26. Stephen W. Sears, ed., The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan: Selected Correspondence, 1860–1865 (Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press, 1992), 239.
27. Quoted in Stephen W. Sears, “Getting Right with Robert E. Lee,” American Heritage 42 (May/June 1991): 63.
28. Jeffrey C. Lowe and Sam Hodges, eds., Letters to Amanda: The Civil War Letters of Marion Hill Fitzpatrick, Army of Northern Virginia (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1998), September 2, 1862, 26.
29. Quoted in Joseph L. Harsh, Taken at the Flood: Robert E. Lee and Confederate Strategy in the Maryland Campaign of 1862 (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1999), 60.
30. First quote in Guelzo, Redeemer President, 310; second quote in James M. McPherson, Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief (New York: Penguin, 2008), 125.
31. John T. Trowbridge, The Desolate South, 1865–1866: A Picture of the Battlefields and of the Devastated Confederacy, ed. Gordon Carroll (Boston: Little, Brown, 1956), 22.
32. Quoted in Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants: A Study in Command (New York: Scribner, 1998; abridged by Stephen W. Sears from original published in 1934), 362.
33. Quoted in Fellman, Lee, 301.
34. First quote in Alfred Lewis Castleman, The Army of the Potomac, Behind the Scenes: A Diary of Unwritten History; From the Organization of the Army to the Close of the Campaign in Virginia, About the First Day of January, 1863 (Milwaukee: Strickland, 1863), September 18, 1862, 230; second quote in E. B. Long. The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865 (New York: Doubleday, 1971), 268.
35. Castleman, Diary, September 17, 1862, 227.
36. Quoted in Donald, Lincoln, 387.
37. Quoted in John F. Ross, “Treasures of Robert E. Lee Discovered,” American Heritage 58 (Winter 2008): 28.
38. New York Times, October 20, 1862.
39. “Diary of Gideon Welles” in Atlantic Monthly 103 (February 1909): 155.
40. Both quotes in Guelzo, Emancipation Proclamation, 26, 160.
41. New York Tribune, August 19, 1862; CW 5:388–89.
42. Quoted in McPherson, Tried by War, 132.
43. Quoted in Guelzo, Redeemer President, 341.
44. First quote in James M. McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 124; second quote in Robert Garth Scott, ed., Fallen Leaves: The Civil War Letters of Major Henry Livermore Abbott (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1991), January 10, 1862, 161.
45. Both quotes in Manning, This Cruel War, 94, 93.
46. First quote, “Fair Play,” Harper’s, January 24, 1863, 50; second quote in Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (New York: Random House, 1979), 223.
47. Quoted in Edward J. Cashin, “Paternalism in Augusta: The Impact of the Plantation Ethic upon Urban Society,” in Paternalism in a Southern City: Race, Religion, and Gender in Augusta, Georgia, ed. Edward J. Cashin and Glenn T. Eskew (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2001), 29.
48. CW 5:537.
49. The song is widely available on the Web. Hear two versions at http://www.youtube.com.
50. First quote in E. B. Long, The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1971), 296; second quote in Douglas Southall Freeman, R. E. Lee: A Biography, 4 vols. (New York: Scribner’s, 1934–35), 2:462.
51. First quote, Robert E. Lee, Recollections and Letters of General Robert E. Lee, ed. Robert E. Lee [his son] (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1905), 87, available on Google Books; second quote in John Beauchamp Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary at the Confederate States Capital (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1866), 1:214.
52. Both quotes in Roy Morris Jr., The Better Angel: Walt Whitman in the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 58–59.
53. First two quotes in Linderman, Embattled Courage, 63; third quote in La Salle Corbell Pickett, ed., The Heart of a Soldier: As Revealed in the Intimate Letters of General George Pickett (New York: Seth Moyle, 1913), December 14, 1862, 66.
54. Scott, Abbott, December 17 and 21, 1862, 155.
55. First quote in “The Reverse at Fredericksburg,” Harper’s, December 27, 1862, 818; cartoon appeared in ibid., January 3, 1863, 16; final quote in George C. Rable, Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg! (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 325. Rable’s work is an excellent source on the battle.
