
54 S. E. Parker to William B. Giles, Aug. 11, 1829 (“I feel & see”), WBGEP, box 7, folder 5, LV.
55 William Presson to Giles, July 31, 1829, WBGEP, box 7, folder 4, LV.
56 Oliver Cross to Garrett M. Quarles, Sep. 3, 1829, WBGEP, box 7, folder 7, LV; Thomas Jefferson to John Holmes, Apr. 22, 1820, in P. L. Ford, Works of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 12:158–59; Morris Birkbeck quoted in S. Dunn, Dominion of Memories, 40.
57 S. E. Parker to William B. Giles, Aug. 11, 1829, Northampton County resolution, Aug. 26, 1829, and John Eyre to Giles, Aug. 27, 1829, WBGEP, box 7, folders 5 and 6, LV.
58 John G. Joynes, Levin S. Joynes, and Thomas H. Kellam to William B. Giles, Aug. 13, 1829, WBGEP, box 7, folder 5, LV.
59 Oliver Cross to Garrett M. Quarles, Sep. 3, 1829 (“sooner”), WBGEP, box 7, folder 7, LV; Freehling, Road to Disunion, 178–81; Aptheker, “Event,” 45–57; Parramore, “Covenant in Jerusalem,” 58–76.
60 Aptheker, “Event,” 45–57; Parramore, “Covenant in Jerusalem,” 58–76; Ely, Israel on the Appomattox, 13. For the total number executed, see Schwarz, Twice Condemned, 255–59.
61 Joseph C. Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, Oct. 4 (“the white females”) and Oct. 12, 1831, JCC&CFP (38-111), SSCL-UVA; Cocke to Cabell, Oct. 7, 1831, JHCFP, box 23, SSCL-UVA; Jeter, Recollections of a Long Life, 175 (“The blowing of a horn”).
62 Masur, “Nat Turner and Sectional Crisis,” 154–59 (William Goode quote, from speech of Jan. 11, 1832, on 155); Freehling, Road to Disunion, 181–85.
63 John Hartwell Cocke to Joseph C. Cabell, Oct. 29, 1831, and Jan. 31 (“the great cause”) and Feb. 14, 1832, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 23, SSCL-UVA; Shade, Democratizing the Old Dominion, 195–99.
64 Masur, “Nat Turner and Sectional Crisis,” 158–61 (William Brodnax quote — “an evil” — and John Thompson Brown quote on 158); Freehling, Road to Disunion, 185–90; Shade, Democratizing the Old Dominion, 199–203; S. Dunn, Dominion of Memories, 54–55.
65 T. J. Randolph, Speech, 9 (all quotations); Freehling, Road to Disunion, 182; Masur, “Nat Turner and Sectional Crisis,” 161.
66 Oakes, Freedom National, 208–39.
EPILOGUE
1 Joseph C. Cabell to George Hay, Jan. 27, 1824, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 16, SSCL-UVA.
2 St. George Tucker to Henry Tucker, May 2, 1815 (“in consequence of”), and H. Tucker to St. G. Tucker, June 23, 1815, TCP, box 34, CWM.
3 St. George Tucker to Henry Tucker, Jan. 2, 1820 [sic: 1821], TCP, reel M-30, SCSL-CWM.
4 John Hartwell Cocke to St. George Tucker, Mar. 12, 1815, TCP, box 34, SCSL-CWM; Joseph C. Cabell to William Cabell, Mar. 4, 1815, Cabell Family Papers, ser. 1, box 6 SCSL-CWM; Cabell to Thomas Jefferson, Mar. 5, 1815, in Looney, PTJ-RS, vol. 8:317–18; Cabell to Cocke, Sep. 30, 1815, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 11, SSCL-UVA; George Callaway to Cabell, Dec. 27, 1815, Cabell and Bolling Families Papers (38-111-g), box 1, SSCL-UVA; Cabell, “Expences of Lynchburg Negroes,” Mar. 9, 1816 (“for his trouble”), RABC, box 48, HL. Unfortunately, Cabell does not indicate the number who persisted, but they must have been at least as numerous as the 69 who departed from both halves of Corotoman.
