one-child policy, in China, 146–147
Orban, Viktor, 70–71
O’Reilly, Bill, 68
Othman, Ibrahim, 376–377
“Overseas Chinese Scholar Pioneering Parks,” intellectual property and, 115
Pace, Peter, 249, 250, 251, 308
Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah, 303, 315–316, 320, 338–339
Pakistan
bin Laden and, 482n30
China and, 112–113, 128
drug trade and, 158, 200
extremists in, 168
India and, 199
as nuclear power, 156, 196, 203, 208
One Belt One Road (OBOR) and, 112, 113
Russia and, 83
terror organizations in, 171–172, 200–201, 202, 205
Trump administration and, 195–207, 215–216
victim strategy of, 203–204
see also South Asia
Pakistan Army, 156, 175, 181, 183, 196, 198–207, 215, 481n22
Palestinian Authority, 285–286, 329
Palestinian Islamic Jihad, 238, 309, 325, 328
Palestinian-Israeli conflict, 284–286
Panama Papers, 81, 198
Paris Agreement (2015), U.S. withdrawal from, 415–417
Park Chung-hee, 352
Park Geun-hye, 346, 351
Park Jang-ho, 345
Patrushev, Nikolai, 25–29, 29–37, 40, 44, 64
Pearce, David, 251
Pence, Mike, 408
People’s Liberation Army (PLA), in China, 11–12, 18, 91–92, 102–103, 115–118, 123–124, 129–130, 136–138, 143, 358, 410–411
Person, Ethel, 9
Petraeus, David, 160, 176, 178, 251
Petschek, Mike, 6
Philippines, Chinese authoritarianism and, 123–124
Pizzagate, 49
Planet, 409
Podesta, John, 49
Politkovskaya, Anna, 55
Pollack, Kenneth, 262
Pomerantsev, Peter, 53
Pompeo, Mike, 216, 226, 384, 386
Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF), 227, 238
Poroshenko, Petro, 43
Pottinger, Matt, 411
China and, 90–91, 93, 103, 126–127, 130, 132, 149
North Korea and, 351, 357, 364–365, 367, 373, 382
Powell, Dina, 296
Power, Samantha, 264
Prigozhin, Yevgeny, 27
private-sector companies, role in cyber defense, 407
Putin, Vladimir
centralization of power by, 29, 30–31, 37, 82, 453n11
China and, 83–84
collapse of Soviet Union and interpretations of offers of U.S. help, 36–39
cyber-enabled information warfare and, 402
denial of interference in U.S. election, 53
on liberalism, 78
Middle East and, 268–269
military reforms and cyber threats, 52–56
NATO and, 79
North Korea and, 392
opposition to, 80–81
Russian options for post-Putin government, 82–83
Saudi Arabia and, 284
Syria and, 28, 268
tearing down of other nations, 40
Trump and, 67–69
Trump Tower and, 51
see also Russia
Qaradawi, Sheikh Yusuf al-, 274
Rafsanjani, Akbar Hashemi, 304–305, 306, 313–314
Rajapaksa, Mahinda, 112
Rajavi, Kazem, 305
Rajavi, Massoud, 305
ransomware attacks, 404–405
Rayburn, Joel, 229, 231, 237, 249, 252, 253, 298–299
Razak, Najib, 113
Reagan, Ronald and administration of, 303–304, 312, 337, 494n22
realist school, of international relations, 435–438
refugees, from Syria, 34, 60, 259, 262–266, 278
religions, China’s authoritarianism and, 107–109
Ren Zhengfei, 141
Rhodes, Ben, 302, 317–318
Rice, Condoleezza, 82, 83
Rice, Susan, 129
Riley, Joseph, 472n5
Rodman, Dennis, 381
Rogers, Mike, 250
Roh Moo-hyun, 346–347, 350, 351
Romance of the Three Kingdoms (China text), 98
Romney, Mitt, 66
“Roots of Narcissism, The” (Morgenthau and Person), 9
Rorty, Richard, 443
Rouhani, Hassan, 300–301, 310
RT television network, in Russia, 41
Rubin, Barnett, 182
Rubin, Tracy, 2–3, 4
Rumsfeld, Donald, 164–165, 177
Rushdie, Salman, 305
Russell, Bertrand, 56
Russia
as autocracy after Cold War, 11
China and, 83–84, 124–125
collapse of Soviet Union and interpretations of offers of U.S. help, 36–39
cyber-enabled information warfare of, 26, 57–58, 399–400, 402, 405
demographics of, 39–41
deterrence and, 442
disinformation and deniability programs (RNGW), 1–2, 26, 33, 39–57, 59, 74