56. Quoted in Long, Civil War Day by Day, 308, 309.
57. Both quotes in Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), 43, 45.
58. Quoted in William S. McFeely, Frederick Douglass (New York: Touchstone, 1992), 215.
CHAPTER 12: BLOOD AND TRANSCENDENCE
1. “A Sight in Camp in the Day-Break Gray and Dim,” Leaves of Grass, ed. Harold W. Blodgett and Sculley Bradley (New York: New York University Press), 307.
2. “The Wound-Dresser,” ibid., 310–311.
3. Roy Morris Jr., discusses hospital and sanitary conditions contributing to high death rates, as well as the John Holmes story, in The Better Angel: Walt Whitman in the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 86–119.
4. All quotes in ibid., 86.
5. Both quotes in ibid., 109.
6. Quoted in Drew Gilpin Faust, This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (New York: Knopf, 2008), 59.
7. For details of Barton’s life, I relied on Elizabeth Brown Pryor, Clara Barton: Professional Angel (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987).
8. Quoted in Morris, Better Angel, 53.
9. Quotes in Pryor, Barton, 88, 89.
10. Quoted in ibid., 99.
11. Quoted in ibid., 106.
12. Both quotes in Richard Barksdale Harwell, ed., Kate: The Journal of a Confederate Nurse (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), 11, 14.
13. Ibid., 65, 124.
14. “Have We a General Among Us?” Harper’s, January 17, 1863, 34.
15. Quoted in David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 409.
16. “No Surrender!” Harper’s, January 31, 1863, 66.
17. “The Irrepressible Conflict Again,” Harper’s, February 21, 1863, 114.
18. See Walter H. Hebert, Fighting Joe Hooker (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999; first published in 1944); see also “Brigadier-General Hooker,” Harper’s, July 5, 1862, 421–22.
19. Quoted in Aaron Charles Sheehan-Dean, Why Confederates Fought: Family and Nation in Civil War Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 113.
20. Quoted in E. B. Long, The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1971), 307.
21. Quoted in Stephen Chicoine, “‘… Willing Never to Go in Another Fight’: The Civil War Correspondence of Rufus King Felder of Chappell Hill,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 106 (April 2003): 584.
22. Jeffrey C. Lowe and Sam Hodges, eds., Letters to Amanda: The Civil War Letters of Marion Hill Fitzpatrick, Army of Northern Virginia (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1998), April 27, 1863, 65.
23. Quoted in Gamaliel Bradford, “Joseph Hooker,” Atlantic Monthly 114 (July 1914): 23.
24. The best analysis of the battle is Stephen W. Sears, Chancellorsville (New York: Mariner Books, 1996).
25. Quotes in Donald, Lincoln, 436.
26. Quoted in Michael Fellman, The Making of Robert E. Lee (New York: Random House, 2000), 132.
27. All quotes in James I. Robertson Jr., Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend (New York: Macmillan, 1997), 746, 753, 754.
28. All quotes in Daniel W. Stowell, “Stonewall Jackson and the Providence of God,” in Religion and the American Civil War, ed. Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 189, 194.
29. Ibid., 194.
30. Ibid., 193.
31. Quoted in John C. Abbott, “S
iege and Capture of Port Hudson,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 30 (March 1865): 435.
32. Quoted in Charles P. Roland, An American Iliad: The Story of the Civil War, 2nd ed. (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004; first published in 1991), 99.
33. Both quotes in Chandra Manning, What This Cruel War Was Over: Soldiers, Slavery, and the Civil War (New York: Knopf, 2007), 178, 141.
34. “Slaves in Louisiana,” Harper’s, February 21, 1863, 114.
35. Quoted in Manning, Cruel War, 121.
36. Quoted in ibid., 122.
37. “Missouri Slave Woman to Her Soldier Husband,” in Freedom Series II: The Black Military Experience: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867, ed. Ira Berlin, Joseph Patrick Reidy, and Leslie S. Rowland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), December 30, 1863, 244.
38. Quoted in Jordan Ross, “Uncommon Union: Diversity and Motivation Among Civil War Soldiers,” American Nineteenth Century History 3 (Spring 2002): 17.
39. Robert Garth Scott, ed., Fallen Leaves: The Civil War Letters of Major Henry Livermore Abbott (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1991), August 7, 1863, 205.