5 Joseph C. Cabell to William H. Cabell, Oct. 12, 1815, JCCFP (38-111-c), box 2, SSCL-UVA; J. C. Cabell to St. George Tucker, June 7, 1821 (“the Doctor’s mismanagement”), TCP, reel M-30, SCSL-CWM.
6 St. George Tucker to Henry Tucker, May 2, 1815, TCP, box 34, SCSL-CWM; Joseph C. Cabell to Isaac A. Coles, Dec. 18, 1815 (“I have”), and Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, Oct. 7, 1816 (“If I could”), JCC&CFP (38-111), box 11, SSCL-UVA.
7 John Richeson to St. George Tucker, Apr. 25, 1817 (“more trouble”) and “more sickley”), Randolph-Tucker Papers, RABC, box 8, folder 4, HL; Joseph C. Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, Dec. 1, 1817, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 12, SSCL-UVA; Cabell to St. George Tucker, Mar. 9, 1818, RABC, box 48, HL; Cabell to Tucker, Oct. 28, 1818 (“a very good crop,” “scarcely bear,” and “every thing”), Cabell Family Papers, ser. 1, box 6, SCSL-CWM; Cabell to Tucker, Feb. 13, 1818 (“compelled”), TCP, reel M-28, SCSL-CWM.
8 Joseph C. Cabell to St. George Tucker, Dec. 30, 1816, TCP, reel M-28, SCSL-CWM.
9 John Richeson to St. George Tucker, Apr. 25 (“She has not forgot”), and Sep. 25, 1817 (“I think”), Randolph-Tucker Papers, RABC, box 8, folder 16, HL.
10 Henry Richeson to St. George Tucker, Jan. 23, 1817 [sic: 1818] (“drew his knife”), and John Richeson to Tucker, Feb. 22, 1818, TCP, reel M-28, SCSL-CWM. See also the printed versions in Coleman, Virginia Silhouettes, 22–23. Although Henry Richeson dated the first letter as 1817, this must have been a slip, common in the first month of the year, for he describes the same incident that his father, John Richeson, discusses in his letter of February 22, 1818. For Billy’s redeployment in Nelson County, see Tucker to John Hartwell Cocke, July 4, 1818, JHCFP (38-111-c), box 26, SSCL-UVA. For Billy’s subsequent role as a messenger, see Joseph C. Cabell to Tucker, Dec. 5, 1821, TCP, reel M-30, SCSL-CWM.
11 John Richeson to St. George Tucker, Feb. 22, 1818, TCP, reel M-28, SCSL-CWM. See also Coleman, Virginia Silhouettes, 22–23.
12 Joseph C. Cabell to St. George Tucker, Oct. 28, 1818 (“improved as fast”), Cabell Family Papers, ser. 1, box 6, SCSL-CWM; Cabell to Tucker, Dec. 13, 1818, RABC, box 48, HL; Tucker to Cabell, Dec. 16, 1818, BFP, box 2, SSCL-UVA; Cabell to Tucker, Nov. 7, 1819, TCP, reel M-29, SCSL-CWM. For the death of Richeson’s wife, see Cabell to Tucker, Dec. 30, 1816, TCP, reel M-28, SCSL-CWM.
13 Joseph C. Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, Dec. 2, 1820, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 14, SSCL-UVA.
14 Joseph C. Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, Dec. 2, 1820, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 14, SSCL-UVA; Cabell to St. George Tucker, Jan. 21 (“The old man”) and June 7, 1821, TCP, reel M-30, SCSL-CWM; Cabell to Cocke, June 9, 1821 (“keep me,” “the capital point,” “all at home”), JCCFP (38-111-c), box 1, SSCL-UVA.
15 Joseph C. Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, Mar. 13, 1822, JCCFP (38-111-c), box 1, SSCL-UVA.
1
6 Joseph C. Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, Dec. 2, 1820, and Dec. 11, 1822 (“What with the worm” and “Robertson, I fear”), JCC&CFP (38-111), boxes 14 and 15, SSCL-UVA; Cabell to St. George Tucker, Feb. 10, 1822, TCP, reel M-30, SCSL-CWM.
