atoms
charge of, 306
chemistry, 347
crystals, 315–316
discrete energy values, structure and, 443–444
disintegrating, 395
electron revolving around nucleus, 444
as elementary quantum, 305
energy level, 313–314
Lorentz’s theory of matter, 354–356
mass, 304–305
mechanics of a system, 412–413
nucleus, 306, 444
particles, defining, 283
photons emitted by, 313–314
size, calculating, 357–358
attraction, particle, 285–286
authority, suspicion of, 340
autobiographical notes (Einstein), 337–382
books versus experiential learning, 343–344
early quests for meaning, 339–341
electro-magnetic foundation of physics, 360–362
Euclidean plane geometry, 342–343
field equations, finding for total field, 380–381
general theory of relativity, 369–371, 374–375
heat radiation investigations of Planck, 356–359
Lorentz’s theory of matter, 354–356
mathematics education, 344–346
Maxwell’s theory, 353–354
mechanics as basis of physics, 351–353
motivation for writing, 339
physics education, 346–351
special theory of relativity, 364–365, 364–369
statistical quantum theory, 371–372, 375–379
thinking, meaning of, 341–342
time of an event, 363-364
universal law of physical space, 371–372
universal principle, impossibility of, 362–363
axioms, truth of, 129–130
B
bar magnet
currents, 290
field, 291
induced currents, 295
behavior, probability and, 326
bending of light rays in gravitational field, 43–45, 308
Bible, 339
billiard balls, 235–236
Black Holes, 126
Bohr, Niels, 314, 424, 443
Boltzmann, L., 106–107, 128, 358
books versus experiential learning, 343–344
Born, Max, 425
boundary conditions, 108–111
β-rays, 168
Brownian motion, law of the, 360–362
C
calculation, result and, 115–116
calculus, 344
Cartesian co-ordinate system, 193, 194
Gaussian curves, 196
ideal rigid bodies, 267
intervals, 268–269
measurable distance between two points, 271
space-lattice, members of, 276
vectors, 274
cathode rays, 168
cause and effect, connecting, 237
centrifugal force, 189–190
chemical processes
atomic hypothesis, 347
elementary quantum, 302
chest, movement against gravitational field example, 179–182
Christoffel, Elwin Bruno, 67–68
circle, 51
classical mechanics. See mechanics
classical physics, quantum physics versus, 331–332
clocks
events, measurability of, 386
gravitational fields and, 42–43
ideal, 364
intervals, rate of, 254
kinematics, 47
light, using as, 263–264
in motion, behavior of, 157–158
in motion, velocity of, 158
moving, 14–16
objective time, 409–410
on a rotating body of reference, 1–2, 189–191
simultaneity of, 147
static gravitational field, 94–96
synchronizing, 7, 9
time, defining, 204
velocity, 15–16
clouds, measuring height of, 133
coal mine, change and, 300
color, wave length listed by, 314–315
common language of science, 448–450
comprehensibility, 403
conductors, charged, 292–293
conservation
of energy, 164, 392–393
field equations of gravitation, deducing, 104
in the general case, laws of
gravitational field, theory of, 84–85
mass and energy, principles of, 392–393
thermal energy, 393
of mass, 164, 392
of momentum and energy, laws of, 366, 453
of thermal energy, 393
constancy
scalar of curvature, 121
of velocities, law of, 142
constant limit, spatial infinity, 105–106
contact, permanent, 407
continua, mathematical treatment of, 197
continuity, co-variance of the equation of, 280
continuity-discontinuity quanta, 300–301
continuous medium
mechanics of, 413
motion, equations of, 278–280
continuum, Euclidean and non-Euclidean, 192–194
continuum, space-time
character, note on, 64–65
ether, role of, 244–245
Euclidean geometry, 51, 198–199, 409
four-dimensional, 111–112, 116, 254
nature versus, 430
not as Euclidean continuum, 200–202
contracovariant fundamental tensor, 63
contraction
mixed tensor, 60–61
tensors, 275
contravariant four-vectors, 56–57
contravariant tensors, 58
convection-currents, transformation of Maxwell-Hertz equation with, 26–31
conventions, 340–341
co-ordinates, system of, 132–134
acceleration, 389
arbitrarily moving, 387–388
converting from stationary system, 9–14, 363
equivalency, 370
four to measure space and time, 53–55
Galilean system, 137, 198, 397
inertial, 335
Lorentz transformation, 154–155
Newton, 397
rotating, 251–252
tensors, defining by, 56, 274
transformations, general theory of relativity, 421
cord, oscillation of, 318–319
corpuscles
minimum of pressure/maximum of scalar of curvature, 121
