43. Anon., A bloody plot, Practised by some Papists in Darbyshire (London, 1642): the date of the plot is 18 January, but there is no Thomason date. The pamphlet is bound with others dealing with events in late January.
44. This was a recurring feature of the Catholic scares of these months: Clifton, ‘Popular Fear of Catholics’, pp. 29–31, 45; Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 204–6; [John Davis], A great discovery of a damnable plot at Rugland castle in Monmoth-shire in Wales related to the High Court of Parliament, by Iohn Davis, November the 12, 1641 (London, 1641); Anon., Gods late mercy to England in discovering of three damnable plots by the treacherous Papists and Iesuits in England and Wales, and many other places, & c. (London, 1641).
45. See above, p. 183.
46. Anon., A bloody plot, sig. A2r.
47. Braddick, State Formation, pp. 304–6, 324–30.
48. See above, pp. 171–2. Clifton, ‘Popular Fear of Catholics’, pp. 30–31; Robin Clifton, ‘Fear of Popery’, in Conrad Russell (ed.), The Origins of the English Civil War (London, 1973), pp. 144–167, at pp. 158–61; Cressy, England on Edge, pp. 46–9; Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 203–6.
49. Fletcher, Outbreak, esp. p. 206. For the disturbances in Essex see above, pp. 230–31; Lindley, ‘Impact’, pp. 157–9.
50. Caroline Hibbard, Charles I and the Popish Plot (Chapel Hill, NC, 1983), pp. 219–20; Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 59–60; Diane Purkiss, The English Civil War: Papists, Gentlemen, Soldiers, and Witchfinders in the Birth of Modern Britain (New York, 2006), pp. 137–9; Anon., Arthur Browne, A Seminary Priest, His Confession (London, 1642). For another cause célèbre see the revelations of John Browne: The confession of John Brovvne a Iesuite (London, 1641). For the King’s attempt to save the lives of Catholic priests see Russell, Fall, pp. 258–62.
51. Fletcher, Outbreak, ch. 6. For the complex connections between these campaigns and national political developments See also John Walter, ‘Confessional Politics in pre-Civil War Essex: Prayer Books, Profanations, and Petitions’, HJ, 44 (2001), pp. 677–701, esp. pp. 699–701. The Somerset petition from these months, for example, called for the preservation of the Prayer Book and the liberties of Parliament, which was hardly a non-partisan set of priorities: David Underdown, Somerset in the Civil War and Interregnum (Newton Abbot, 1973), pp. 26–9
52. David Zaret, ‘Petitions and the “Invention” of Public Opinion in the English Revolution’, American Journal of Sociology, 101 (1996), 1497–1555; David Zaret, Origins of Democratic Culture: Printing, Petitions, and the Public Sphere in Early-Modern England (Princeton, NJ, 2000).
53. David Cressy, ‘The Protestation Protested, 1641 and 1642’, HJ, 45 (2002), pp. 251–79, esp. pp. 266–77. For the politics of the Protestation in Essex see Walter, ‘Confessional Politics’, and Walter, Understanding Popular Violence, ch. 8. For mental reservation see Edward Vallance, Revolutionary England and the National Covenant: State Oaths, Protestantism and the Political Nation, 1553–1682 (Woodbridge, 2005), esp. pp. 103–7; David Martin Jones, Conscience and Allegiance in Seventeenth Century England: The Political Significance of Oaths and Engagements (Woodbridge, 1999). For the administration and importance of the returns as population listings see Anne Whiteman, ‘The Protestation Returns of 1641–1642. Pt. 1: The General Organisation’, Local Population Studies, 55 (1995), 14–26; Anne Whiteman and Vivian Russell, ‘The Protestation Returns, 1641–1642. Pt. 2: Partial Census or Snapshot? – Some Evidence from Penwith Hundred, Cornwall’, Local Population Studies, 56 (1996), 17–29; J. S. W. Gibson and A. Dell (eds.), The Protestation Returns 1641–2 and Other Contemporary Listings (Birmingham, 1995); David Cressy, Literacy and the Social Order: Reading and Writing in Tudor and Stuart England (Cambridge, 1980), passim.
