34For billboard quote, see Murray, The Iran-Iraq War, 263.
35Kenneth D. Ward, “Statement by Ambassador Kenneth D. Ward,” Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, November 2018, https://www.opcw.org/sites/default/files/documents/2018/11/USA_0.pdf.
36For more on the nuclear time line, see Davenport, “Timeline of Nuclear Diplomacy with Iran”; Kelsey Davenport, “Official Proposals on the Iranian Nuclear Issue, 2003–2013,” Fact Sheets & Briefs, Arms Control Association, August 2017, https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Iran_Nuclear_Proposals.
37For Bush quote, see Crist, Twilight War, 538.
38Ellen Nakashima and Joby Warrick, “Stuxnet Was Work of U.S. and Israeli Experts, Officials Say,” Washington Post, June 2, 2012, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/stuxnet-was-work-of-us-and-israeli-experts-officials-say/2012/06/01/gJQAlnEy6U_story.html.
39On the missile test explosion, see Crist, Twilight War, 552–53. On the nuclear scientist assassinations, see Sanger, The Perfect Weapon, 26.
40On Khamenei’s vow of revenge, see “Qasem Soleimani: U.S. Kills Top Iranian General in Baghdad Air Strike,” BBC News, January 3, 2020, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-50979463. On the retaliatory rocket attack, see “Iraq,” International Crisis Group, January 12, 2020, https://www.crisisgroup.org/trigger-list/iran-us-trigger-list/flashpoints/iraq; Associated Press, “Military Contractor Slain in Iraq Buried in California,” New York Times, January 7, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/01/07/us/ap-us-iraq-attack-contractor.html.
41Estimates range from 106 to 1,500. See Farnaz Fassihi and Rick Gladston, “With Brutal Crackdown, Iran Convulsed by Worst Unrest in 40 Years,” New York Times, December 3, 2019 https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/01/world/middleeast/iran-protests-deaths.html; “Iran: Thousands Arbitrarily Detained and at Risk of Torture in Chilling Post-Protest Crackdown,” Amnesty International, December 16, 2019, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/12/iran-thousands-arbitrarily-detained-and-at-risk-of-torture-in-chilling-post-protest-crackdown/. On protest slogans, see Farnaz Fassihi, “Iran Blocks Nearly All Internet Access,” New York Times, December 5, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/17/world/middleeast/iran-protest-rouhani.html; Lenah Hassaballah and Leen Alfaisal, “‘Death to the Dictator’: Iran Protests Intensify After Petrol Price Hike,” Al Arabiya English, November 16, 2019, http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2019/11/16/-Severe-protests-erupt-in-Iran-after-petrol-price-hike-State-media.html.
42Michael Safi, “Iran: Protests and Teargas as Public Anger Grows Over Aircraft Downing,” Guardian, January 13, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/12/iran-riot-police-anti-government-backlash-ukraine.
43Office of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of Justice, “Seven Iranians Working for Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps–Affiliated Entities Charged for Conducting Coordinated Campaign of Cyber Attacks Against U.S. Financial Sector,” Justice News, United States Department of Justice, March 24, 2016, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/seven-iranians-working-islamic-revolutionary-guard-corps-affiliated-entities-charged.
44On the Vincennes incident, see Crist, Twilight War, 369.
45On the Iranian brain drain, see Ali Ansari, Modern Iran Since 1797, 407–9; Cincotta and Karim Sadjadpour, “Iran in Transition: The Implications of the Islamic Republic’s Changing Demographics,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, December 18, 2017, https://carnegieendowment.org/2017/12/18/iran-in-transition-implications-of-islamic-republic-s-changing-demographics-pub-75042. On Iranian military spending, see John E. Pike, “Iran—Military Spending,” Globalsecurity.org, updated July 20, 2019, https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iran/budget.htm.
Chapter 11: The Definition of Insanity
1On the 2002 visit, see James Kelly, “Dealing with North Korea’s Nuclear Programs,” U.S. Department of State Archive, July 15, 2004, https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/2004/34395.htm. On the light-water reactor, see International Atomic Energy Agency, “Agreed Framework of 21 October 1994 Between the United States of America and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea,” Information Circular, November 2, 1994, https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/publications/documents/infcircs/1994/infcirc457.pdf.
2Victor Cha, The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future (New York: Ecco, 2013), 292.
3“Hyundai Chief Admits to N. Korean Summit Payoff—2003-02-16,” Voice of America, October 29, 2009, https://www.voanews.com/archive/hyundai-chief-admits-n-korean-summit-payoff-2003-02-16.