movement, 320
Newton’s theory, 308
relativity theory and, 431–433
Cosmological Considerations (cosmology), 105–107
boundary conditions, 108–111
calculation and result, 115–116
spatially finite universe with uniform distribution of matter, 111–115
cosmological constant, 3, 126–127
covariant four-vectors, 57
covariant fundamental tensor, 62–63
covariant law for scalar field, 374
covariant partial differential equations, 422
covariant tensors, 58–59
crystals
atoms, 315–316
X rays diffraction through, 316, 317
curl of a contravariant vector, 73
current
acting upon magnetic pole, 287–288
associated with magnetic field, 290
disconnected, spark and, 298–299
induced, 295–299
magnetic field, 287, 294
Maxwell-Hertz equations, 330
curves
Gaussian co-ordinates, 195–197
tensor of curvature, 118
variants for, 68
D
dark energy, 3
de Broglie, Louis, 320, 425, 444, 445
deflection, ray of light in gravitational field, 44–45,
228–229
density
energy-tensor, defining, 93–94
mass, 256–257
Newton’s theory of mass, cosmological difficulties of, 256–257
radiation, 359
Descartes, René, 408
deSitter, Akad. van Wetensch, 109, 111, 142
determinant of the fundamental tensor, 63
Dirac, Paul, 425
direction of travel, velocity and, 140
disintegrating atoms, 395
disk
centrifugal force acting on, 189–190
on globe, unbounded continuum, 258–261
distance
between atoms in crystals, 316
Euclidean geometry, 134
force between two bodies, 287
measurements, 132
relativity of conception of, 151–152
rigid body, 408
two points on rigid body, 130–131
divergence
of a contravariant vector, 72–73
of a six-vector, 73–74
Doppler’s principle for velocities, 23, 40
E
earlier and later events, 265
Eddington, Sir Arthur, 126
Einstein, Albert
autobiographical notes, 337–382
The Evolution of Physicsg, 283–336
The Meaning of Relativity, 263–282
Out of My Later Years, 383–456
The Principle of Relativity, 1–124
Relativity—The Special and General Theory, 125–234
electrical current. See current
electricity. See also field theory
charged conductors, 292–293
currents associated with magnetic field, 290
development of theory, 239
discharge in a gas-containing tube, 312–313
elementary quanta, 301–306
elementary quanta of fluids, 302–303
equilibrium, 355
induced currents, 295–299
and magnetism theory, 1, 338, 367
mechanical interpretation difficulties, 287
mechanics and, 414–415
phenomenological physics, 413
poles at rest, 293–294
spark produced when current disconnected, 298–299
electrodynamics, 187, 338
electrodynamical part, 18–31
convection-currents, transformation of Maxwell-Hertz equation with, 26–31
light rays, transformation of the energy of, 23–26
magnetic field in motion, 18–23
Maxwell-Hertz equations, transformation, 18–23
negative electrical masses, 168
perfect reflectors, theory of the pressure of radiation exerted on, 23–26
fundamental equations, 164–165
kinematical part
co-ordinates and times, converting from stationary system, 9–14
length and time, relativity of, 7–9
moving rigid bodies and moving clocks, equations from, 14–16
simultaneity, definition of, 5–7
velocities, composition of, 16–18
light rays, transformation of the energy of, 23–26
Lorentz’s theory, 161, 240
magnetic field in motion, 18–23
Maxwell-Hertz equations, transformation, 18–23
perfect reflectors, theory of the pressure of radiation exerted on, 23–26
electromagnetic field, 235
electric masses, introduction of, 350
energy components of, 90–91
equations for free space, 88–91
ether as bearer of, 239–240, 245
gravitational field and, 78–79, 422–423
invention, 334–335
special theory of relativity and, 367
in vacuo, 243
electromagnetic foundation of physics, 360–362
electromagnetic phenomena, 144
electromagnetic waves, 440
electronic waves, diffraction of, 317, 322
electron, kinetic energy of, 29–30
electrons
charges in different electric and magnetic external fields, 304–305
influences on, 328
Maxwell-Lorentz theory of, 119
metal, extracting from, 307–308
particle versus wave, 322–323
photoelectric effect, 307–308
probability waves, 330–331
showering in same direction, 304
standing wave, 320
wave-length of moving, 321–322
wave train, 444
electrostatics, 187, 294, 431
elementary quanta of matter and electricity, 301–306, 324
ellipses of planetary orbits, 400
empty space
equations of, 379–380
Maxwell-Hertz equations, 32
as seat of field, 416–417