54. Shagan, ‘Constructing Discord’, esp. pp. 17–23.
55. For the vote see above, pp. 185–6; and for its significance see Margaret Aston, ‘Puritans and Iconoclasm, 1560–1660’, in Christopher Durston and Jacqueline Eales (eds.), The Culture of English Puritanism, 1560–1700 (Basingstoke, 1996), pp. 92–121, at pp. 114–17.
56. Anon., Wonderfull Nevves: Or, a True Relation of a Churchwarden in the Towne of Tosceter (London, 1642), quotations at sig. A2r, A2v, A3r. For the Lords order see above, pp. 146, 176. Wallington also noted judgements on those who destroyed good books, although his sense of what was a good book clearly differed: hence the importance and inscrutability of God’s judgements: BL, Sloane MS, fo. 73r.
57. See, in this context, Edward Bowles as discussed in Philip Withington, The Politics of Commonwealth: Citizens and Freemen in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 2005), pp. 234–7.
58. John Locke, A strange And Lamentable accident that happened lately at Mears Ashby (London, 1642). Thomason date August [?] 1642. This pamphlet is also discussed in David Cressy, ‘Lamentable, Strange, and Wonderful: Headless Monsters in the English Revolution’, in Laura Lunger Knoppers and Joan B. Landes (eds.), Monstrous Bodies/Political Monstrosities in Early Modern Europe (Ithaca, 2004), pp. 40–63.
59. Walter, Understanding Popular Violence, pp. 295–6.
60. Locke, Strange And Lamentable accident, quotations at sig. A3r.
61. Ibid., quotations at sig. A3r, A2v, A4r.
62. Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 370–71. For divisions in Northamptonshire see John Fielding, ‘Arminianism in the Localities: Peterborough Diocese 1603–1642’, in Kenneth Fincham (ed.), The Early Stuart Church, 1603–1642 (Basingstoke, 1993), pp. 93–113.
63. John Taylor was a prominent exponent of these lines of polemic: Capp, John Taylor, esp. chs. 6, 8; Cressy, England on Edge, pp. 229–30.
64. The new name was given ‘to those that strive to walk in the ways of God’: BL, Sloane MS 1457, fos. 67–72v.
65. Ronald Hutton, The Royalist War Effort 1642–1646, 2nd edn (London, 1999), p. 4 for Croft and Hereford; Ronald Hutton, The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year 1400–1700 (Oxford, 1994), p. 205 for Ludlow; Jacqueline Eales, Puritans and Roundheads: The Harleys of Brampton Bryan and the Outbreak of the English Civil War (Cambridge, 1990), p. 143–5.
66. Adamson, Noble Revolt, p. 387.
67. CJ, ii, p. 478. For hostility to the methods of Pym and his allies see Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 127–30, 293–7; Cressy, England on Edge, pp. 338–46.
68. Walter, ‘Confessional Politics’, p. 699n; Peter Lake, ‘Puritans, Popularity and Petitions: Local Politics in National Context, Cheshire, 1641’, in Thomas Cogswell, Richard Cust and Peter Lake (eds.), Politics, Religion and Popularity in Early Stuart Britain: Essays in Honour of Conrad Russell (Cambridge, 2002), pp. 259–89. For a general account of these campaigns See also Fletcher, Outbreak, ch. 9; and, for a list of extant petitions, Judith Maltby, Prayer Book and People in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England (Cambridge, 1998), appendix 1, pp. 238–47. See also Cressy, England on Edge, ch. 11 (although it is not clear that this was necessarily Laudians fighting back).
69. Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 307–10; Gardiner, X, pp. 179–82; Russell, Fall, pp. 498–500, quotation at p. 499; Alan Everitt, The Community of Kent and the Great Rebellion 1640–60 (Leicester, 1966), pp. 95–107.