4Adam Taylor, “Analysis: Why the Olympics Matter When It Comes to North Korea,” Washington Post, January 3, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/01/03/why-the-olympics-matter-when-it-comes-to-north-korea/.
5Andrei Lankov, The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 202–3. Lankov concludes that less than 35 percent of the salary went to the workers, and with an estimated annual revenue of up to 40 million, the KIZ was a major cash cow for the North Korean government.
6International Atomic Energy Agency, “IAEA and DPRK: Chronology of Key Events,” July 25, 2014, www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/dprk/chronology-of-key-events.
7Choe Sang-Hun, “North Korea Claims to Conduct 2nd Nuclear Test,” New York Times, May 25, 2009, www.nytimes.com/2009/05/25/world/asia/25nuke.html.
8On the submarine attack, see Victor Cha, “The Sinking of Cheonan,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, April 22, 2010, https://www.csis.org/analysis/sinking-cheonan. On Yeonpyeong, see “North Korea Shells Southern Island, Two Fatalities Reported,” Korea JoongAng Daily, November 23, 2010, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-11818005.
9Siegfried Hecker, “A Return Trip to North Korea’s Yongbyon Nuclear Complex,” NAPSNet Special Report, Nautilus Institute, November 22, 2010, https://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-special-reports/a-return-trip-to-north-koreas-yongbyon-nuclear-complex/.
10Michael Rubin, Dancing with the Devil: The Perils of Engaging Rogue Regimes (New York: Encounter Books, 2014), 129–30.
11Jimmy Carter, “Listen to North Korea,” Carter Center, November 23, 2010, https://www.cartercenter.org/news/editorials_speeches/jc-listen-to-north-korea.html.
12Carter, “Listen to North Korea.” For President Obama’s remarks, see “Obama, Barack H., Public Papers,” Presidents of the United States: Barack Obama, 2011 (Washington, DC: Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration, 2015), 2:1265.
13Jong Kun Choi, “The Perils of Strategic Patience with North Korea,” Washington Quarterly 38, no. 4 (2016): 57–72.
14Gerald F. Seib, Jay Solomon, and Carol E. Lee, “Barack Obama Warns Donald Trump on North Korea Threat,” Wall Street Journal, November 22, 2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-faces-north-korean-challenge-1479855286.
15Benjamin Haas, “South Korea: Former President Park Geun-Hye Sentenced to 24 Years in Jail,” Guardian, April 6, 2018, www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/06/former-south-korea-president-park-geun-hye-guilty-of-corruption.
16Uri Friedman, “The ‘God Damn’ Tree that Nearly Brought America and North Korea to War,” The Atlantic, June 12, 2018, www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/06/axe-murder-north-korea-1976/562028/.
17See Anna Fifield, The Great Successor: The Divinely Perfect Destiny of Brilliant Comrade Kim Jong Un (New York: PublicAffairs, 2019), 16–19.
18Central Intelligence Agency, “Consequences of U.S. Troop Withdrawal from Korea in Spring, 1949,” CIA, February 28, 1949, https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000258388.pdf.
19James Forrestal in his diary entry on April 25, 1947, as quoted in Nadia Schadlow, War and the Art of Governance: Consolidating Combat Success into Political Victory (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2017). 178-179. In 1947, the Joint Chiefs had already assessed Korea as unworthy of a protracted American presence. See William Stueck and Boram Yi, “‘An Alliance Forged in Blood’: The American O
ccupation of Korea, the Korean War, and the U.S.–South Korean Alliance,” Journal of Strategic Studies 33, no. 2 (2010), 177–209.
20In one of Kim Il-sung’s appeals to Stalin for support of the North’s aggression toward the South the North Korean leader gave as a reason that the war would end rapidly before the United States could intervene. Kathryn Weathersby, “Soviet Aims in Korea and the Origins of the Korean War, 1945–1950: New Evidence from Russian Archives,” Cold War International History Project Working Paper Series (1993): 28–31.
21CIA, “Consequences.”
22John Quincy Adams, “An Address Delivered at the Request of a Commission of Citizens of Washington; on the Occasion of Reading the Declaration of Independence” (Washington, DC: Davis and Force, 1821), 29. It reads: “Wherever the standard of freedom and Independence has been or shall be unfurled, there will her heart, her benedictions and her prayers be. But she goes not abroad, in search of monsters to destroy. She is the well-wisher to the freedom and independence of all. She is the champion and vindicator only of her own.”