40. First quote in Ethan S. Rafuse, Robert E. Lee and the Fall of the Confederacy, 1863–1865 (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008), 44; second quote in Thomas E. Schott, Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 376.
41. First quote in Scott, Abbott, 191; second quote in Edwin B. Coddington, The Gettysburg Campaign: A Study in Command (New York: Touchstone, 1997; first published in 1963), 196. Coddington’s is the most comprehensive single-volume work on Gettysburg.
42. Quoted in Manning, Cruel War, 131.
43. Quoted in Altina Laura Waller and William Graebner, eds., True Stories from the American Past: To 1865 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996), 244.
44. See Jeffry D. Wert, General James Longstreet: The Confederacy’s Most Controversial Soldier: A Biography (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993).
45. Quoted in Freeman Cleaves, Meade of Gettysburg (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960), 157.
46. Earl J. Hess, Pickett’s Charge—The Last Attack at Gettysburg (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000). This is the most definitive account of this tragic episode. See also Carol Reardon, Pickett’s Charge in History and Memory (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997).
47. Scott, Abbott, July 28, 1863, 194.
48. Quoted in Earl J. Hess, The Union Soldier in Battle: Enduring the Ordeal of Combat (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997), 39.
49. Quoted in Elizabeth D. Leonard, Yankee Women: Gender Battles in the Civil War (New York: Norton, 1994), 37.
50. Quotes in Jim Weeks, Gettysburg: Memory, Market, and an American Shrine (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), 39, 45.
51. Quoted in Joseph T. Glatthaar, General Lee’s Army: From Victory to Collapse (New York: Free Press, 2008), 286.
52. First quote in Fellman, Lee, 152; second quote in Roland, An American Iliad, 146.
53. Quoted in Fellman, Lee, 154.
54. Quoted in James Howell Moorhead, “Religion in the Civil War: The Northern Side,” http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nineteen/nkeyinfo/cwnorth.htm.
55. CW 6:329, 327–28.
56. Quoted in Donald, Lincoln, 447.
57. U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant (New York: Charles L. Webster, 1972; first published in 1886), 332.
58. First quote in Manning, Cruel War, 132; Grant, Memoirs, 336; Lincoln quote in CW 6:406; final Lincoln quote in Brooks D. Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph over Adversity, 1822–1865 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 215.
59. Mark Grimsley and Todd D. Miller, eds., The Union Must Stand: The Civil War Diary of John Quincy Adams Campbell, Fifth Iowa Volunteer Infantry (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2000), 110.
60. First quote in Winston Groom, Vicksburg, 1863 (New York: Knopf, 2009), 423; second quote in James M. McPherson, Ordeal By Fire, vol. 2, The Civil War (New York: Knopf, 1982), 333; third quote in Orville Vernon Burton, The Age of Lincoln (New York: Hill and Wang, 2007), 208; final quote in Groom, Vicksburg, 422.
61. Lowe and Hodges, Fitzpatrick, July 20, 1863, 79.
62. Quoted in Randall M. Miller, “Catholic Religion, Irish Ethnicity, and the Civil War,” in Miller, Stout, and Wilson, Religion and the American Civil War, 283. An excellent analysis of the draft riots is Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
63. Quoted in Morris, Better Angel, 139.
64. Lowe and Hodges, Fitzpatrick, July 20, 1863, 79.
65. “‘The People,’” Harper’s, August 1, 1863, 482–83.
66. Quoted in Reid Mitchell, “Christian Soldiers? Perfecting the Confederacy,” in Miller, Stout, and Wilson, Religion and the American Civil War, 303.
67. For an excellent discussion on the background of the address and the speech itself, see Donald, Lincoln, 460–66.
68. See Allen C. Guelzo, Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1999), 369–73; “Gettysburg,” Harper’s, December 5, 1863, 770–71.
69. Quoted in Weeks, Gettysburg, 13.
70. Both quotes in Morris, Better Angel, 118, 119.
CHAPTER 13: A NEW NATION
1. First quote in James M. McPherson, Ordeal By Fire, vol. 2, The Civil War (New York: Knopf, 1982), 378; second quote in John Beauchamp Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary at the Confederate States Capital (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1866), 2:78.