17 Joseph C. Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, Dec. 11, 1822 (“infernal Yankees”), JCC&CFP (38-111), box 15, SSCL-UVA; Cabell to St. George Tucker, Dec. 11, 1822 (“a growing” and “the colonization society”), TCP, reel M-30, SCSL-CWM; Cabell to Cocke, July 30, 1819 (“Between you & myself”), JCC&CFP (38-111), box 13, SSCL-UVA.
18 Joseph C. Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, Dec. 11 (“Nothing but”) and Dec. 25, 1822 (“To hold so fine”), and Cocke to Cabell, Dec. 23, 1822, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 15, SSCL-UVA. For the renewed effort to sell, see Cabell to William Wirt, Mar. 15, 1823, JCCFP (38–111-c), box 2, SSCL-UVA. For the shrunken value of the estate, see the Lancaster County land tax return, 1822, LV. For the burden of the older slaves, see Cabell to St. George Tucker, Feb. 13, 1818 (“Otherwise”), TCP, reel M-28, SCSL-CWM.
19 Joseph C. Cabell to St. George Tucker, Dec. 19, 1826, TCP, reel M-32, SCSL-CWM; Cabell to John Cowper, Dec. 20, 1826, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 18, SSCL-UVA; Cabell to St. George Tucker, Jan. 7, 1827 (all quotations), Mss 2 C11145 a5, VHS.
20 Joseph C. Cabell to St. George Tucker, Dec. 1, 1825, TCP, box 41, SCSL-CWM; Cabell to William Wirt, Jan. 26, 1826, JCCFP (38-111-c), SSCL-UVA.
21 Joseph C. Cabell to St. George Tucker, Dec. 1, 1825, TCP, box 41, SCSL-CWM.
22 Joseph C. Cabell to St. George Tucker, Dec. 1 (“left his affairs”) and Dec. 5, 1825 (“a corrupter” and “the incessant fomenter”), TCP, box 41, SCSL-CWM; Benjamin M. Walker, certificate, July 20, 1826, Cabell, “Notice,” Nov. 4, 1826, and Cabell, “To the Public,” Jan. 15, 1830, RABC, box 48, HL; Cabell to St. George Tucker, Jan. 7, 1827 (all quotations), Mss 2 C11145 a5, VHS.
23 Joseph C. Cabell to St. George Tucker, Jan. 12, 1826, TCP, reel M-32, SCSL-CWM. Cabell outlived Parke, who died in early 1840. See “Certificate of Appointment by Nelson [Co.] Court of Joseph C. Cabell as Administrator of R.P.F. Carter, Decd.,” Feb. 1840, Cabell Family Papers, RABC, box 48, folder 5, HL.
24 Joseph C. Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, Jan. 7 and Apr. 6, 1826, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 18, SSCL-UVA; Cabell to William Wirt, Jan. 26, 1826, JCCFP (38-111-c), SSCL-UVA; Cabell to Wirt, Sep. 18 and Nov. 25, 1827, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 19, SSCL-UVA; Cabell to Cocke, Sep. 22, 1827 (“Our peaceful little family”), JCCFP (38-111-c), box 1, SSCL-UVA; P. Hamilton, Making and Unmaking, 197–200.
25 Joseph C. Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, Oct. 23, 1820 (“I cannot depict”), and to William Wirt, June 7, 1825, JCC&CFP, boxes 14 and 17, SSCL-UVA.
26 Joseph C. Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, Mar. 13, 1822 (“I am getting”), June 15, 1824 (“The best thing”), and Sep. 2, 1826 (“These dreadful seasons”), JCCFP (38-111-c), box 1, SSCL-UVA; J. C. Cabell to St. George Tucker, Nov. 9, 1823, TCP, reel M-31, SCSL-CWM; William H. Cabell to J. C. Cabell, July 28, 1828 (“But the misfortune”), JCC&CFP (38-111), box 20, SSCL-UVA.
27 Treaty of Ghent, Article the First, 1814, The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History, and Diplomacy (online), Yale University Law School, New Haven, CT; Thomas M. Bayly to James Monroe, Mar. 6, 1815, RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 8, USNA-CP; George Graham to Walter Jones, Mar. 18, 1815, Jones Papers (Mss 2 J7283 b), VHS; Monroe to Anthony St. John Baker, Apr. 1, 1814, and Baker to Monroe, Apr. 3, 1815, in ASP-FR, vol. 4:106–7; Lindsay, “Diplomatic Relations,” 413; M. Mason, “Battle of Slaveholding Liberators,” 676n46.