23United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division, “Country Profile: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea” and “Country Profile: Republic of Korea,” https://unstats.un.org/UNSD/snaama/CountryProfile?ccode=408 and https://unstats.un.org/UNSD/snaama/CountryProfile?ccode=408. South Korea held a GDP of $1.5 trillion in 2017, compared to the North’s $13 billion.
24Observatory of Economic Complexity, “Country Profile: North Korea,” OEC, https://oec.world/en/profile/country/prk/
25Summarized from Lankov, The Real North Korea, 32–33.
26Andrei Lankov, “Fiasco of 386 Generation,” Korea Times, February 5, 2008, https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2008/04/180_18529.html.
27Fifield, The Great Successor, 88.
28Julian Ryall, “Kim Jong Un Was Child Prodigy Who Could Drive at Age of Three, Claims North Korean School Curriculum.” Telegraph, April 10, 2015, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/11526831/Kim-Jong-un-was-child-prodigy-who-could-drive-at-age-of-three-claims-North-Korean-school-curriculum.html.
29Fifield, The Great Successor, 203–5.
30Institute for National Security Strategy, “The Misgoverning of Kim Jong Un’s Five Years in Power (김정은 집권 5년 실정 백서),” December 2016, http://www.inss.re.kr/contents/publications_yc.htm
31Choe Sang-Hun, “In Hail of Bullets and Fire, North Korea Killed Official Who Wanted Reform,” New York Times, March 12, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/13/world/asia/north-korea-executions-jang-song-thaek.html.
32Justin McCurry, “North Korea Defence Chief Reportedly Executed with Anti-aircraft Gun,” Guardian, May 13, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/13/north-korean-defence-minister-executed-by-anti-aircaft-gun-report.
33Lankov, The Real North Korea, 43–44.
34Fifield, The Great Successor, 124–27.
35Summary based on Davenport, “Chronology of U.S.–North Korean Nuclear and Missile Diplomacy,” Fact Sheets & Briefs, Arms Control Association, November 2019, https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/dprkchron#2016.
36Ministry of Justice, “Immigration and Foreigner Policy Monthly Statistics (출입국·외국인정책 통계월보),” December 2018, http://www.korea.kr/archive/expDocView.do?docId=38330&call_from=rsslink.
37Later, China would extort concessions from South Korea in exchange for lifting those sanctions imposed over THAAD. See David Voldzko, “China Wins Its War Against South Korea’s U.S. THAAD Missile Shield—Without Firing a Shot,” South China Morning Post, November 18, 2017, https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/geopolitics/article/2120452/china-wins-its-war-against-south-koreas-us-thaad-missile.
38Ankit Panda, “U.S. Intelligence: North Korea’s Sixth Test Was a 140 Kiloton ‘Advanced Nuclear’ Device,’” The Diplomat, September 6, 2017, https://thediplomat.com/2017/09/us-intelligence-north-koreas-sixth-test-was-a-140-kiloton-advanced-nuclear-device/.
39Donald Trump, @realDonaldTrump, “I told Rex Tillerson, our wonderful Secretary of State, that he is wasting his time trying to negotiate with Little Rocket Man . . . Save your energy Rex, we’ll do what has to be done!” Twitter, October 1, 2017, 6:31 a.m. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/914497947517227008.
Chapter 12: Making Him Safer Without Them
1Choe Sang-Hun, “Happy Birthday, Trump Tells Kim. Not Enough, North Korea Says,” New York Times, January 11, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/11/world/asia/trump-kim-jong-un-birthday.html.
2For more on Japan’s rapid economic expansion, see Ezra Vogel, Japan as Number 1: Lessons for America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), 9–10.
3“Full Text of Abe’s Speech before U.S. Congress,” Japan Times. April 30, 2015, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/04/30/national/politics-diplomacy/full-text-abes-speech-u-s-congress/#.XhQ_P0dKiMo.
4On the San Francisco system and the emergence of the post–World War II security architecture in Asia, see Victor Cha, Powerplay: The Origins of the American Alliance System in Asia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016).
5Macrotrends, “South Korea GDP 1960–2020,” https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/KOR/south-korea/gdp-gross-domestic-product. See also, Macrotrends, “South Korea Life Expectancy 1950–2020,” https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/KOR/south-korea/life-expectancy.