70. Joad Raymond, The Invention of the Newspaper: English Newsbooks 1641–1649 (Oxford, 1996), p. 122.
71. Anon., A Relation of a terrible Monster (London, 1642), quotations at p. 3. For the reporting of wonders in newsbooks see Joad Raymond (ed.), Making the News: An Anthology of the Newsbooks of Revolutionary England, 1641–1660 (Moreton-in-Marsh, 1993), ch. 4.
72. John Hare, The Marine Mercury ([London], 1642). The sailors are: Nicholas Treadcrow, Josias Otter, Humfrey Hearnshaw, Alexander Waterrat, Sim. Seamaule and Tim. Bywater. The ESTC identifies Hare as the author of later tracts critical of the lingering effects of the Norman conquest on the rights and liberties of Englishmen, which might suggest broadly parliamentarian sympathies.
73. Alexandra Walsham, Providence in Early Modern England (Oxford, 2001), p. 41.
74. HEH, EL 7846, Castle to Bridgewater, 4 August 1640.
75. Russell, Fall, p. 419.
76. Fletcher, Outbreak, p. 170.
77. Reprinted in John Morrill, Revolt of the Provinces: Conservatives and Radicals in the English Civil War, 1630–1650, 1st edn (Harlow, 1980), at p. 137 (these documents are not included in their entirety in the second edition).
7. Raising Forces
1. Bulstrode Whitelocke, Memorials of the English Affairs, 4 vols. (Oxford, 1853), I, p. 176.
2. John Morrill, ‘Devereux, Robert, Third Earl of Essex (1591–1646)’, ODNB, 15, pp. 960–69. See also John Adamson, The Noble Revolt: The Overthrow of Charles I (London, 2007).
3. Samuel R. Gardiner, History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War 1603–1642, 10 vols. (London, 1884), X, pp. 196–20; for Parliament’s order see Gardiner, CD, p. 261. For the navy see Bernard Capp, ‘Naval Operations’, in John Kenyon and Jane Ohlmeyer (eds.), The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland and Ireland (Oxford, 1998), pp. 156–91.
4. Gardiner, History of England, X, pp. 199–202. Actually, the King’s reception at Heyworth Moor was a little discouraging: Joyce Malcolm, ‘A King in Search of Soldiers: Charles I in 1642’, HJ, 21 (1978), 251–73, at pp. 257–8. For the Commission of Array see Ronald Hutton, The Royalist War Effort 1642–1646, 2nd edn (London, 1999), pp. 5–6.
5. John Morrill, Revolt in the Provinces: The People of England and the Tragedies of War 1630–1648, 2nd edn (Harlow, 1999), pp. 60–61.
6. For the Kentish petition see above, p. 205; for the role of assizes and quarter sessions see Anthony Fletcher, The Outbreak of the English Civil War (London, 1981), esp. p. 194. It was frustration at the conduct of a Grand Jury which seems to have prompted the Essex Prayer Book petition: John Walter, ‘Confessional Politics in pre-Civil War Essex: Prayer Books, Profanations, and Petitions’, HJ, 44 (2001), 677–701, at pp. 691–9.
7. Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 298–300; for the correlations with subsequent success of the rival militia authorities compare maps 6, 7, 8.
8. Ibid., p. 300.
9. The Declaration and Protestation agreed upon by the Grand Jury at the Assizes held for the County of Worcester (York, 1642); this was the outcome of successful political manoeuvring: Hutton, Royalist War Effort, pp. 10–11; Fletcher, Outbreak, p. 358; Ian Roy, ‘The Royalist Army in the First Civil War’, unpublished D.Phil. thesis, Oxford (1963), pp. 18–22.
10. The Declaration and Protestation of divers the Knights, Gentry and Freeholders (London, 1642); Declaration and Protestation agreed upon by the Grand Jury. As elsewhere, the unanimity of this Lincolnshire declaration was the result of successful mobilization by one party, rather than representing the authentic ‘voice of the county’: see Clive Holmes, Seventeenth-Century Lincolnshire (Lincoln, 1980), ch. 9, esp. pp. 145–8.
11. Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 300, 356, 359, and for other examples pp. 306, 362–3, 389, 395; Hutton, Royalist War Effort, pp. 10–11; John Walter, Understanding Popular Violence in the English Revolution: The Colchester Plunderers (Cambridge 1999), pp. 129–34; for Worcester See also Roy, ‘Royalist Army’, pp. 18–22; for the City of Worcester see Philip Styles, ‘The City of Worcester during the Civil Wars, 1640–60’, reprinted in R. C. Richardson (ed.), The English Civil Wars: Local Aspects (Stroud, 1997), pp. 187–238, at pp. 192–3.
12. Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 347–56.
13. Ibid., p. 350.
14. Ibid., pp. 356–68; Ann Hughes, Politics, Society and Civil War in Warwickshire, 1620–1660 (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 136–42.
15. Bernard Capp, ‘Naval Operations’, pp. 160–62.
16. Alan Everitt, The Community of Kent and the Great Rebellion (Leicester, 1966), pp. 111–16.
17. Peter Young and Richard Holmes, The English Civil War: A Military History of the Three Civil Wars 1642–1651 (Ware, 2000), pp. 84–8; David Underdown, Somerset in the Civil War and Interregnum (Newton Abbot, 1973), pp. 31–8.
18. Malcolm Wanklyn and Frank Jones, A Military History of the English Civil War, 1642–1646: Strategy and Tactics (Harlow, 2005), pp. 42–3. For Portsmouth see John Webb, ‘The Siege of Portsmouth in the Civil War’, reprinted in Richardson (ed.), Local Aspects, pp. 63–90.
19. Young and Holmes, English Civil War, pp. 88–91. Cornwall was later a stronghold of royalism but the gentry were apparently united in their opposition to Laudianism and the abuse of the prerogative until the trial of Strafford, and were deeply divided by the Militia Ordinance and the Commission of Array: Mary Coate, Cornwall in the Great Civil War and Interregnum 1642–1660: A Social and Political Study (Oxford, 1933), ch. 4.
20. HEH, EL 7762, Relation of some passages at Manchester 15 July 1642. For the pre-history, and rival versions, of these events see Ernest Broxap, The Great Civil War in Lancashire (1642–51), 2nd edn (Manchester, 1973), pp. 12–19; Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 360–61, 392–3.
21. HEH, EL 7762.
22. Ibid.
23. Quoted in Morrill, Revolt in the Provinces, 2nd edn, pp. 52–3.
24. Charles Carlton, Going to the Wars: The Experience of the English Civil Wars 1638–1651 (London, 1992), pp. 64–5.
25. For the importance of a unified public front see Michael J. Braddick, ‘Administrative Performance: The Representation of Political Authority in Early Modern England’, in Michael J. Braddick and John Walter (eds.), Negotiating Power in Early Modern Society: Order, Hierarchy and Subordination in Britain and Ireland (Cambridge, 2001), pp. 166–87.
26. Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 374–5; Hughes, Warwickshire, p. 130; Cressy, England on Edge, pp. 53–5 (1640–41).
27. Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 370–71.
28. Ibid., pp. 381–5; D. H. Pennington and I. A. Roots (eds.), The Committee at Stafford, 1643–1645: The Order Book of the Staffordshire County Committee, Collections for a History of Staffordshire, 4th ser., 1 (Manchester, 1957), pp. xx, 341.