2. Quoted in Emory M. Thomas, The Confederate Nation, 1861–1865 (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), 203.
3. Quoted in ibid., 204.
4. Quoted in ibid.
5. First quote in W. Buck Yearns and John G. Barrett, eds., North Carolina Civil War Documentary (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 221; second quote, Anne Morehead to Mrs. Rufus Patterson, April 1, 1863, Folder 40, Jones and Patterson Family Papers, 578. Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
6. First quote in Drew Gilpin Faust, “Altars of Sacrifice: Confederate Women and the Narratives of War,” Journal of American History 76 (March 1990): 1224; second quote in James I. Robertson Jr., Soldiers Blue and Gray (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1998), 136.
7. Jeffrey C. Lowe and Sam Hodges, eds., Letters to Amanda: The Civil War Letters of Marion Hill Fitzpatrick, Army of Northern Virginia (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1998), October 29, 1863, 96; October 8, 1863, 93.
8. C. Vann Woodward, ed., Mary Chesnut’s Civil War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981), 461; last quote in George C. Rable, Civil Wars: Women and the Crisis of Southern Nationalism (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 117.
9. Richard Barksdale Harwell, ed., Kate: The Journal of a Confederate Nurse (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), May 29, 1865, 296.
10. Yearns and Barrett, North Carolina Documentary, 104.
11. First quote in Faust, “Altars of Sacrifice,” 1227; second quote in Drew Gilpin Faust, This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (New York: Knopf, 2008), 139.
12. Phoebe Yates Pember, A Southern Woman’s Story (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2002), quote in Introduction by George C. Rable, xv.
13. Both quotes in Faust, “Altars of Sacrifice,” 1225, 1222.
14. Quoted in Roy Morris Jr., The Better Angel: Walt Whitman in the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 154.
15. Quoted in Emerson David Fite, Social and Industrial Conditions in the North During the Civil War (New York: Macmillan, 1910), 151.
16. Quoted in ibid., 213.
17. CW 4:394. The definitive account of the expansion of the federal government and its partnering with private enterprise during the Civil War is Mark R. Wilson, The Business of Civil War: Military Mobilization and t
he State, 1861–1865 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006).
18. For an excellent discussion of Civil War legislation and its impact, see Heather Cox Richardson, The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies During the Civil War (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997). See also Peter A. Coclanis, “The American Civil War in Economic Perspective: Basic Questions and Some Answers,” Southern Cultures 2 (Winter 1996): 165–68.
19. Quoted in Richardson, Greatest Nation, 146.
20. For a fuller discussion of Lincoln’s invention, see “President Lincoln as an Inventor,” Scientific American, May 27, 1865, 340.
21. Quoted in John Fiske, Edward Livingston Youmans: Interpreter of Science for the People (New York: D. Appleton, 1894), 179, available on Google Books.
22. Quoted in Richardson, Greatest Nation, 157.
23. Quoted in ibid., 151.
24. Both quotes in ibid., 179, 180.
25. “A Few Figures,” Harper’s, May 11, 1861, 290.
26. See Richardson, Greatest Nation, chapter 3.
27. Quoted in Allen C. Guelzo, Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1999), 382.
28. See Claudia Dale Goldin, “The Economics of Emancipation,” Journal of Economic History 33 (March 1973): 66–85.
29. Both quotes in Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (New York: Random House, 1998), 78, 99.
30. Executive Documents, 39th Congress, 1st Session, “Diplomatic Correspondence,” 64.
31. Quoted in Wilson, Business of Civil War, 179–80. “Song of the Shoddy” made its first appearance in Vanity Fair, September 21, 1861.
32. Mary Pratt quoted in Mark R. Wilson, “The Business of Civil War: Military Enterprise, the State, and Political Economy in the United States, 1850–1880” (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 2002), 707; “The Fortunes of War. How They Are Made and Spent,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 29 (July 1864): 227.
33. Quoted in Wilson, Business of Civil War, 182.
34. Mark Wahlgren Summers, The Era of Good Stealings (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 20.
35. See John Bowers, Chickamauga and Chattanooga: The Battles That Doomed the Confederacy (New York: Harper Perennial, 2001); Steven E. Woodworth, ed., The Chickamauga Campaign (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2010).
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