economic coercion by, 58–59
economy in, 39, 65, 82
efforts to subvert democracies, 41–42
efforts to weaken Europe, 59–62
India and, 210
INF and, 413
map, 23
military technology and capabilities of, 65, 78–80, 423
opposition to Putin in, 80–81
post-Putin options for, 82–83
potentials for U.S. conflicts with, 26–28
preserving U.S. competitive advantage and, 439
Putin’s military reforms and cyber threats, 56–58
Saudi Arabia and, 284
space flight and, 407–408
Syria and, 262, 264, 266, 268, 270
Turkey and, 278
West’s need to counter disinformation, denial, and disruption of, 63–65, 71–78
West’s over-optimism about post-Soviet future of, 65–71
Sadr, Muhammad Baqir al-, 233, 234
Saeed, Hafiz, 207
Saleh, Amrullah, 218, 478n35
Salih, Barham, 271
Sanchez, Juan, 345, 425
Sanders, Bernie, 45–46, 48, 50, 72
Sanders, Sarah Huckabee, 93
Saudi Arabia, 13, 168, 211, 236, 238, 240, 259, 266, 268–269, 281–285, 287, 325, 329–330, 336
Saudi Aramco, 330, 336, 414
Schadlow, Nadia, 16–17, 411
Schroeder, Gerhard, 58
Schultz, Debbie Wasserman, 50
Senkaku Islands, of Japan, 124, 129, 148, 210
Serbia, Russian and, 44
Shahzad, Faisal, 172–173
Sharif, Nawaz, 197–198
Sherman, Wendy, 315
Shore, Zachary, 16, 445
Shotaro, Yachi, 369–374, 377, 381–388, 392
Showalter, Dennis, 440
Shuja Pasha, Ahmad, 192
Silicon Valley Chinese Engineers Association, 116
Silliman, Doug, 226, 227
Siloviki (hard-line functionaries in Russia), 37–38, 64, 80–81, 103
Simon, Steven, 264
“Sinjar documents,” 486n17
Sisi, Abdel Fattah al-, 281
Sistani, Ayatollah Ali al-, 339
Skripal, Sergei and Yulia, 53–54, 62, 73–74
Smith, Sean, 259
Soap AI, 76–77
social media
as arena of competition, 309–404
Russia’s disinformation and, 26, 41, 43–44, 47–51, 55–56, 72–73
Soleimani, Qasem, 230, 271–272, 275, 310, 324, 334–335, 441
Somalia, 267, 280
Soros, George, 436
South Asia, 155–220
fundamental U.S. assumptions about, 159
map, 153
THAAD and, 362–364
Trump administration and, 171, 173–175, 185–195, 212�
��220
see also Afghanistan; India; Pakistan
South China Sea, China’s strategic development in, 12, 18, 91, 114, 123–124, 129–130, 147, 148
South Korea (Republic of Korea), 345–346
Japan and, 369–373, 391
“Sunshine Policy” toward North Korea, 347–348, 350–351, 359
U.S. troops in, 352
Soviet Union
Afghanistan and, 162
North Korea and, 353–354
see also Russia
space programs, as arena of competition, 407–410
Spalding, Robert, 411
Sputnik news agency, in Russia, 41
Sri Lanka, 112–113, 140
Starry, Don, 1, 426
START I, 79
Steele, Christopher, 52, 69, 259
Stoner, Kathryn, 62
Strachan, Hew, 433
strategic competence, of U.S., restoring and preserving of, 16–19, 64, 427, 432, 438–442
strategic empathy, 16, 419–420, 424, 432, 440
Afghanistan and, 159, 175
China and, 92, 130–131
climate change and, 414–415, 419–420
competition overseas and, 436
Iran and, 302, 322
Iraq and, 253–254
Middle East, generally, 273
North Korea and, 358
Pakistan and, 198
strategic narcissism
Afghanistan and, 155–161, 173–175, 180–184
China and, 92, 127–130
climate change and, 414–421
control of events and, 442–443
cyber-enabled information warfare and, 400–401
Iran and, 293–294, 302–313
Middle East and Bush optimism, 4–9, 237–253
Middle East and Obama pessimism, 231, 239, 253–259
North Korea and, 384–385
Vietnam War and, 430
West regarding Russia and, 65–71
“Strategic Narcissism” (Morgenthau), 15
Strider, 407
Stuxnet malware, 333
Suh Hoon, 379
Sun Tzu, 19, 158, 164
“Sunshine Policy” of South Korea toward North Korea, 347–348, 350–351, 359
Syria
Assad’s chemical weapons and, 62
character of conflict in, 435