energy
conservation of, 164, 392–393
electromagnetic field components, 90–91
increasing, 164–165
inert mass, increasing, 368–369
kinetic and potential, division into, 353
law of conservation of, 366, 453
level, atoms, 313–314
mass and, equivalence of, 392, 394, 453–455
potential, 352–353, 430
equality of inertial and gravitational mass, 179–182
equations, general laws of nature, 52
equilibrium, 355
equivalence
co-ordinate, system of, 370
principle of, 389
ether, 5, 235
as bearer of electromagnetic field, 239–240, 245
mechanics of theory, 415
relativity, theory of, 237–248
space-time continuum, role in, 244–245
ethics, laws of science and, 451–452
Euclidean geometry, 337, 342
autobiographical notes, 342–343
continuum
Minkowski, 198–199
non-Euclidean and, 192–194
curvature of space and, 400
distances, 134
flat model of universe, 125, 247-248
four-dimensional space, 113-114, 172-173
ideal rigid bodies, 267
logical process, 129-130
measurements by rules of, 50
plane, infinite continuum of, 258
postulates in Elements, 247
simplicity of, 252
solid bodies, 251
space-time continuum, 51, 408-409
straight lines, properties of, 268
Euler, Leonhard, 87–88, 347
events
earlier and later, 265
measurability of, 386
simultaneity, 5–7, 366, 386
time of, 363–364
The Evolution of Physics (Einstein and Infield), 283–336
field, relativity
field as representation, 285–294
two pillars of the field theory, 295–299
quanta
continuity-discontinuity, 300–301
elementary quanta of matter and electricity, 301–306, 324
of light, 306–312
light spectra, 312–316
physics and reality, 333–335
probability waves, 323–333
waves of matter, 316–323
exact formulation, 203–205
expansion of universe, measurement of, 126
experience, 167–170, 385
books versus, 343–344
experimental confirmation, 225–232
light, deflection by gravitational field, 228–229
Mercury, motion of the perihelion of, 226–227
red, displacement of spectral lines towards, 230–232
extension of covariant tensor, 70–71
F
Faraday, Michael, 166, 295, 350, 415–416, 439
field of force. See gravitational field
/>
field, relativity
forces, transition to, 353–354
as representation, 285–294
two pillars of the field theory, 295–299
field representation, 287
fields, 187, 415–416
field theory of gravitation, 235–236, 439
equations
finding for total field, 380–381
general form of, 82–84
gravitational field components, 77–78
limitations, 435
Lorentz, 373–374
Maxwell, 415–416
Newton, 372
physics and reality, 414–418
finite universe, 106, 212–215
FitzGerald, George Francis, 170
Fizeau, Armand
addition of the velocities, theorem of, 159–161
theory of the stationary luminiferous ether, 238
flat model of the universe, 125, 247–248
flatness of universe, 126
flat space, physics in. See relativity, special theory of
fluids
bodies, difference of two, 47–48
elementary quanta, 302–303
force
acceleration and, 2
expression for, 352–353
laws of, 411
lines of
of the gravitational field, 286
induction phenomena, 297
magnetic field, 288–289
metal plates, 303–304
on material point, 412
potential energy of system, 412–413
four–dimensional space
continuum, defining, 111–112, 116, 254
Euclidean geometry, 172–173
Minkowski, 223–224
time, 171–172
four-dimensional straight line movement in gravitational field, 78
Franck, J., 428
free space, Maxwell’s electromagnetic field equations for, 88–91
frequency values, 425
frictionless adiabatic fluid, Euler’s equations for, 87–88
friction, mass and energy, 393
function of the co-ordinates of the cord, 329
fundamental tensor (uv) (insert correct symbols, please), 275
generally covariant equations, mathematical aids to formulation of, 62–66, 71–72
new tensors, formation of, 65–66
G
Galilean relativity. See The Meaning of Relativity
Galileo Gaililei
classical mechanics, 387
co-ordinates system, 137, 198, 397
uniform motion of translation, 138–139
mass, accelerated system of reference, 49
observable fact of experience, 48
references
general theory of relativity, 204
space free of gravitational fields, 50–51
uniform rectilinear motion, 185
transformation, 155
Lorentz transformation versus, 263
moving uniformly, 169
time, 172
velocities, addition of, 159
Gamow, George, 445
gas
molecules, Boltzmann’s law of distribution, 106–107
particles
kinetic theory of, 357, 358, 414
method of statistics, 325–326
A Stubbornly Persistent Illusion Page 45