28 William Prentiss to Adams, Mar. 30, 1818, RG 76, entry 185, box 4, folder 18, USNA-CP; Lindsay, “Diplomatic Relations,” 392–406.
29 James Monroe to John Quincy, July 21, 1815, RG 59, M 77, reel 2, p. 407, USNA-CP; Monroe to Adams, Nov. 16, 1815 (“A vigorous effort”), in ASP-FR, vol. 4:121.
30 Anthony St. John Baker to Viscount Castlereagh, Apr. 10, 1815, MG 16, FO 5, vol. 106:169, reel B-2005, LAC; John Quincy Adams to James Monroe, Aug. 22 (Lord Liverpool quote) and Sep. 5, 1815, Henry Bathurst to Adams, Oct. 24, 1815, and Castlereagh to Adams, Apr. 10, 1816, in ASP-FR, vol. 4:116, 117, 119, 125–26; Berquist, “Henry Middleton,” 28–29; J. B. Moore, History and Digest, vol. 1:352, 355.
31 Fehrenbaher and McAfee, Slaveholding Republic, 94–95. Adams quote on 95); Berquist, “Henry Middleton,” 23–30; Lindsay, “Diplomatic Relations,” 30; J. B. Moore, History and Digest, vol. 1:358–62 (“the literal and grammatical” on 360).
32 Langdon Cheves to Henry Clay, Apr. 26, 1825, RG 76, entry 185, box 8, folder 82, USNA-CP; Berquist, “Henry Middleton,” 23; Lindsay, “Diplomatic Relations,” 415; Fehrenbacher and McAfee, Slaveholding Republic, 95; J. B. Moore, History and Digest, vol. 1:363–70.
33 Langdon Cheves and Henry Sewall to John Quincy Adams, Sep. 13, 1824, RG 76, entry 185, box 7, folder 70, USNA-CP; Berquist, “Henry Middleton,” 31; Fehrenbacher and McAfee, Slaveholding Republic, 95–96; Lindsay, “Diplomatic Relations,” 415–18; J. B. Moore, History and Digest, vol. 1:370–78.
34 Joseph C. Cabell to William Wirt, July 28, 1827, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 19, SSCL-UVA; Augustine Neale et al. memorial, Mar. 10, 1828, in ASP-FR, vol. 6:855; Fehrenbacher and McAfee, Slaveholding Republic, 95–96; Lindsay, “Diplomatic Relations,” 415–18; J. B. Moore, History and Digest, vol. 1:380–82.
35 Augustine Neale et al. memorial, Mar. 10, 1828, in ASP-FR, vol. 6:855.
36 Langdon Cheves to Henry Clay, Apr. 26, 1825, RG 76, entry 185, box 8, folder 82, USNA-CP; Joseph C. Cabell to William Wirt, Jan. 20, 1827, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 19, SSCL-UVA; [Wirt], Argument in Support of the Chesapeake Claims, 3, 60, in RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 6, USNA-CP; Fehrenbacher and McAfee, Slaveholding Republic, 96.
37 C. C. Lee, memorandum, May 19, 1828, RG 76, entry 190, box 6, case 502 (Ann and Elizabeth McCarty), USNA-CP; James Pleasants, memorandum, n.d., RG 76, entry 185, box 4, folder 17, USNA-CP.
38 Joseph C. Cabell to William Wirt, Mar. 15, 1828, Apr. 16 and May 22, 1828, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 20, SSCL-UVA; Langdon Cheves quoted in Fehrenbacher and McAfee, Slaveholding Republic, 97; J. B. Moore, History and Digest, vol. 1:384–90.
39 Joseph C. Cabell to William Wirt, July 28, Dec. 8 (“God grant”), and Dec. 26, 1827, and Feb. 18, 1828, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 19, SSCL-UVA.