6World Bank, “Access to Electricity (% of Population)—Korea, Dem. People’s Rep,” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS?locations=KP. See also, Rick Newman, “Here’s How Lousy Life Is in North Korea,” U.S. News, April 12, 2013, https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/rick-newman/2013/04/12/heres-how-lousy-life-is-in-north-korea
7Elizabeth Shim, “Stunted Growth, Acute Anemia Persists in North Korean Children, Says Report,” United Press International, September 18, 2015, https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2015/09/18/Stunted-growth-acute-anemia-persists-in-North-Korean-children-says-report/4351442628108/.
8As Xi Jinping confidant Liu Mingfu told Japanese reporter Kenji Minemura, “Now is the time for Japan to escape from an excessive dependence on the United States and ‘return to Asia.’ With China breaking through the efforts by the United States to contain it, Japan should move away from being controlled by the United States and cooperate with China to create a new order in East Asia,” Kenji Minemura, “Interview: Liu Mingfu: China Dreams of Overtaking U.S. in Thirty Years,” Asahi Shimbun, May 28, 2019, http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201905280016.html.
9David Lai and Alyssa Blair, “How to Learn to Live with a Nuclear North Korea,” Foreign Policy, August 7, 2017, https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/08/07/how-to-learn-to-live-with-a-nuclear-north-korea/.
10See Kim Jong-un, “Let Us March Forward Dynamically Towards Final Victory, Holding Higher the Banner of Songun,” April 15, 2012, 9, http://www.korean-books.com.kp/KBMbooks/ko/work/leader3/1202.pdf.
11Chong Bong-uk, Uneasy, Shaky Kim Jong-il Regime (Seoul, South Korea: Naewoe Press, 1997), 17. See also Kim Tae-woon et al., “Analysis on the Practical Characteristics of Kim Jong-Il Era’s Major Ruling Narratives (김정일 시대 주요 통치담론의 실천상 특징에 관한 고찰), Unification Policy Studies (2006) 27-31, http://repo.kinu.or.kr/bitstream/2015.oak/1610/1/0001423170.pdf.
12Jeffrey Lewis, “North Korea Is Practicing for Nuclear War,” Foreign Policy, March 9, 2017. https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/03/09/north-korea-is-practicing-for-nuclear-war/.
13Cha, The Impossible State, 216.
14United States Congress, “U.S. Congress Resolution Condemning North Korea for the Abductions and Continued Captivity of Citizens of the ROK and Japan as Acts of Terrorism and Gross Violations of Human Rights,” 109th Congress, 2005, https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/house-concurrent-resolution/168.
15See Robert S. Boynton, “North Korea’s Abduction Project,” The New Yorker, December 21, 2015, https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/north-koreas-abduction-project.
16See Cha, The Impossible Sta
te, 238–39.
17More on North Korea’s nuclear blackmail: Tristan Volpe, “The Unraveling of North Korea’s Proliferation Blackmail Strategy,” Kim Sung Chull et al., eds. North Korea and Nuclear Weapons: Entering the New Era of Deterrence (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2017), 73–88. See also Patrick McEachern, “More than Regime Survival,” North Korean Review 14, no. 1 (2018): 115–18.
18Amos Harel and Aluf Benn, “No Longer a Secret: How Israel Destroyed Syria’s Nuclear Reactor,” Haaretz, March 23, 2018, https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/MAGAZINE-no-longer-a-secret-how-israel-destroyed-syria-s-nuclear-reactor-1.5914407.
19Toi Staff, “North Korea Offered Israel a Halt to Its Missile Sales to Iran for $1b—Report.” Times of Israel, July 9, 2018, https://www.timesofisrael.com/north-korea-offered-israel-a-halt-to-its-missile-sales-to-iran-for-1b-report/.
20Michael Schwirtz, “U.N. Links North Korea to Syria’s Chemical Weapons Program,” New York Times, February 27, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/27/world/asia/north-korea-syria-chemical-weapons-sanctions.html; see also Bruce E. Bechtol Jr., “North Korea’s Illegal Weapons Trade: The Proliferation Threat from Pyongyang,” Foreign Affairs, June 6, 2018, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/north-korea/2018-06-06/north-koreas-illegal-weapons-trade.
21On the smuggling of weapons, see United Nations Security Council, “Report of the Panel of Experts Established Pursuant to Resolution 1874 (2009),” United Nations Security Council, 2019, 4, https://www.undocs.org/S/2019/171. For more on North Korea’s Iran and Syria connections, see Bruce Bechtol Jr., “North Korea’s Illegal Weapons Trade.”
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