civil war in, 3, 27, 35, 60–61, 225, 236, 238–239, 254–257, 259, 262–263, 268, 270, 273, 287, 377
Iran and, 311–312, 325, 327, 330–331
jihadists and, 489n10
need for consistent policy toward, 268–271
North Korea and, 376–377
principles of war and, 432, 433
refugee crisis and, 34, 60, 259, 262–266, 278
Russia and, 27–28, 29, 35, 66, 71
withdrawal of U.S. forces from, 47, 61
Taiwan, China’s coercion and, 11–12, 90, 121–124, 132, 138–139, 145, 148, 403, 441
Taiwan Relations Act, of U.S., 122
Taiwan Strait Crisis, 11–12
Taliban
after 9/11 attacks, 163–167
Iran and, 306, 308, 310
in South Asia, 34, 155–156, 158–163, 173–175, 186–189, 191–207, 211–220
Taraki, Nur Muhammad, 185–186, 479n2
tariffs and trade, China and, 132–133, 142–144
Taylor, Jeffrey, 8
technology, as arena of competition, 408–412, 440–441
Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), 172–173, 200
telecommunications, China and intellectual property issues, 117, 139, 141–144
Tencent, 409
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD), South Korea and, 362–364
Terrill, Andy, 242
terror organizations
growth after end of Cold War, 12–13, 18
need for consistent policy toward, 267–268, 279–284
see also specific organizations
Texas National Security Review, 316
Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 157
Thousand Talents program, China and, 116
386 Generation, in North Korea, 358–359
Thucydides, 36, 432
Thucydides Trap, 147–148
Tiananmen Square protests, in China, 99–100, 102–103, 108, 128, 132, 135
Tibet, China’s authoritarianism and, 107–108
Tillerson, Rex
China and, 89, 93
Iran and, 296–297
Middle East and, 227, 269–270
North Korea, 367
Russia and, 28
Toho, Hideki, 371
Trans-Pacific Partnership, 144
transporter erector launchers (TELs), of North Korea, 387, 391
triangular diplomacy, of Nixon and Kissinger, 84, 128
Truman, Harry, 353
Trump, Donald and administration of
Afghanistan and, 185–195, 213–220
American isolationism and, 354–355
China and, 89–93, 98–99, 126, 130–133, 142–144, 148–149, 355–356, 380, 391, 392
climate change and, 415
deterrence and, 442
Hong Kong protestors and, 108
impeachment of, 72
improving of U.S. strategic competence and, 16–19
INF and, 413–414
Iran and, 293–299, 301–302, 319–320, 324, 334
Middle East and, 225–232, 261, 265, 269, 270, 273, 281–286
North Korea and maximum pressure replacing strategic patience, 355–357, 363–368
Pakistan and, 195–207, 215–216
Putin and, 67–69
reaction to Skripal poisoning, 54
Russian disinformation and, 45–52, 72
South Korea and, 345–346, 369–373
space programs and, 408
Syria and, 27
Trump, Donald Jr., 51
Tsai Ing-wen, 122
Tunisia, 239, 256, 263, 276
Turkey, 268–269, 277–279
Uganda, 134–135
Uighurs, in China, 107, 136–137
Ukraine
Orange Revolution in, 28, 38, 42
Russian invasion of, 1, 17–18, 27, 31–33, 34, 35, 54, 56–58, 62, 65–66, 426
Russian subversion of democracy in, 41–42, 405
Russia’s NotPetya cyber attack and, 26, 402
Umar, Asim, 217
United Kingdom, exit from European Union, 44, 48, 60
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), China and, 130
United States and China, The (Fairbank), 92
United States–Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS), 364, 366
U.S. Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM), 74
velayat e faqih (“rule of the jurist”), in Iran, 323
Venezuela, 114
Vietnam Syndrome, 434, 435
Vietnam War, 427–434
Voronenkov, Denis, 55
Votel, Joseph, 169, 170, 295
Vucic, Aleksandar, 44
Walsh, Katie, 2
Wang, Joe, 29–30, 31
Wang, Xiyue, 312
Wang An, 140–141
Wang Laboratories, 140–141
Wang Wei, 12
Wang Yi, 93, 122–123