40 Dick Carter quoted in Joseph C. Cabell to the Board of Commissioners, Dec. 4, 1827, RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 6, USNA-CP; Cabell to William Wirt, Aug. 26, 1827, JCCFP (38-111), box 19, SSCL-UVA; Thomas Armstrong, deposition, Dec. 1, 1827, Holland Wood, deposition, Dec. 1, 1827, Thomas Wood, deposition, Dec. 3, 1827, Joseph C. Cabell to Langdon Cheves, Henry Sewall, and James Pleasants, Dec. 4, 1827, and Addison Hall and James Kelley, deposition, Feb. 21, 1828, and [Cabell], Argument in Support of the Claims of Joseph C. Cabell, St. George Tucker, Charles Carter and Others (n.p., n.d.), in RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 6, USNA-CP; Cabell to Wirt, Dec. 8, 1827, and Feb. 4, 1828, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 20, SSCL-UVA.
41 Joseph C. Cabell to Langdon Cheves, Henry Sewall, and James Pleasants, Dec. 4, 1827 (“uncommon attachment”), RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 6, USNA-CP; Cabell to John H. Cocke, May 22, 1828, and Cabell to John Coalter, June 3, 1828, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 20, SSCL-UVA; Cabell to William Wirt, Oct. 22, 1828 (“The recovery”), JCC&CFP (38-111), box 16, SSCL-UVA. The 1828 date on Cabell’s letter to Wirt has been misread as 1823, so it has been misfiled under that year. For Great Jenny and her descendants, see “Division of Great Jenney’s Family,” May 9, 1834, Cabell Family Papers, RABC, box 48, folder 5, HL.
APPENDICES
1 Addison Hall and James Kelley, deposition, Feb. 21, 1828 (all quotations), and [Cabell], Argument in Support of the Claims of Joseph C. Cabell, St. George Tucker, Charles Carter and Others (n.p., n.d.), in RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 6, USNA-CP.
2 ASP-FR, vol. 5:801–29.
3 Walter Jones to James Monroe, May 25, 1815, RG 76, entry 190, box 4, folder 13, USNA-CP; Thomas W. Badger, deposition, Mar. 31, 1828, RG 76, entry 190, box 5, case 326 (John W
inder), USNA-CP.
4 Malcomson, “Freedom by Reaching the Wooden World,” 17n117. For an estimate of 3,000 to 5,000 refugees, see Cassel, “Slaves of the Chesapeake,” 154. For an estimate of 5,000 made by an American official in 1815, see Thomas Spalding, memorandum, May 28, 1815, RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 8, USNA-CP.
5 For Virginia’s slave population totals in 1810 and 1820, see Haulman, Virginia and the Panic of 1819, 23. John Craig Hammond estimates that 120,000 slaves were exported from Maryland and Virginia during the 1810s, of whom three-fourths came from Virginia. See Hammond, “‘Uncontrollable Necessity,’” 153.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adams, Henry, ed. The Writings of Albert Gallatin, 3 vols. (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1879).
Allen, Carlos R., Jr., ed. “David Barrow’s Circular Letter of 1798.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 20 (July 1963): 440–51.
Ambler, Charles Henry. Thomas Ritchie: A Study in Virginia Politics (Richmond: Bell Book & Stationery, 1913).
American State Papers: Class 1, Foreign Relations, 38 vols. (Buffalo, NY: William S. Hein, 1998; reprint of Washington, D.C., 1832–61).
American State Papers: Class 5, Military Affairs (Washington, DC: Gales & Seaton, 1860).
Ammon, Harry. James Monroe: The Quest for National Identity (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971).
———. “The Richmond Junto, 1800–1824.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 61 (Oct. 1953): 395–418.
[Anonymous], ed. “Kennon Letters.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 31 (1923): 185–206, 296–313; 32 (1924): 76–87, 159–74, 265–80, 344–50; 33 (1925): 65–75, 268–82; 34 (1926): 120–29, 220–31, 322–38; 35 (1927): 13–21, 287–92; 36 (1928): 170–74, 231–38, 363–70; 37 (1929): 46–51, 143–53, 261–68, 335–38; 38 (1930): 157–66, 366–71.
———, ed. “Letters to James Monroe, 1812–1816.” Bulletin of the New York Public Library 12 (Sep. 1908): 527–30.