29. Ibid., p. xx.
30. Fletcher, Outbreak, p. 380.
31. The classic statements of the importance of neutralism were Alan Everitt, ‘The Local Community and the Great Rebellion’, reprinted in Richardson (ed.), Local Aspects, pp. 15–36; and John Morrill’s. Both were more nuanced than is often claimed, although the hostage to fortune given by Everitt at p. 33 has been gleefully seized upon by critics. For Morrill’s original position and his later thoughts about the problems of analysing ‘neutralism’ see Morrill, Revolt in the Provinces, 2nd edn, pp. 54–8, 185–90, 197–204. For influential revisions of Morrill’s view see Fletcher, Outbreak, ch. 12; Ann Hughes, ‘Local History and the Origins of the Civil War’, in Richard Cust and Ann Hughes (eds.), Conflict in Early Stuart England: Studies in Religion and Politics 1603–1642 (Harlow, 1989), pp. 224–53; Hughes, Warwickshire, esp. pp. 144–5, 158–67; Anthony Fletcher, ‘National and Local Awareness in the County Communities’, in Howard Tomlinson (ed.), Before the English Civil War: Essays on Early Stuart Politics and Government (London, 1983), pp. 151–74; and, for the war years, Ann Hughes, ‘The King, the Parliament and the Localities during the English Civil War’, JBS, 24 (1985), 236–63; Mark Stoyle, Loyalty and Locality: Popular Allegiance in Devon during the English Civil War (Exeter, 1994), ch. 6.
32. Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 385–7; Morrill, Revolt in the Provinces, 2nd edn, pp. 55–6. Fletcher corrects the account of Cheshire’s ‘third force’ given in J. S. Morrill, Cheshire 1630–1660: County Government and Society during the English Revolution (Oxford, 1974), pp. 57–8.
33. Holmes, Lincolnshire, ch. 9, quotation at p. 156.
34. For the mingling of national awareness and local ambition in Worcestershire see Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 389–90. For the role of partisans in overriding these qualms see ibid., pp. 400–405. For Gloucestershire see A. R. Warmington, Civil War, Interregnum and Restoration in Gloucestershire 1640–1672 (Woodbridge, 1997), ch. 2.
35. Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 390–91; Morrill, Revolt in the Provinces, 2nd edn, p. 56; Andrew Hopper, ‘Black Tom’: Sir Thomas Fairfax and the English Revolution (Manchester, 2007), pp. 12–20,
26–8.
36. Young and Holmes, English Civil War, pp. 99–100.
37. Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 391–3.
38. Patrick McGrath, ‘Bristol and the Civil War’, reprinted in Richardson (ed.), Local Aspects, pp. 91–128, esp. pp. 91–101; See also David Harris Sacks, ‘Bristol’s “Wars of religion”’, in R. C. Richardson (ed.), Town and Countryside in the English Revolution (Manchester, 1992), pp. 100–129; Styles, ‘City of Worcester’, pp. 192–6; David Scott, ‘Politics and Government in York 1640–1662’, in Richardson (ed.), Town and Countryside, pp. 46–68, esp. pp. 49–50; Ian Roy, ‘The City of Oxford 1640–1660’, in Richardson (ed.), Town and Countryside, pp. 130–68, esp. p. 140.
39. Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 393–400; for Coventry see Ann Hughes, ‘Coventry and the English Revolution’, in Richardson (ed.), Town and Countryside, pp. 69–99, esp. pp. 77–80. For the earlier emphasis on neutralism in the towns see Morrill, Revolt in the Provinces, 2nd edn, pp. 57–8; Roger Howell, ‘Newcastle and the Nation: The Seventeenth-Century Experience’, reprinted in Richardson (ed.), Local Aspects, pp. 309–29; Roger Howell, ‘Neutralism, Conservatism and Political Alignment in the English Revolution: The Case of the Towns, 1642–9’, in John Morrill (ed.), Reactions to the English Civil War 1642–1649 (Basingstoke, 1982), pp. 67–87. For a persuasive case that the political culture of incorporated towns sat most easily with the emerging parliamentarian programme see Philip Withington, The Politics of Commonwealth: Citizens and Freemen in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 2005), esp. pp. 41–4.
40. See Robert M. Bliss, Revolution and Empire: English Politics and the American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century (Manchester, 1990), esp. pp. 74–92; in many ways the conditions of the 1640s fostered the development of a more autonomous Atlantic community: Carla G. Pestana, The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution, 1640–1661 (Cambridge, Mass., 2004).
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