War for Kindness, The (Zaki), 414–415
Warmbier, Otto and family, 367–368, 384
wars, fundamental continuities of all, 431–434
Western liberalism, China’s suppression of ideals of, 109
WikiLeaks, 49, 50
Winston, David, 11
Woods, Tyrone, 259
World Trade Center
1993 attack on, 12–13
2001 attack on, 14, 18, 60–61, 159, 170, 186
World Trade Organization, China and, 145–146
World War II, U.S.-Soviet alliance and, 69–70
Wuhan University of Technology, 116
Xi Jinping
China’s policies of co-option, coercion, and concealment, 18, 67, 83–84, 92–95
, 97–103, 105–109, 113–114, 120–123, 129–130, 132, 149
during Cultural Revolution, 100–101
indefinite extension of rule of, 95, 123
Military-Civil Fusion policy, 114
Putin and, 67, 83–84
state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and, 105
Taiwan and, 121–122
Trump and, 355–356, 380, 391, 392
Xi Zhongxun, 100–101
Yadlin, Amos, 376
Yameen, Abdulla, 113
Yang Jiechi, 92, 93, 127
Yanukovych, Viktor, 42–43
Yazidis, in Syria, 276
Yemen, 13, 261–263, 265, 274, 280, 282–283, 310, 311, 330–331, 377, 419
Yousef, Ramzi, 12
Yushchenko, Viktor, 42
Zahir Shah, Mohammed, 165, 182
Zaki, Jamil, 414–415
Zarif, Mohammad Javad, 295, 310
Zarqawi, Abu Musab al-, 246–247, 249, 253, 331
Zawahiri, Ayman al-, 169, 217
Zhang Qianfan, 109
Zheng He, 93–94
Zheng Zeguang, 93
Zhou Enlai, 106
Zhu Dai, 95–96
Zhu Di, 97
Zia-ul-Haq, Muhammad, 206–207
ZTE, 141, 406
Zume, 421
Photo Section
Russia
March 6, 2009. Geneva, Switzerland. U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton presents Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov with a reset button with an unfortunately mistranslated label. It was not the first, nor would it be the last, time an American administration tried to improve relations with the Kremlin. Fabrice Coffrini/Getty
July 16, 2018. Helsinki, Finland. Trump and Putin hold a press conference, during which the president said Putin gave him an “extremely strong and powerful denial” of interference in the 2016 presidential election. Jed Jacobsohn/Getty
March 9, 2014. Perevalnoye, Crimea. Russian “little green men” walk past a Ukrainian military base during the forcible annexation. Russia depends on soldiers in stripped uniforms and mercenaries to mask the Kremlin’s aggression. REUTERS/Thomas Peter
March 11, 2018. Salisbury, England. Military personnel don protective suits before removing a police car and other vehicles near the scene of the poisoning of Sergei Skripal and his daughter, Yulia Skripal. Chris J Ratcliffe/Getty Images
July 27, 2019. Moscow, Russia. Putin’s measures to prevent political opposition elicited demands for ballot access for opposition candidates. Maxim Shemetov/Reuters
China
November 8, 2017. Beijing, China. American and Chinese officials meet during President Trump and First Lady Melania Trump’s tour of the Forbidden City. From left to right: The author; Chinese minister of Foreign Affairs Wang Yi; U.S. Ambassador to China Terry Branstad; state councilor Yang Jiechi; secretary of state Rex W. Tillerson; White House senior adviser Jared Kushner; White House press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders; U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer; Assistant to the President Dan Scavino Jr.; Chinese Ambassador to the United States Cui Tiankai; Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Zheng Zeguang. Note: this is where Matt Pottinger was excluded from entering the Forbidden City because he “knew too much.” State Department/public domain; available at https://flic.kr/p/ZexqhW
Battlegrounds Page 60